V*      LIBRARY  OF  -  The  Reverend  James  R.  Colby.      \ 


ib^ 


James  Sibley  Colby 


LIBRARY 


THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 

PRESENTED  BY 
MICHAEL  J.  MULLIN 


lHISTORY 
FOR  READY  REFERENCE 

FROM  THE  BEST 
HISTORIANS,  BIOGRAPHERS,  AND  SPECIALISTS  / 

THEm  OWN   WORDS  IN   A  COMPLETE 

SYSTEM  OF  HISTORY 

FOR  ALL  USES,   EXTENDING  TO  ALL  COUNTRIES  AND  SUBJECTS, 

AND  REPRESENTING  FOR  BOTH  READERS  AND  STUDENTS  THE  BETTER  AND 

NEWER   LITERATURE    OF    HISTORY    IN   THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 

BY 

J.  N.  LARNED 

WITH  NUMEEOUS  fflSTOBICAL  MAPS  FROM  ORIGINAL  STUDIES  AND  DRAWINGS  BY 

ALAN  C.  REILEY 

REVISED  AND  ENLARGED  EDITION 
IN  SEVEN  VOLUMES 


COMPANION  VOLUME.    APPENDICES 


SPRINGFIELD,    MASS. 

THE  C.  A.  NICHOLS  CO.,  PUBLISHERS 
1013 


COPTRIOHT,    18II4, 

BY  J.  N.  LARNED. 

Copyright,  1901, 
BY  J.  N.  LARNED. 

Copyright,  1010, 
BY  J.  N.  LARNED. 

Copyright,  lOirt, 
BY    S.  .1.   LARNED. 


(STbc  niucc«i!ic  pccsiri 

CAMBRIDGE  .  MASSACIIl'SETTS 
U    .    S    .   A 


LIST    OF   APPENDICES 

A. — Notes  to  Ethnograpbical  Map, P*"^  1 

B. — Notes  to  Maps  of  Balkan  Peninsula,  12tb-15th  centuries, P-ige  6 

C. — Notes  to  Map  of  Balkan  Peninsula,  present  century Psige  10 

D. — Notes  to  Development  Map  of  Christianity, Page  14 

E. — Notes  on  American  Aborigines, Piige  19' 

F. — Chronology  of  important  and  indicative  events, P'''ge  21 

G. — Lineage  of  European  Sovereigns  and  great  historical  families Page  101 

H.— Selected  Bibliography,        Page  130- 

I. — List  of  Works  from  which  passages  have  been  quoted  in  "History  for  Keady 

Reference  and  Topical  Reading," Page  155 

J. — Study  or  Reading  Courses, Page  182. 


APPENDIX    A. 


Notes  to  Ethnographical  SL^p,  Placed  at  the  BEGnrsiNG  op  Volume  I. 


TO  THE  eye  of  modern  scliolarship  "lan- 
guage "  forms  the  basis  of  every  ethnic  dis- 
tinction. Pliysical  and  exterior  features 
like  the  stature,  the  color  of  the  skin,  the  diversity 
of  habits  and  customs,  the  distinctions  wliicli 
once  formed  in  great  part  the  basis  of  ethnic 
research  have  all  in  our  own  day  been  relegated 
to  a  subordinate  place. 

The  "language"  test  is  of  course  subject  to 
very  serious  limitations.  The  intermingling  of 
different  peoples,  more  general  to  be  sure  in  our 
own  da)'  thau  in  past  ages,  has  nevertheless  been 
sufficient!)'  great  in  every  age  to  make  the  trac- 
ing of  linguistic  forms  a  task  of  great  difficulty. 
In  special  cases  where  both  the  civilization  and 
language  of  one  people  have  become  lost  in  that 
of  another  the  test  must  of  course  fail  utterly. 

With  all  these  restrictions  however  the  adop- 
tion of  the  linguistic  method  by  modern  criticism 
has  been  practically  universal.  Its  defence,  if  It 
t  requires  any,  is  apparent.  It  is  the  only  method 
of  ethnic  study  the  deductions  of  which,  where 
successful  at  all,  approach  anything  like  certainty. 
The  points  wherein  linguistic  criticism  has  failed 
have  been  freely  admitted ;  on  the  other  hand  the 
facts  which  it  has  established  are  unassailable  by 
any  other  school  of  criticism. 

Taking  language  then  as  the  only  tangible 
working  basis  the  subject  resolves  itself  from  the 
start  into  a  two-fold  division:  the  debatable  and 
the  certain.  It  is  the  purpose  to  indicate  in  the 
course  of  these  notes,  what  is  merely  conjecture 
and  what  may  be  safely  accepted  as  fact. 

The  ethnology  of  Europe,  studied  on  this  basis, 
has  for  its  central  feature  the  Indo-Germanie 
(Indo-European)  or  Aryan  race.  The  distinction 
between  the  races  clearly  Aryan  and  those  doubt- 
ful or  non- Aryan  forms  the  primary  division  of 
the  subject.  As  the  map  is  intended  to  deal  only 
with  the  Europe  of  the  present,  a  historical  dis- 
tinction must  be  made  at  the  outset  between  the 
doubtful  or  non-Aryan  peoples  who  preceded  the 
Aryans  and  the  non-Aryan  peoples  who  have  ap- 
peared in  Europe  in  comparatively  recent  times. 

The  simple  formula,  pre-Aryan,  Aryan,  non- 
Aryan,  affords  the  key  to  the  historical  develop- 
ment of  European  ethnology. 

PRE-ARYAN  PEOPLES. 

Of  the  presumably  pre-Aryan  peoples  of  western 
Europe  the  lUrians  occupy  easily  the  first  place. 

The  seat  of  this  people  at  the  dawn  of  history 
was  in  Spain  and  southern  France;  their  ethnol- 
ogy belongs  entirely  to  the  realm  of  conjecture. 
They  are  of  much  darker  comple.vion  than  the 
Aryans  and  their  racial  characteristic  is  conserva- 
tism even  to  stubbornness,  which  places  them  in 
marked  contrast  to  their  immediate  Aryan  neigh- 
bors, the  volatile  Cells.  Among  llie  speculations 
concerning  the  origin  of  the  Iberians  a  plausible 
one  is  that  of  Or.  liodichon,  who  assigns  to  them 
an  African  origin  making  them,  indeed,  cognate 
with  the  modern  Berbers  (see  R.  II.  Patterson's 


' '  Ethnology  of  Europe  "in  "  Lectures  on  History 
and  Art ").  This  generalization  is  made  to 
include  also  the  Bretons  of  the  north  west.  It  is 
clear  however  that  the  population  of  modern 
Brittany  is  purely  Celtic :  made  up  largely  from 
the  immigrations  from  the  British  Isles  during 
the  fifth  century. 

To  the  stubbornness  with  which  the  Iberians 
resisted  every  foreign  aggression  and  refused 
intermingling  with  surrounding  races  is  due  the 
survival  to  the  present  day  of  their  descendants, 
the  Basques. 

The  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Spain,  the 
Cantabrians  and  Eastern  Pyrenees  have  formed 
the  very  donjon-keep  of  this  people  in  every 
age.  Here  the  Cantabri  successfully  resisted 
the  Roman  arms  for  more  than  a  century  after 
the  subjugation  of  the  remainder  of  Spain,  the 
final  conquest  not  occurring  until  the  last  years  of 
Augustus.  While  the  Iberian  race  as  a  whole 
has  become  lost  in  the  greater  mass  of  Celtic  and 
Latin  intruders,  it  has  remained  almost  pure  in 
this  quarter.  The  present  seat  of  the  Basgiies  is 
in  the  Spanish  provinces  of  Viscaya,  Alava, 
Guipuzcoa,  and  Navarre  and  in  the  French 
department  of  Basses  Pyrenees.  The  Ivernians 
of  Ireland,  now  lost  in  the  Celtic  population,  and 
the  Liyurians  along  the  shores  of  the  Genoese 
gulf,  later  absorbed  by  the  Romans,  both  belong 
likewise  to  this  pre-Aryan  class.  fModern  re- 
search concerning  these  pre-Aryan  peoples  has 
in  large  jjart  taken  its  inspiration  from  the 
"  Untersuchungen."  of  Humboldt,  whose  view 
concerning  the  connection  between  the  Basques 
and  Iberians  is  substantially  the  one  stated.) 

Another  early  non-Aryan  race  now  e.\tinct 
were  the  Etruscans  of  Italy.  Tlieir  origin  was 
manifestly  different  from  that  of  the  pre-Aryan 
peoples  just  mentioned.  By  many  they  have 
been  regarded  as  a  branch  of  the  great  Ural- 
Altaic  familj'.     This  again  is  conjecture. 

ARYAN  PEOPLES. 

In  beginning  the  survey  of  the  Aryan  peoples 
it  is  necessary  to  mention  the  principal  divisions 
of  the  race.  As  generally  cnuinerateti  there  are 
seven  of  these,  viz.,  the  Sanskrit  (Hindoo),  Zend 
(Persian),  Greek,  Latin,  Celtic,  Germanic  and 
Slavic.  To  these  may  be  added  two  others  not 
definitely  classified,  the  Albanian  and  the  Lit/t- 
nanian.  These  bear  the  closest  affinity  respect- 
ively to  the  Latin  and  the  Slavic. 

Speculation  concerning  the  origin  of  the  Aryans 
need  not  concern  us.  It  belongs  as  yet  entirely 
to  the  arena  of  controversy.  The  vital  question 
which  divides  the  opjjosin^  schools  is  concern- 
iiig  their  European  or  Asiatic  origin.  Of  the 
numerous  writers  on  this  subject  the  two  who 
perliaps  afford  the  reader  of  English  the  best 
view  of  the  opposing  opinions  are,  on  the  Asiatic 
side.  Dr.  Sla.v  MUUer  (Lectures  on  the  Science  of 
Language);  on  the  other,  Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce  (In- 
troduction to  the  Science  of  Language). 


APPENDIX  A. 


APPENDIX  A. 


Of  the  divisions  of  the  Aryan  race  above  enu- 
merated the  first  two  do  not  appear  in  European 
ethnology.  Of  the  other  branches,  the  Latin, 
Germanic  and  Slavic  form  by  great  odds  the  bulk 
of  the  European  population. 

THE  LATIN  BRANCH. 

The  Latin  countries  are  France,  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, Italy  and  the  territory  north  of  the  Danube, 
between  the  Dniester  and  the  Theiss.  In  the 
strictest  ethnic  sense  however  the  term  Latin  can 
be  applied  only  to  Italy  and  then  only  to  the 
central  part.  As  Italy  first  appears  in  history  it 
is  inhabited  by  a  number  of  different  races :  the 
lapygians  and  Oenotrians  oi  the  south  who  were 
thrown  in  direct  contact  with  the  Greek  settlers; 
the  Umhrians,  Sabines,  Latins,  Volscians  and  Os- 
cans  in  the  centre;  the  Etruscani  on  the  west 
shore  north  of  tlie  Tiber;  while  in  the  north  we 
find  the  Oauls  in  the  valley  of  the  Po,  with  the 
Ligurians  and  Venetians  respectively  on  the 
west  and  east  coasts.  Of  this  motley  collection 
the  central  group  bore  a  close  affinity  to  the 
Latin,  yet  all  alike  received  the  Latin  stamp  with 
the  growing  power  of  Rome. 

The  ethnic  complexion  of  Italy  thus  formed 
was  hardly  modified  by  the  great  Germanic  in- 
vasions which  followed  with  the  fall  of  the  West- 
Roman  Empire. 

This  observation  applies  with  more  or  less 
truth  to  all  the  Latin  countries,  the  Gennanic 
conquerors  becoming  everywhere  merged  and 
finally  lost  in  the  greater  mass  of  the  conquered. 
Only  in  Lombardy  where  a  more  enduring  Ger- 
manic kingdom  existed  for  over  two  centuries 
(568-774),  has  the  Germanic  made  any  impression, 
and  this  indeed  a  slight  one,  on  the  distinctly 
Latin  character  of  the  Italian  peninsula. 

In  Spain  an  interval  between  the  Iberian  period 
and  the  Roman  conquest  appears  to  have  existed, 
during  which  the  population  is  best  described  as 
Celt-Iberian.  LTpon  this  population  the  Latin 
stamp  was  placed  bj-  the  long  and  toilsome,  but 
for  that  reason  more  thorough,  Roman  conquest. 
The  ethnic  character  of  Spain  thus  formed  has 
passed  without  material  change  through  the 
ordeal  both  of  Germanic  and  Saracenic  conquest. 
The  Gwrtic  kingdom  of  Spain  (418-714)  and  the 
Suevic  kingdom  of  northern  Portugal  (406-584) 
have  left  behind  them  scarcely  a  trace.  The 
effects  of  the  great  Mohammedan  invasion  cannot 
be  dismissed  so  lightly. 

Conquered  entirely  by  the  Arabs  and  Moors  in 
714,  the  entire  country  was  not  freed  from  the  in- 
vader for  nearly  eight  centuries.  In  the  south 
(Granada)  where  the  Moors  clung  longest  their 
influence  lias  been  greatest.  Here  their  im- 
press on  the  pure  Aryan  stock  has  never  been 
effaced. 

The  opening  phrase  of  Caesar's  Gallic  war, 
"all  Gaul  is  divided  into  three  parts,"  states  a 
fact  as  truly  ethnic  as  it  is  geographical  or  his- 
torical. In  the  south  (Aquitania)  we  find  the 
Celtic  blending  with  the  Iberian ;  in  the  north- 
east the  Cimbrian  Beli/ae,  the  last  comers  of  the 
Celtic  family,  are  strongly  marked  by  the  char- 
acteristics of  the  Germans;  while  in  the  vast 
central  territory  the  people  "  calling  themselves 
Galli  "  are  of  pure  Celtic  race.  This  brief  state- 
ment of  Caesar,  allowing  for  the  subsequent  in- 
flux of  the  German,  is  no  mean  description  of  the 
ethnic  divisions  of  France  as  they  exist  at  the 
present  day,  and  is  an  evidence  of  the  remarkable 


continuity  of  ethnological  as  opposed  to  mere 
political  conditions. 

The  four  and  a  half  centuries  of  Roman  rule 
placed  the  Latin  stamp  on  the  Gallic  nation,  a 
preparation  for  the  most  determined  siege  of 
Germanic  race  influence  which  any  Latin  nation 
was  fated  to  undergo. 

In  Italy  and  Spain  the  exotic  kingdoms  were 
quickly  overthrown;  the  Frankish  kingdom  in 
northern  Gaul  was  in  strictness  never  overthrown 
at  all. 

In  addition  we  soon  have  in  the  extreme  north 
a  second  Germanic  element  in  the  Scandinavian 
Korman.  Over  all  these  outside  elements,  how- 
ever, the  Latin  influence  eventually  triumphed. 
While  the  Franks  have  imposed  their  name  upon 
the  natives,  the  latter  have  imposed  their  language 
and  civilization  on  the  invaders. 

The  result  of  this  clashing  of  influences  is  seen, 
however,  in  the  present  linguistic  division  of  the 
old  Gallic  lands.  The  line  running  east  and  west 
through  the  centre  of  France  marks  the  division 
between  the  French  and  the  Provencal  dialects, 
the  langued'oil  and  the  langued'oc.  It  is  south  of 
this  line  in  the  country  of  the  langxied'oc  that  the 
Latin  or  Romance  influence  reigns  most  absolute 
in  the  native  speech. 

In  the  northeast,  on  the  other  hand,  in  the  Wal- 
loon provinces  of  Belgium,  we  have,  as  with  the 
Belgae  of  classic  times,  the  near  approach  of  the 
Gallic  to  the  Germanic  stems. 

Our  survey  of  the  Latin  peoples  must  close 
with  a  short  notice  of  its  outl3"ing  members  in 
the  Balkan  and  Danubian  lands.  The  Albanians 
{Skipetars)  and  the  Iiouina7ia  (  Vlaclis  or  Wallac/is) 
represent  as  nearly  as  ethnology  can  determine 
the  ancient  popidations  respectively  of  Illyricuin 
and  Thrace.  The  ethnology  of  the  Albanians  is 
entirely  uncertain.  Their  present  location,  con- 
siderablj-  to  the  south  of  their  supposed  pristine 
seat  in  Illyricum,  indicates  some  southern  migra- 
tion of  the  race.  This  migration  occurred  at  an 
entirely  unknown  time,  though  it  is  generally 
believed  to  have  been  contemporary  with  the 
great  southward  movement  of  the  Slavic  races 
in  the  seventh  century. 

The  Albanian  migrations  of  the  time  penetrated 
Attica,  Aetolia  and  the  entire  Peloponnesus; 
with  the  Slavs  and  Vlachs  they  formed  indeed  a 
great  part  of  the  population  of  Greece  during 
the  Middle  Ages.  While  the  Slavic  stems  have 
since  been  merged  in  the  native  Greek  population, 
and  the  Vlachs  have  almost  entirely  disappeared 
from  these  southern  lands,  the  Albanians  in 
Greece  have  shown  a  greater  tenacity.  Their 
part  in  later  Greek  history  has  been  a  prominent 
one  and  they  form  to-day  a  great  part  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Attica  and  Argolis. 

The  Houmans  or  Vlachs,  the  supposed  native 
population  of  Thrace,  are  more  closely  identified 
than  the  Albanians  with  the  other  Latin  peoples. 
They  occupy  at  present  the  vast  country  north 
of  the  Danube,  their  boundary  extending  on  the 
east  to  the  Dniester,  on  the  west  almost  to  the 
Theiss. 

Historically  these  people  form  a  perplexing 
yet  interesting  study.  The  tlieory  once  general 
that  they  represented  a  continuous  Latin  civiliza- 
tion north  of  the  Danube,  connecting  the  classic 
Dacia  by  an  unbroken  chain  to  the  present,  has 
now  been  generally  abandoned.  (See  Roesler's 
"  Romitnische  Studieu"  or  Freeman's  "Hist. 
Geog.  of  Europe,"  p.  435.) 


APPENDIX  A. 


APPENDIX  A. 


The  present  geographical  location  of  the  Vlach 
peoples  ia  probably  the  result  of  a  migration 
from  the  Thracian  lands  south  of  the  Danube, 
■which  occurred  for  unexplained  causes  in  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries.  The  liernel  of 
the  race  at  the  present  day  is  the  separate  state 
of  Roumania ;  in  the  East  and  West  they  come 
under  the  respective  rules  of  Russia  and  Hun- 
gary. 

In  mediaeval  times  the  part  played  by  them 
south  of  the  Balkans  was  an  important  one,  and 
to  this  day  they  still  linger  in  considerable  num- 
bers on  either  side  of  the  range  of  Pindus.  (For 
a  short  dissertation  on  the  Vlach  peoples,  see 
Finlay,  "Hist,  of  Greece,"  vol.  3,  pp.  234-330.) 

THE  GERMANIC  BRANCH. 

The  Germanic  nations  of  modern  Europe  are 
England,  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark,  2\'orway 
and  Sweden.  The  Germanic  races  also  form  the 
major  part  of  the  population  of  Switzerland, 
the  Cis-Leithan  division  of  the  Austrian  Empire, 
and  appear  in  isolated  settlements  throughout 
Hungary  and  Russia. 

Of  the  earlier  Germanic  nations  who  overthrew 
the  Roman  Empire  of  the  West  scarcely  a  trace 
remains. 

The  population  of  the  British  Isles  at  the  dawn 
of  history  furnishes  a  close  parallel  to  that  of 
Gaul.  The  pre-Aryan  leernians  (the  possible 
Iberians  of  the  British  Isles)  had  been  forced 
back  into  the  recesses  of  Scotland  and  Ireland ; 
next  to  them  came  the  Celts,  like  those  of  Gaul, 
in  two  divisions,  the  Goidels  or  Gaels  and  the 
Britons. 

In  Britain,  contrary  to  the  usual  rule,  the  Roman 
domination  did  not  give  the  perpetual  Latin 
stamp  to  the  island ;  it  is  in  fact  the  only  country 
save  the  Pannonian  and  Kliactiau  lands  south  of 
the  upper  Danube,  once  a  Roman  possession, 
where  tlie  Germanic  element  has  since  gained  a 
complete  mastery.  The  invasion  of  tlie  Germanic 
races,  the  Angles,  Saxons  and  Jutes,  from  the 
sixth  to  the  eightli  centuries,  were  practically 
wars  of  extermination.  The  Celtic  race  is  to-day 
represented  on  the  Britisli  Isles  only  in  Wdles 
and  the  western  portions  of  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
The  invasions  of  the  Danes,  and  later  tlie  Norman 
conquest,  bringing  witli  them  only  slight  infu- 
sions of  kindred  Germanic  nations,  have  produced 
in  England  no  markeil  modification  of  the  Saxon 
stock. 

The  German  Empire,  with  the  smaller  adjoin- 
ing realms,  Holland  and  Switzerland  and  tlie 
Austrian  provinces  of  Austria,  Styria,  Carinthia, 
Salzburg  and  Tyrol,  contain  the  great  mass  of  the 
Germanic  peoples  of  the  continent. 

During  the  confusion  following  the  overthrow 
of  the  West-Roman  Emiiire  the  Germanic  peoples 
were  grouped  much  furtlior  westward  than  they 
are  at  present ;  the  eastward  reaction  involving 
the  dispossession  of  the  Slavic  peoples  on  Die  Elbe 
anil  Oder,  has  been  going  on  ever  since  the  days 
of  Charlemagne.  Germany  like  France  possesses  a 
linguistic  division.  Low  German  (Niedcr-Deutsclie) 
being  generally  spoken  in  the  lands  north  of  the 
cross  line.  High  German  (Hoch-Dcntsclie)  from 
whicli  tlie  written  language  is  derived,  to  the 
south  of  it.  Holland  uses  the  Flemish,  a  form  of 
the  Niedcr-Deutsclie ;  Belgium  is  about  equally 
divided  between  the  Flemish  and  the  ^Va^loon. 

Switzerland,  though  predominantly  German,  is 
encroached  upon  by  the  French  in  the  western 


cantons,  while  in  the  southeast  is  used  the 
Italian  and  a  form  allied  to  the  same,  the 
Romance  speech  of  the  Rhaetian  (Tyrolese)  Alps. 
This  form  also  prevails  in  Friuli  and  some 
mountainous  parts  of  northern  Italy. 

The  present  population  of  the  German  Empire 
is  almost  exclusively  Germanic,  the  exceptions 
being  the  Slavic  Poles  of  Posen,  Pomerellen, 
southeastern  Prussia  and  eastern  Silesia,  the 
remnant  of  the  Wends  of  Lusatia  and  the  French 
element  in  the  recently  acquired  Imperial  lands 
of  Alsace  and  Lorraine.  Beyond  the  Empire  we 
find  a  German  population  in  the  Austrian  terri- 
tories already  noted,  in  the  border  lands  of  Bo- 
hemia, and  in  isolated  settlements  further  east. 
The  great  settlement  in  the  SiebenbUrgen  was 
made  by  German  emigrants  iu  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury and  similar  settlements  dot  the  map  both 
of  Hungary  and  Russia.  On  the  Volga  indeed 
exists  the  greatest  of  them  all. 

Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden  are  peopled 
by  the  Scandinavian  branch  of  the  Germanic 
race.  Only  in  the  extreme  north  do  we  find 
another  and  non-Aryan  race,  the  Lapps.  On  the 
other  hand  a  remnant  of  the  Swedes  still  retain 
a  precarious  hold  on  the  coast  line  of  their  former 
possession,  the  Russian  Finland. 

THE  SLAVIC   BRANCH. 

The  Slavs,  though  the  last  of  the  Aryan  na- 
tions to  appear  in  history,  form  numerically  by 
far  the  greatest  branch  of  the  Indo-European 
family.  Their  present  number  in  Europe  is  com- 
puted at  nearly  one  hundred  million  souls. 

At  the  time  of  the  great  migrations  they 
extended  over  nearly  all  modern  Germany ;  their 
slow  dispossession  by  the  Germanic  peoples, 
beginning  in  the  eighth  century,  has  already 
been  noticed.  In  the  course  of  this  dispossession 
the  most  westerly  Slavic  group,  the  Polahic, 
between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder,  were  merged  in 
the  German,  and,  barring  the  remnant  of  ^Vends  in 
Lusatia  (the  Sorabi  or  Northern  Serbs),  have  dis- 
appeared entirely  from  ethnic  geography. 

The  great  Slavic  nation  of  the  present  day  is 
Russia,  but  the  great  number  of  Slavic  peoples 
who  are  not  Russian  and  the  considerable  Rus- 
sian population  wliich  is  not  Slavic  renders  im- 
possible the  study  of  this  race  on  strictly  national 
lines. 

The  Slavic  peoples  are  separated,  partly  by 
geographical  conditions,  into  three  great  divisions : 
the  Eastern,  the  Wentcrn  and  the  Soiitliern.  Tlie 
greatest  of  these  divisions,  the  Eastern,  lies 
entirely  within  the  biniiidaries  of  the  Ru.ssian 
Empire.  The  sub-divisions  of  the  Eastern 
group  are  as  follows:  The  Great  liiissians  occn- 
pying  the  vast  inland  territory  and  numbering 
alone  between  forty  and  fifty  millions,  the  Little 
Jiiissians  inhabiting  the  entire  south  of  Russia 
from  Poland  to  the  Caspian,  and  the  _  White 
liii.isians,  the  least  numerous  of  this  division,  in 
Smolensk,  Wilna,  and  Jlinsk,  the  west  provinces 
bordering  on  the  Lithuanians  and  Poles. 

The  West  Slavic  group,  omitting  names  of 
peoples  now  extinct,  are  the  I'oles,  Slovaks,  Czechs 
and  the  remnants  of  the  Lusatian  Wends.  The 
Poks,  excepting  those  already  mentioned  as 
within  the  German  empire,  and  the  Austrian  Poles 
of  Cracow,  are  all  uniier  the  domination  of  Rus- 
sia. Under  the  sovereignty  of  Austria  are  the 
Slovaks,  Moravians  and  Czechs  of  Bohemia,  the 
latter  the  most  westerly  as  well  as  historically  the 


APPENDIX  A. 


APPENDIX  A. 


oldest  of  the  surviving  Slavic  peoples,  having 
appeared  in  their  present  seats  in  the  last  years 
of  the  fifth  century. 

In  connection  with  this  West  Slavic  group  we 
should  also  refer  to  the  Lithuanians  whose  his- 
tory, despite  the  racial  difference,  is  so  closely 
allied  with  that  of  Poland.  Their  present  loca- 
tion in  the  Russian  provinces  of  Kowno,  Kurland 
and  Livland  has  been  practically  the  same  since 
the  dawn  of  history. 

The  South  Slavic  peoples  were  isolated  from 
their  northern  kinsmen  by  the  great  Pinno-Tatar 
invasions. 

The  invasion  of  Europe  by  the  Avars  in  the 
sixth  century  clove  like  a  wedge  the  two  great 
divisions  of  the  Slavic  race,  the  southernmost  being 
forced  upon  the  confines  of  the  East-Roman  Em- 
pire. Though  less  imposing  as  conquests  than 
the  Germanic  invasions  of  the  Western  Empire, 
the  racial  importance  of  these  Slavic  movements 
is  far  greater  since  they  constitute,  in  connection 
with  the  Finno-Tatar  invasions  which  caused 
them,  the  most  important  and  clearly  defined 
series  of  ethnic  changes  which  Europe  has  ex- 
perienced during  the  Christian  Era.  During  the 
sixth  and  seventh  centuries  these  Slavic  emi- 
grants spread  over  almost  the  entire  Balkan 
peninsula,  including  Epirus  and  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. In  Greece  they  afterwards  disappeared  as 
a  separate  people,  but  in  the  region  between  the 
Danube,  tlie  Save  and  the  Balkans  they  immedi- 
ately developed  separate  states  (Servia  in  641, 
Bulgaria  in  678).  As  they  exist  at  present  they 
may  be  classed  in  three  divisions.  The  Bul- 
garians, so  called  from  the  Finno-Tatar  people 
whom  they  absorbed  while  accepting  their  name, 
occupy  the  district  included  in  the  separate 
state  of  Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Roumelia,  with  a 
considerable  territory  to  the  south  of  it  in  Mace- 
donia and  Thrace.  It  was  this  last  named  ter- 
ritory or  one  very  nearly  corresponding  to  it 
that  was  actually  ceded  to  Bulgaria  by  the 
peace  of  San  Stefano,  though  she  unfortunately 
lost  it  by  the  subsequent  compromise  effected 
at  the  Congress  of  Berlin.  The  second  divi- 
sion includes  the  Servians,  Montenegrans,  Bos- 
nians and  Croatians,  the  last  two  under  Austrian 
control;  the  third  and  smallest  are  the  Slov- 
enes of  Camiola,  likewise  under  Austrian  sover- 
eignty. (Schafarik's  "  Slawische  Alterthilmer" 
is  the  greatest  single  authority  on  the  early 
history  and  also  comparative  ethnology  of  the 
Slavs.) 

The  territory  occupied  by  the  Orefk  speaking 
people  is  clearly  shown  on  the  accompanying 
map.  As  in  all  history,  it  is  the  coast  lands 
where  they  seem  to  have  formed  the  strongest 
hold.  In  free  Greece  itself  and  in  tlie  Turkish 
territories  immediately  adjoining,  the  ffreei  pop- 
ulation overwhelmingly  preponderates. 

Nevertheless  there  is  still  a  considerable  Al- 
banian element  in  Attica  and  Argolis,  a  Vlach 
element  in  Epirus  while  the  Tui-k  himself  still 
lingers  in  certain  quarters  of  Thessaly.  All  these 
are  remnants  left  over  from  the  successive  migra- 
tions of  the  Middle  Ages.  The  Slans,  who  also 
figured  most  prominently  in  these  migrations, 
have  disappeared  in  Greece  as  a  distinct  race. 
The  question  as  to  the  degree  of  Slavic  admixture 
among  the  modern  Greeks  is  however  another 
fruitful  source  of  ethnic  controversy.  The  gen- 
eral features  of  the  question  are  most  compactly 
Btated  in  Finlay,  vol.  4,  pp.  1-37. 


NON-ARYAN  PEOPLES. 

The  Kon- Aryan  peoples  on  the  soil  of  modern 
Europe,.excepting  the  Jetvs  and  also  probably  ex- 
cepting those  already  placed  in  the  unsolved 
class  of  pre- Aryan,  all  belong  to  the  Finno-Tatar 
or  Ural-Altaic  family,  and  all,  possibly  excepting 
the  Finns,  date  their  arrival  in  Europe  from  com- 
paratively recent  and  historic  times.  The  four 
principal  divisions  of  this  race,  the  Ugric,  Finnic, 
Turkic  and  Mongolic,  all  have  their  European 
representatives. 

Of  the  first  the  only  representatives  are  the 
Hungarians  (Magyars).  The  rift  between  the 
North  and  South  Slavic  peoples  opened  by  the 
Huns  in  the  fifth  century,  reopened  and  enlarged 
by  the  Avars  in  the  sixth,  was  finally  occupied 
by  their  kinsmen  the  Magyars  in  the  ninth.  The 
receding  of  this  wave  of  Asiatic  invasion  left  the 
Magyars  in  utter  isolation  among  their  Aryan 
neighbors.  It  follows  as  a  natural  consequence 
that  they  have  been  the  only  one  of  the  Ural- 
Altaic  peoples  to  accept  the  religion  and  civiliza- 
tion of  the  West.  Since  the  conversion  of  their 
king  St.  Stephen  in  the  year  1000,  their  geographi- 
cal position  has  not  altered.  Roughly  speaking, 
it  comprises  the  western  half  of  Hungary,  with 
an  outlying  branch  in  the  Carpathians. 

Jlore  closely  allied  to  the  Magyars  than  to  their 
more  immediate  neighbors  of  the  same  race  are 
the  Finnic  stems  of  the  extreme  north.  Stretch- 
ing originally  over  nearly  the  whole  northern 
half  of  Scandinavia  and  Russia  they  have  been 
gradually  displaced,  in  the  one  case  by  their 
Germanic,  in  the  other  by  their  Slavic  neighbors. 
Their  present  representatives  are  the  Ehsts  and 
Tschudes  of  Ehstland,  the  Finns  and  Earelians 
of  Finland,  the  Tscheremissians  of  the  upper 
Volga,  the  Siryenians  in  the  basin  of  the  Petchora 
and  the  Lapps  in  northern  Scandinavia  and  along 
the  shores  of  the  Arctic  ocean. 

East  of  the  Lapps,  also  bordering  the  Arctic 
ocean,  lie  the  Samojedes,  a  people  forming  a  dis- 
tinct branch  of  the  Ural-Altaic  family  though 
most  closely  allied  to  the  Finnic  peoples. 

The  great  division  of  the  Ural-Altaic  family 
known  indifferently  as  Tatar  {Tartar)  or  Turk, 
has,  like  the  Aryan  Slavs,  through  the  accidents 
of  historical  geography  rather  than  race  diverg- 
ence been  separated  into  two  great  divisions :  the 
northern  or  Russian  division  commonly  com- 
prised under  the  specific  name  of  Tartar;  and 
the  southern,  the  Turk. 

These  are  the  latest  additions  to  the  European 
family  of  races.  The  Mongol-Tartar  invasion  of 
Russia  occurred  as  late  as  the  thirteenth  century, 
while  the  Turks  did  not  gain  their  first  foothold 
in  Europe  through  the  gates  of  Gallipoli  until 
1353.  The  bulk  of  the  Turks  of  the  present  day 
are  congregated  in  Asia-ilinor. 

Barring  the  Armenians,  the  Georgians  of  the 
northeast,  the  Greeks  of  the  seacoast  and  the 
scattered  Circassians,  the  whole  peninsula  is  sub- 
stantially Turkish. 

In  Europe  proper  the  Turks  as  a  distinct  people 
never  cut  a  great  figure.  Even  in  the  grandest 
days  of  Osmanli  conquest  they  were  always 
outnumbered  by  the  conquered  nations  whose 
land  they  occupied,  and  with  the  decline  of  their 
power  this  numerical  inferiority  has  become 
more  and  more  marked.  At  the  present  day 
there  are  very  few  portions  of  the  Balkan  penin- 
sula where  the  Turkish  population  actually  pre- 


APPENDIX  A. 


APPENDIX  A. 


dominates;  their  general  distribution  is  clearly 
shown  on  tlie  map. 

The  Tartu  IS  or  Russian  Turks  represent  the 
siftings  of  the  Asiatic  invasions  of  the  thirteenth 
century. 

Tbeir  number  has  been  steadily  dwindling 
until  tbey  now  count  scarcely  three  millions,  a 
mere  handful  in  the  mass  of  their  former  Slavic 
subjects. 

The  survivors  are  scattered  in  irregular  and 
isolated  groups  over  the  south  and  east.  Promi- 
nent among  them  are  the  Crim  Tartars,  the  kin- 
dred XogaU  of  tlie  west  shores  of  the  Caspian, 
the  Eirgliia  of  the  north  shore  and  Ural  valley, 
and  the  Bashkirs  between  the  upper  Ural  aud 
the  Volga,  with  an  isolated  branch  of  lartars 
in  the  valley  of  the  Araxes  south  of  the  Cau- 
casus. 

The  great  Asiatic  irruption  of  the  thirteenth 
centurj'  has  been  commonly  known  as  the  Jlongol 
invasion.  Such  it  was  in  leadership,  tliough  the 
residuum  which  it  has  left  behind  in  European 
Russia  proves  that  tlie  rank  and  file  were  mostly 
Tartars.  One  Mongol  people  however,  the  Kal- 
mucks, did  make  their  way  into  Europe  and  still 
exist  in  the  steppes  between  the  lower  Don  and 
the  lower  Volga. 

The  etlmology  of  the  Caucasian  peoples  is 
the  most  difficult  part  of  the  entire  subject.  On 
the  steppes  of  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas  up  to 
the  very  limit  of  the  Caucasus  we  have  two  races 
between  whom  the  ethnic  distinction  is  clearly 
defined,  the  Mongol-Tartar  and  the  Slav.  Enter- 
ing the  Caucasus  however  we  find  a  vast  number 
of  races  differing  alike  from  these  and  from  each 
other. 

To  enumerate  all  the  different  divisions  of  these 
races,  whose  ethnology  is  so  very  imccrtain,  would 


be  useless.  Grouped  in  three  general  divisions 
however  they  are  as  follows:  the  so-called  Cir- 
cassians wlio  formerly  occui)icd  the  whole  western 
Caucasus  with  the  adjoining  Black  sea  coast  but 
who,  since  the  Russian  conquest  of  18G4,  have 
for  the  most  part  emigrated  to  different  quarters 
of  the  Turkish  Empire;  the  Lesyliians,  under 
which  general  name  are  included  the  motley 
crowd  of  peoples  inhabiting  the  eastern  Caucasus ; 
and  the  Georgians,  the  supposed  descendants  of 
the  ancient  Iberians  of  the  Caucasus,  who  inhabit 
the  southern  slope,  including  all  the  Tiflis  province 
and  the  Trapezuntine  lands  on  the  southeast 
coast  of  the  Black  sea. 

The  7<(  ;•<«;-«  are  hardly  foimd  in  the  Caucasus 
though  they  reappear  immediately  south  of  it 
in  the  lower  basin  of  the  Kura  and  the  Araxes. 
Here  also  appear  the  various /ra«i'«(t  stems  of  the 
Asiatic  Aryans,  the  Armenians,  the  Persians  and 
the  Kurds. 

R.  H.  Latham's  worlis  on  "European  Ethno- 
logy "  are  the  best  general  authority  in  Eng- 
lish. Of  more  recent  German  guides,  map  aud 
otherwise,  the  following  are  noteworthy:  Bas- 
tain's  "  Ethnologisches  Bilderbuch,"  "  Das  Be- 
standige  in  den  Menschenrasseu, "  "AUgemeine 
Grundziige  der  Ethnologic,"  Kiepert's  "Ethno- 
graphische  Uebersichtskarte  des  Europaischen 
Orients,"  Menke's  "  Europa  nach  seiuen  Ethno- 
logischen  Verhaltnissen  in  der  Mitte  des  19. 
Jalirhundert,"  Rittich's  "Ethnographic  des  euro- 
pilischen  Russland,"  Sax's  "  Ethnographische 
Karte  der  europaisehen  Turkei,"  Berghaus's 
' '  Ethnographische  Karte  vom  osterreichischen 
Kaiserstaat. "  Wendt's  "  Bilder  Atlas  der  Lander 
und  VOlkerkunde, "  Andree's  ' ' Allgemeincr  Hand- 
atlas  (Ethnographischen  Karten), "  Gerland's  '  'At- 
las der  Ethnographic." — A.  C.  Reiley. 


APPENDIX    B. 


Notes  to  Fotik  Maps  op  the  Baikan  Peniksula.    (Twelfth  to  the  Fifteenth  Cbntttrt.) 


rriHERE  exists  to-dar  upon  the  map  of  Europe 
I  no  section  whose  historical  geography  has  a 
greater  present  interest  than  the  Danubian, 
Ballian  and  Levantine  states.  It  is  these  and  the 
Austro-Hungarian  lands  immediately  adjoining 
which  have  formed  one  of  the  great  fulcrums  for 
those  national  movements  which  constitute  the 
prime  feature  of  the  historical  geography  of  the 
present  age. 

Upon  the  present  map  of  Europe  in  this  quarter 
we  discover  a  number  of  separate  and  diminutive 
national  entities,  the  Roumanian,  Bulgarian,  iSer- 
vian  and  Montenegrin,  the  G-reek  and  Albanian, 
all  struggling  desperately  to  establish  them- 
selves on  the  debris  of  the  crumbling  Turkish 
Empire. 

What  the  issue  will  be  of  these  numerous  and 
mutually  conflicting  struggles  for  separate  na- 
tional existence  it  is  out  of  our  province  to  fore- 
cast. 

It  is  only  intended  in  this  map  series  to  throw 
all  possible  light  on  their  true  character  from  the 
lessons  and  analogies  of  the  past.  At  first  sight 
the  period  treated  in  the  four  Levantine  maps 
(from  the  last  of  the  twelfth  to  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century)  must  appear  the  most  intri- 
cate and  the  most  obscure  in  the  entire  history 
of  this  region.  The  most  intricate  it  certainly  is, 
and  possibly  the  most  obscure,  though  the  ob- 
scurity arises  largely  from  neglect.  Its  impor- 
tance, however,  arises  from  the  fact  that  it  is  the 
only  past  period  of  Levantine  history  which  pre- 
sents a  clear  analogy  to  the  present,  not  alone  in  its 
purely  transitionary  character,  but  also  from  the 
several  national  movements  which  during  this 
time  were  diligently  at  work. 

During  the  Roman  and  the  earlier  Byzantine 
periods,  which  from  their  continuity  may  be 
taken  as  one,  any  special  tendency  was  of  course 
stifled  under  the  preponderant  rule  of  a  single 
great  empire. 

The  same  was  equally  true  at  a  later  time, 
when  all  of  these  regions  passed  under  the  rule 
of  the  Turk.  These  four  maps  treat  of  that 
most  interesting  period  intervening  between  the 
crumbling  of  the  Byzantine  power  and  the  Turk- 
ish conquest.  That  in  our  own  day  the  crumb- 
ling in  turn  of  the  Turkish  power  has  repeated, 
In  its  general  features,  the  same  historical  situa- 
tion, is  the  point  upon  which  the  interest  must 
Inevitably  centre. 

What  the  outcome  will  be  in  modern  times 
forms  the  most  interesting  of  political  studies. 
Whether  the  native  races  of  the  Danube,  the 
Balkans  and  the  southern  peninsula  are  to  work 
out  their  full  national  development,  either  feder- 
ately  or  independently,  or  whether  they  are  des- 
tined to  pass  again,  as  is  threatened,  under  the 
domination  of  another  and  greater  empire,  is  one 
of  the  most  important  of  the  questions  which 
agitates  the  mind  of  the  modern  European  states- 
man. That  the  latter  outcome  is  now  the  less 
Ukely  is  due  to  the  great  unfolding  of  separate 


national  spirit  which  marks  so  strongly  the  age 
in  wliich  we  live.  The  reason  why  tlie  previous 
age  treated  in  this  map  series  ended  in  nothing 
better  than  foreign  and  Mohammedan  conquest 
may  perhaps  be  sought  in  the  imperfect  develop- 
ment of  this  same  national  spirit. 

the  BYZANTINE  EMPIRE. 

The  first  map  (Asia  Minor  and  the  Balkans  near 
the  close  of  the  twelfth  century)  is  intended  to 
show  the  geographical  situation  as  it  existed 
immediately  prior  to  the  dismemberment  of  the 
Byzantine  Empire.  The  Byzantine  Empire  of 
this  period  is  in  itself  an  important  study.  It 
must  be  regarded  more  as  the  offspring  than  the 
direct  continuation  of  the  great  East-Roman 
Empire  of  Arcadius  and  Justinian ;  for  with  the 
centuries  which  had  intervened  the  great  changes 
in  polity,  internal  geography,  external  neighbors 
and  lastly  the  continual  geographical  contraction, 
present  us  with  an  entirely  new  series  of  rela- 
tions. It  is  this  geographical  contraction  which 
concerns  us  most  vitally,  for  with  it  the  frontiers 
of  the  empire  conform  more  and  more  closely 
to  the  ethnic  limits  of  the  Q-reek  nation. 

The  later  Byzantine  Empire  was,  therefore, 
essentially  a  Greek  Empire,  and  as  such  it  ap- 
peals most  vividly  to  the  national  consciousness 
of  the  Greek  of  our  own  time.  The  restoration 
of  this  empire,  with  the  little  kingdom  of  free 
Greece  as  the  nucleus,  is  the  vision  which  in- 
spires the  more  aggressive  and  venturesome 
school  of  modern  Greek  politicians. 

In  the  twelfth  century  the  bulk  of  Asia  Elinor 
had  been  wrested  from  the  Byzantine  Empire 
by  the  Turks,  but  it  was  the  Crusaders,  not 
the  Turks,  who  overthrew  the  first  empire.  In 
one  view  this  fact  is  fortunate,  otherwise  there 
would  have  been  no  transition  period  whose 
study  would  be  productive  of  such  fruitful  re- 
sults. 

Owing  to  the  artful  policy  of  the  Comnenian 
emperors,  the  Byzantine  Empire  actually  prof- 
ited by  the  early  crusades  and  was  enabled 
through  them  to  recover  a  considerable  part  of 
Asia  JMinor  from  the  Turks.  This  apparent 
success,  however,  was  only  the  prelude  to  final 
disaster. 

Isolated  from  western  Christendom  by  the 
schism,  the  Greeks  were  an  object  of  suspicion 
and  hatred  to  the  Latin  Crusaders  and  it  only 
required  a  slight  abatement  of  the  original 
crusading  spirit  for  their  warlike  ardor  to  be 
diverted  from  Jerusalem  to  Constantinople. 
Cyprus  was  torn  away  from  the  Greek  Empire 
and  created  a  separate  kingdom  under  Latin 
rule,  in  1191.  Finally,  the  so-called  Fourth 
Crusade,  controlled  by  Venetian  intrigue,  ended 
in  tlie  complete  dismemberment  of  the  Byzantine 
Empire  (1204). 

This  nefarious  enterprise  forms  a  dark  spot  in 
history :  it  also  ushers  in  the  greatest  period  of 
geographical  intricacy  in  Levantine  annals.    The 


APPEXDIX  B. 


APPENDIX  B. 


geography  which  immediately  resulted  from  it 
is  not  directly  shown  iu  tliis  Levantine  map  series, 
but  can  be  seen  on  the  ceneral  map  of  Europe  at 
the  opening  of  the  thirteenth  century.  Briefly 
stated,  it  represented  the  establishment  of  a  frag- 
mentary and  disjointed  Latin  Empire  in  the 
place  o"f  the  former  Greelc  Empire  of  Constanti- 
nople. Known  as  the  Latin  Empire  of  Romania, 
this  new  creation  included  the  Empire  of  Con- 
stantinople proper  and  its  feudal  dependencies, 
the  liingdom  of  Thessalonica,  the  duchy  of 
Athens,  and  the  principality  of  Achaia. 

Three  orphan  Greek  states  survived  the  fall  of 
the  parent  power:  in  Europe,  the  despotat  of 
Epirus,  and  in  Asia,  the  empires  of  Nictea  and 
Trebizond. 

Tlie  Latin  states  of  the  East  are  scarcely  worthy 
the  historian's  notice.  They  have  no  place  what- 
ever in  the  natural  development,  either  political 
or  geographical,  of  the  Levantine  states.  They 
were  not  only  forced  by  foreign  lances  upon  an 
unwilling  population,  "but  were  clumsy  feudal- 
isms, established  among  a  people  to  whom  the 
feudal  idea  was  unintelligible  and  barbarous. 
Like  their  prototypes,  the  Crusading  states  of 
Syria,  they  resembled  artificial  encroachments 
upon  the  sea,  standing  for  a  time,  but  with  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature  the  ocean  reclaims  its 
own. 

Even  the  weak  little  Greek  states  were  strong 
in  comparison  and  immediately  began  to  recover 
ground  at  their  expense.  The  kingdom  of  Thes- 
salonica was  overtlirown  by  the  despot  of  Epirus 
in  1222 ;  the  Latin  Empire  of  Constantinople  it- 
self fell  before  the  Greek  Emperor  of  Nicffa  in 
1261 ;  while  the  last  of  the  barons  of  the  princi- 
pality of  Achaia  submitted  to  the  Byzantine 
despots  of  the  Jlorca  in  1430. 

The  duchy  of  Atliens  alone  of  all  these  Latin 
states  survived  long  enough  to  fall  at  last  before 
the  Turkish  conquest.  The  Levantine  posses- 
sions won  by  Venice  at  this  and  later  times  were 
destined,  partly  from  their  insular  or  maritime 
location,  and  partly  from  the  greater  vitality 
of  trade  relations,  to  enjoy  a  somewhat  longer 
life. 

To  the  Nica;an  emperors  of  the  house  of  Pa- 
leologus  belongs  the  achievement  of  having  re- 
stored the  Byzantine  Empire  in  the  event  of  1261. 
The  expression  licstored  Byzantine  Empire  has 
been  employed,  since  it  has  the  sanction  of  u.sage, 
though  a  complete  restoratiim  never  occurred. 
The  geography  of  tlie  Restored  Empire  as  shown 
on  the  second  map  (1265  A.  D.)  fails  to  include 
the  greater  part  of  wliat  we  may  term  the  cradle 
of  the  Greek  race.  The  only  subsequent  exten- 
sion was  over  tlie  balance  of  the  Jlorea,  In 
every  other  quarter  the  frontiers  of  tlie  Restored 
Empire  soon  began  to  recede  until  it  included 
only  the  city  of  Constantinople  and  an  ever  de- 
creasing portion  of  Thrace.  With  the  commence- 
ment of  the  fourteenth  century  the  I'nrk.i,  hav- 
ing tlirown  off  the  JIoiigol-Tartar  dominion, 
began  under  tlio  house  of  Osniaiilis  their  final 
Ciirecr  of  conquest.  This,  of  course,  was  tlie  be- 
ginning of  the  end.  Their  first  footliold  iu 
Europe  was  gained  in  1353,  but  over  a  century 
was  destined  to  elapse  before  the  completion  of 
their  sovereignty  in  all  the  lands  south  of  the 
Danube.  There  remains,  tlierefore,  a  considera- 
ble period  during  which  whatever  separate  na- 
tional tendencies  existed  had  full  opportunity  to 
work. 


THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND  BULGARIAN 
KINGDOMS. 

It  was  this  age  which  saw  not  only  the  high. 
est  point  in  the  national  greatness  of  Bulgaria 
and  Servia,  but  also  witnessed  the  evolution  of 
the  Wallacliian  principalities  in  the  lands  north 
of  the  Danube. 

The  separate  states  of  Bulgaria  and  Servia, 
bom  in  the  seventh  century  of  the  great  south- 
ward migration  of  the  Slavic  peoples,  iiad  in  after 
times  risen  or  fallen  according  to  the  strength  or 
weakness  of  the  Byzantine  Empire.  Bulgaria 
had  hitherto  shown  the  greatest  power.  At  sev- 
eral different  periods,  notably  under  Simeon  (883- 
927),  and  again  under  Samuel  (976-1014),  it  de- 
veloped a  strength  which  fairly  overawed  the 
Empire  itself.  These  Slavic  states  had,  however, 
been  subjected  by  the  Byzantine  Empire  in  the 
first  half  of  the  eleventh  century,  and,  though 
Servia  enjoyed  another  period  of  independence 
(1040-1148),  it  was  not  until  the  final  crumbling 
of  the  Byzantine  Empire,  the  premonition  of  the 
event  of  1204,  that  their  expansion  recommences. 

The  Wallachian,  or  Second  Bulgarian  kingdom, 
whicli  came  into  existence  in  1187  in  the  lands 
between  the  Balkans  and  tlie  Danube,  has  been 
the  subject  of  an  ethnic  discussion  which  need 
not  detain  us.  That  it  was  not  purely  Slavic  is 
well  established,  for  the  great  and  singular  revival 
of  the  Vlach  or  Rounuiii  peoples  and  their  move- 
ment from  the  lands  soutli  of  Haemus  to  their 
present  seats  north  of  the  Danube,  which  is  one 
of  the  great  features  of  tliis  age,  had  already 
begun.  (The  country  between  the  Danube  and 
the  Balkans,  the  seat  of  tlie  Second  Bulgarian 
kingdom,  appears  as  Aspro  or  White-Wallachia 
in  some  Byzantine  writings.  So  also  nortli  of  tlio 
Danube  the  later  Moldavia  and  Great  Wallachia 
are  known  respectively  as  Mavro  [Black]  and 
Hungarowallachia.  Still  the  fact  of  a  continuous 
Rouman  civilization  north  of  the  Danube  is  not 
established.  The  theory  of  a  great  northward 
movement  of  the  Vlach  peoples  is  the  one  now 
generally  accepted  and  is  ably  advocated  in  Rocs- 
ler's  "  Romiluische  Studien.") 

At  the  present  day  this  movement  has  been  so 
long  completed  that  scarcely  the  trace  of  a  Vlach 
population  remains  in  the  lands  south  of  the 
Danube.  These  emigrants  ai)|)ear,  as  it  were,  in 
passing,  to  liave  shared  witli  tlie  native  Bulgari- 
ans in  the  creation  of  tliis  Secoud  Bulgarian 
kingdom.  This  realm  achieved  a  momentary 
greatness  under  its  rulers  of  the  house  of  Asau. 
The  dismemberment  of  the  Byzantine  Empire  in 
1204  enabled  tlieni  to  make  great  eneroaclimeiits 
to  the  .south,  and  it  seemed  for  a  time  that  to  tlie 
Bulgarian,  not  the  Greek,  would  fall  the  task  of 
overtlirowing  the  Latin  Empire  of  Roumania 
(see  general  map  of  Europe  at  the  opening  of  the 
thirteentli  century).  With  the  reL'stablishment, 
however,  of  tlie  Greek  Empire  of  Constantinople, 
in  1261,  the  Bulgarian  kingdom  began  to  lose 
much  of  its  importance,  and  its  power  was  finally 
broken  in  1285  by  the  Mongols. 

SERVIA. 

In  the  following  century  it  was  the  turh  of 
Servia  to  enjoy  a  period  of  preeminent  greatness. 
The  latter  kingdom  had  recovered  its  independ- 
ence under  tlie  liouse  of  Neman ja  in  1183. 

Under  tlie  great  giant  conqueror  Stephen 
Dushan  (1321-1355)  it  enjoyed  a  period  of  greater 
power  than  has  ever  before  or  since  fallen  to  the 


APPENDIX  B. 


APPENDIX  B. 


lot  of  a  single  Balkan  state.  The  Restored  By- 
zantine Empire  had  sustained  no  permanent  loss 
from  the  period  of  Bulgarian  greatness:  it  was 
by  the  sudden  Servian  conquest  that  it  was  de- 
prived forever  of  nearly  all  its  European  posses- 
sions (see  Balkan  map  III).  A  Byzantine  reaction 
might  have  come  under  other  conditions,  but 
already  another  and  greater  enemy  was  at  her 
gates.  Dushan  died  in  1355;  and  already,  in 
1353,  two  years  before,  the  Turk  at  Gallipoli  had 
made  his  entrance  into  Europe.  From  this  time 
every  Christian  state  of  the  East  grew  steadily 
weaker  until  Bulgaria,  Servia,  the  Greek  Empire, 
and  finally  even  Hungary,  had  passed  under  the 
Turkish  dominion. 

THE  VLACHS. 

Passing  on  from  these  Slavic  peoples,  another 
national  manifestation  of  the  greatest  importance 
belonging  to  this  period,  one  which,  unlike  the 
Greek  and  Slavic,  may  be  said  in  one  sense  to 
have  originated  in  the  period,  was  that  of  the 
Vlachs.  This  Latin  population,  which  ethnolo- 
gists have  attempted  to  identify  with  the  ancient 
Thraciam,  was,  previous  to  the  twelfth  century, 
scattered  in  irregular  groups  throughout  the  en- 
tire Balkan  peninsula.  During  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury their  great  northward  migration  began.  A 
single  result  of  this  movement  has  already  been 
noticed  in  the  rise  of  the  Second  Bulgarian  king- 
dom. South  of  the  Danube,  however,  their  influ- 
ence was  transitory.  It  was  north  of  the  river 
that  the  evolution  of  the  two  principalities.  Great 
Wallachia  (Roumania)  and  Moldavia,  and  the 
growth  of  a  Vlach  population  in  the  Transyl- 
vanian  lands  of  Eastern  Hungary,  has  yielded  the 
ethnic  and  in  great  part  the  political  geography 
of  the  present  day. 

The  process  of  this  evolution  may  be  under- 
stood from  a  comparative  study  of  the  four 
Balkan  maps.  Upon  the  first  map  the  Cumani- 
ans,  a  Finno-Tatar  people,  who  in  the  twelfth 
century  had  displaced  a  kindred  race,  the  Patzin- 
aks  or  Petachenegs,  occupy  the  whole  country 
between  the  Danube  and  the  Transylvanian  Alps. 
These  were  in  turn  swept  forever  from  the  map 
of  Europe  by  the  Mongols  (1224).  With  the  re- 
ceding of  this  exterminating  wave  of  Asiatic  con- 
quest the  great  wilderness  was  thrown  open  to 
new  settlers.  The  settlements  of  the  Vlachs 
north  of  the  Danube  and  east  of  the  Aluta  became 
the  principality  of  Great  Wallachia,  the  nucleus 
of  the  modern  Roumania.  West  of  the  Aluta 
the  district  of  Little  Wallachia  was  incorporated 
for  a  long  period,  as  the  banat  of  Severin,  in  the 
Hungarian  kingdom. 

Finally,  the  principality  of  Moldavia  came  into 
existence  in  1341,  in  land  previously  won  by 
the  Hungarians  from  the  Mongols,  between  the 
Dniester  and  the  Carpathians.  Both  the  princi- 
palities of  Great  Wallachia  and  Moldavia  were  in 
the  fourteenth  century  dependencies  of  Hungary. 
The  grasp  of  Hungary  was  loosened,  however, 
towards  the  close  of  the  century  and  after  a 
period  of  shifting  dependence,,  now  on  Hungary, 
now  on  Turkey,  and  for  a  time,  in  the  case  of 
Moldavia,  on  Poland,  we  come  to  the  period  of 
permanent  Turkish  supremacy. 

With  the  presence  and  influence  of  the  Vlachs 
south  of  the  Balkans,  during  this  period,  we  are 
less  interested,  since  their  subsequent  disappear- 
ance has  removed  the  subject  from  any  direct 
connection  with  modem  politics.     The  ordy  quar- 


ter where  they  still  linger  and  where  this  in- 
fluence led  to  the  founding  of  an  independent 
state,  was  in  the  country  east  of  the  range  of  Pin- 
dus,  the  Great  Wallachia  of  the  Byzantines.  Here 
the  principality  of  Wallachian  Thessaly  appeared 
as  an  offshoot  of  the  Greek  despotat  of  Eplrus  in 
1259  (see  map  II). 

This  state  retained  its  independent  existence 
until  1308,  when  it  was  divided  between  the  Cata- 
lan dukes  of  Athens  and  the  Byzantine  Empire. 

ALBANIANS. 

The  Skipetars  {Albanicnu)  during  this  period 
appear  to  have  been  the  slowest  to  grasp  out  for 
a  separate  national  existence.  The  southern  sec- 
tion of  Albania  formed,  after  the  fall  of  Constan- 
tinople, a  part  of  the  despotat  of  Epirus,  and 
whatever  independence  existed  in  the  northern 
section  was  lost  in  the  revival,  first  of  the  Byzan- 
tine, then,  in  the  ensuing  century,  of  the  Servian 
power.  It  was  not  until  1444  that  a  certain  George 
Castriot,  known  to  the  Turks  as  Iskander-i-beg, 
or  Scanderbeg,  created  a  Christian  principality 
in  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  Albania. 

This  little  realm  stretched  along  the  Adriatic 
from  Butrinto  almost  to  Antivari,  embracing,  fur- 
ther inland,  Kroja  and  the  basin  of  the  Drin  (see 
map  IV). 

It  was  not  until  after  Scanderbeg's  death  that 
Ottoman  control  was  confirmed  over  this  spirited 
Albanian  population. 

THE  TURKISH  CONQUEST. 

The  reign  of  Mohammed  II.  (1451-1481)  wit- 
nessed the  final  conquest  of  the  entire  country 
south  of  the  Danube  and  the  Save.  The  extent 
of  the  Turkish  Empire  at  his  accession  is  shown 
on  map  IV.  The  acquisitions  of  territory  during 
his  reign  included  in  Asia  Minor  the  old  Greek 
Empire  of  Trebizond  (1461)  and  the  Turkish  dy- 
nasty of  Karaman;  in  Europe,  Constantinople, 
whose  fall  brought  the  Byzantine  Empire  to  a 
close  in  1453,  the  duchy  of  Athens  (1456),  the 
despotats  of  Patras  and  Misithra  (1460),  Servia 
(1458),  Bosnia  (1463),  Albania  (1468),  Epirus  and 
Acarnania,  the  continental  dominion  of  the  Counts 
of  Cephalonia  (1479),  and  Herzegovina  (1481).  In 
the  mountainous  district  immediately  south  of 
Herzegovina,  the  principality  of  Montenegro, 
situated  in  lands  which  had  formed  the  southern 
part  of  the  first  Servian  kingdom,  alone  pre- 
served its  independence,  even  at  the  height  of 
the  Turkish  domination. 

The  chronicle  of  Turkish  history  thereafter  re- 
cords only  conquest  after  conquest.  The  islands 
of  the  ^gean  were  many  of  them  won  during 
Mohammed's  own  reign,  the  acquisition  of  the  re- 
mainder ensued  shortly  after.  Venice  was  hunted 
step  by  step  out  of  all  her  Levantine  possessions 
save  the  Ionian  Islands;  the  superiority  over  the 
Crim  Tartars,  Wallachia,  Moldavia  and  Jedisan 
followed,  finally,  tlie  defeat  at  Mohacs  (1526),  and 
the  subsequent  internal  anarchy  left  nearly  all 
Hungary  at  the  mercy  of  the  Ottoman  con- 
queror. 

The  geographical  homogeneity  thus  restored 
by  the  Turkish  conquest  was  not  again  disturbed 
until  the  present  century.  The  repetition  of  al- 
most the  same  conditions  in  our  own  time,  though 
with  the  process  reversed,  has  been  referred  to  in 
the  sketch  of  Balkan  geography  of  the  present 
day.  The  extreme  importance  of  the  period  just 
described,  for  the  purposes  of  minute  historical 


8 


APPENDIX  B. 


APPENDIX  B. 


analogy,  will  be  apparent  at  once  wherever  com- 
parison is  attempted. 

The  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  and  fifteenth  cen- 
turies were  of  course  periods  of  far  greater  geo- 
graphical intricacy,  but  the  purpose  has  been 
rather  to  indicate  the  nature  of  this  intricacy  than 
to  describe  it  in  detail.  The  principal  feature, 
namely,  the  national  movements,  wherever  they 
have  manifested  themselves,  have  been  more 
carefully  dwelt  upon.  The  object  has  been  sim- 
ply to  show  that  the  four  separate  national  move- 
ments, the  Greek,  the  Slavic,  the  lioumati,  and 
the  Albanian,  which  maybe  said  to  have  created 
the  present  Levantine  problem,  were  all  present, 
and  in  the  case  of  the  two  last  may  even  be  said 


to  have  had  their  inception,  in  the  period  just 
traversed. 

In  the  present  century  the  unfolding  of  na- 
tional spirit  has  been  so  much  greater  and  far- 
reaching  that  a  different  outcome  may  be  looked 
for.  It  is  sufficient  for  the  present  that  the  in- 
cipient existence  of  these  same  movements  has 
been  shown  to  have  existed  in  a  previous  age. 

The  best  general  text  authority  in  English  for 
the  geography  of  this  period  is  George  Finlay's 
"  History  of  Greece,"  vols.  III.  and  IV. ;  a  more 
exhaustive  guide  in  German  is  Hopf's  "  Ge- 
schichte  Griechenlands."  For  the  purely  geo- 
graphical works  see  the  general  bibliography  of 
historical  geography. — A.  C.  Reiley. 


9 


APPENDIX    C 


Notes  to  the  Map  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.     (Present  Centubt.) 


THE  present  century  has  been  a  remarkable 
one  for  the  settlement  of  great  political  and 
geographical  questions.  These  questions  re- 
solve themselves  into  two  great  classes,  which 
indicate  the  political  forces  of  the  present  age, 
—  the  first,  represented  in  the  growth  of  demo- 
cratic tliought,  and  the  second  arising  from  the 
awakening  of  national  spirit.  The  first  of  these 
concerns  historical  geography  only  incidentally, 
but  the  second  has  already  done  much  to  recon- 
struct the  political  geography  of  our  time. 

recent  national  movements. 

Within  a  little  over  thirty  years  it  has  changed 
the  map  of  central  Europe  from  a  medley  of 
small  states  into  a  united  Italy  and  a  imited 
Germany ;  it  has  also  led  to  a  reconstruction  of 
the  Austro-Hungarian  Empire,  In  Italy,  Ger- 
many and  Austria-Hungary,  the  national  ques- 
tions may,  however,  be  regarded  as  settled ;  and 
If,  in  the  case  of  Austria-Hungary,  owing  to 
exactly  reverse  conditions,  the  settlement  has 
been  a  tentative  one,  it  has  at  least  removed  the 
question  from  the  more  immediate  concern  of  the 
present.  In  a  diilerent  quarter  of  Europe,  how- 
ever, the  rise  of  the  national  movements  has  led 
to  a  question,  infinitely  more  complicated  than  the 
others,  and  which,  so  far  from  being  settled,  is 
becoming  ever  more  pressing  year  by  year. 
This  reference  is  to  the  great  Balkan  problem. 

That  this  question  has  been  delayed  in  its 
solution  for  over  four  centuries,  is  due,  no  doubt, 
to  the  conquests  of  the  Turk,  and  it  is  still  com- 
plicated by  his  presence.  In  the  notes  to  the 
four  previous  Balkan  maps  (1191-1451),  attention 
■was  especially  directed  to  the  national  move- 
ments, so  far  as  they  had  opportunity  to  develop 
themselves  during  this  period.  These  move- 
ments, feeble  in  tlieir  character,  were  all  smoth- 
ered by  the  Turkish  conquest.  With  the  decline 
of  this  power  in  the  present  century  these  forces 
once  more  have  opportunity  for  reappearance.  In 
this  regard  the  history  of  the  Balkans  during  the 
nineteenth  century  is  simply  the  history  of  the 
fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries  read  back- 
wards. 

The  Turkish  Empire  had  suUered  terrible  re- 
verses during'  the  eighteenth  century.  Hungary 
(1699),  the  Crim  Tartars  (1774),  Bukovina  (1777), 
Jedisan  (1792),  Bessarabia  and  Eastern  Moldavia 
(1813)  were  all  successively  wrested  from  the 
Ottomans,  while  Egypt  on  one^ide  and  Moldavia 
and  Wallachia  on  another  recovered  practical 
autonomy,  the  one  under  the  restored  rule  of  the 
Slanielukes  (1766),  the  other  under  native  hospo- 
dars. 

the  SERVIAN  AND  GREEK  REVOLTS. 

All  of  these  losses,  though  greatly  weakening 
the  Ottoman  power,  did  not  destroy  its  geographi- 
cal integrity.  It  was  with  the  Servian  revolt  of 
1804  that  the  series  of  events  pointing  to  the 
actual  disruption  of  the  Turkish  Empire  may  be 


said  to  have  begun.  The  first  period  of  dissolu- 
tion was  measured  by  the  reign  of  Blahmoud  II. 
(1808-1839),  at  once  the  greatest  and  the  most  tm- 
fortunate  of  all  the  later  Turkish  sultans.  Servia, 
first  under  Kara  Georg,  then  under  Milosch 
Obrenovitch,  the  founder  of  the  present  dynasty, 
maintained  a  struggle  which  led  to  the  recogni- 
tion of  Servian  local  autonomy  in  1817.  The 
second  step  in  the  process  of  dissolution  was  the 
tragic  Greek  revolution  (1821-1828).  The  Sultan, 
after  a  terrible  war  of  extermination,  had  practi- 
cally reduced  Greece  to  subjection,  when  all  his 
work  was  undone  by  the  intervention  of  the 
great  powers. 

The  Turkish  fleet  was  destroyed  by  the  com- 
bined squadrons  of  England,  France  and  Russia  at 
Navarin,  October  20, 1827,  and  in  the  campaign  of 
the  ensuing  3'ear  the  Moscovite  arms  for  the  first 
time  in  history  penetrated  south  of  the  Balkans. 
The  treaty  of  Adrianople,  between  Russia  and 
Turkey  (September  14,  1829),  gave  to  the  Czar  the 
protectorate  over  Jloldavia  and  Wallachia.  By 
the  treaty  of  London  earlier  in  this  year  Greece 
was  made  autonomous  under  the  suzerainty  of 
the  Sultan,  and  the  pi;otocol  of  Jlarch  23,  1829, 
drew  her  northern  frontier  in  a  line  between  the 
gulfs  of  Arta  and  Volo.  The  titular  sovereignty 
of  the  Sultan  over  Greece  was  annulled  later  in 
the  year  at  the  peace  of  Adrianople,  though  the 
northern  boundary  of  the  Hellenic  kingdom  was 
then  curtailed  to  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Achelous  to  the  gulf  of  Lamia.  With  the 
accession  of  the  Bavarian  king  Otho,  in  1833, 
after  the  failure  of  the  republic,  the  northern 
boundary  was  again  adjusted,  returning  to  about 
the  limits  laid  down  in  the  March  protocol  of 
1829.  Greece  then  remained  for  over  fifty  years 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Mount  Othrys,  the  Pin- 
dus  range  and  the  gulf  of  Arta.  In  1863,  on  the 
accession  of  the  Danish  king  George  I. ,  the  Ionian 
Isles,  which  had  been  under  English  administra- 
tion since  the  Napoleonic  wars,  were  ceded  to  the 
Greek  kingdom,  and  in  May,  1881,  almost  the  last 
change  in  European  geography  to  the  present 
day  was  accomplished  in  the  cession,  by  the  Sul- 
tan, of  Thessaly  and  a  small  part  of  Eplrus. 

The  agitation  in  1886  for  a  further  extension  of 
Greek  territory  was  unsuccessful. 

THE  TREATY  OF  UNKIAR  SKBLESSI. 

A  series  of  still  greater  reverses  brought  the 
reign  of  the  Sultan  Mahmoud  to  a  close.  The 
chief  of  these  were  the  defeats  sustained  at  the 
hands  of  his  rebellious  vassal  Jlehemet  All, 
pacha  of  Egypt,  a  man  who  takes  rank  even  be- 
fore the  Sultan  himself  as  the  greatest  figure  in 
tlie  Jloliammedan  world  during  the  present  cen- 
tury. The  immediate  issue  of  this  struggle  was 
the  practical  independence  of  Egypt,  where  the 
descendants  of  Meliemct  still  rule,' their  title  hay- 
ing been  changed  in  1867  from  viceroy  to  that  of 
khedive.  An  event  incidental  to  the  strife  be- 
tween Mehemet  Ali  and   the   Sultan  is  of  far 


10 


APPENDIX  C. 


APPENDIX  C. 


greater  Importance  in  the  history  of  European 
Turkey.  Mahmouil  in  his  distress  looked  for  aiii 
to  tlic  great  powers,  and  tlie  final  issue  of  Un; 
rival  interests  struggling  at  Constantinople  was 
the  memorable  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  (July, 
18;i;S)  by  which  the  Sultan  resigned  himself  com- 
pletely to  the  interests  of  his  former  implacable 
foe,  the  Czar  of  Russia.  In  outward  appearance 
this  treaty  was  an  offensive  and  defensive  alli- 
ance; in  practical  results  it  gave  the  Moscovite, 
In  exchange  for  armed  assistance,  when  needed, 
■the  practical  control  of  the  Dardanelles.  It  is  no 
extravagance  of  s'lutement  to  say  that  this  treaty 
forms  alisolutely  the  high  watermark  of  Russian 
predominance  in  the  affairs  of  the  Levant,  Dur- 
ing the  subsequent  sixty  years,  this  inllucncc, 
taken  as  a  whole,  strange  paradox  as  it  may 
seem,  has  rather  receded  than  advanced.  The 
utter  prostration  of  the  Turkish  Empire  on  the 
death  of  Mahmoud  (1839)  compelled  Russia  to 
recede  from  the  conditions  of  Unkiar  Skelessi 
while  a  concert  of  the  European  powers  under- 
took the  task  of  rehabilitating  the  prostrate 
power;  the  Crimean  war  (18547-1855)  struck  a 
more  damaging  blow  at  the  Russian  power,  and 
the  events  of  1878,  though  they  again  shattered 
the  Turkish  Empire,  did  not,  as  will  be  shown, 
lead  to  corresponding  return  of  the  Czar's 
ascendency. 

THE  CRIMEAN  WAR  AND  TREATY  OF   PARIS. 

The  Crimean  War  was  brought  on  by  the  at- 
tempt of  the  Czar  to  dictate  concerning  the  in- 
ternal affairs  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  —  a  policy 
which  culminated  in  the  occupation  of  Moldavia 
and  Wallachia  (185IJ).  All  Europe  became  ar- 
rayed against  Rii.ssia  on  this  question, —  Prussia 
and  Austria  in  tacit  opposition,  while  England, 
France,  and  afterwards  Piedmont,  drifted  into 
war  with  the  norlhcrn  power. 

By  the  treaty  of  Paris  (1856),  which  terminated 
the  sanguinary  struggle,  the  Danube,  closed  since 
the  peace  of  Adrianoplc  (1829),  was  reopened; 
the  southern  part  of  Bessarabia  was  taken  from 
Russia  and  added  to  the  principality  of  Moldavia ; 
the  treaty  powers  renounced  all  right  to  interfere 
in  the  internal  affairs  of  the  Porte;  and,  lastly, 
the  Black  St'a,  which  twenty  _vears  liefore,  Ijy  tlie 
treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi,  had  become  a  private 
Russian  pond,  was  swept  of  the  Russian  Ueets 
and  converted  into  a  neutral  sea.  The  latter 
condition  however  was  abrogated  by  the  powers 
(March  IS,  1871). 

Despite  the  defeat  of  Russia,  the  settlement 
effected  at  the  congress  of  Paris  was  bvit  tenta- 
tive. The  most  that  the  allied  powers  could  pos- 
sibly have  hoped  for,  was  .so  far  to  cripple  Russia 
as  to  render  her  no  longer  a  menace  to  the  Otto- 
man Empire.  They  succeeded  only  in  so  far  as 
to  defer  the  recurrence  of  a  Turkish  crisis  for 
another  twenty  years. 

The  chief  event  of  importance  during  this  in- 
terval was  the  birth  of  the  united  Roumania.  In 
1857  the  representjitive  councils  of  both  Moldavia 
and  Wallachia  voted  for  their  union  under  this 
name.  This  personal  union  was  accomplished 
by  the  choice  of  a  conunon  rulcT,  John  Cu/.a 
(1859),  whose  election  was  continued  by  a  new 
conference  at  Paris  in  1801.  A  single  nnnistry 
.and  single  assembly  were  fomied  al  HucbareHtin 
1H(U.  Prince  Karl  of  IIoliciiZDJiern  Sij;mariiigen 
was  elected  hospodar  in  18(iU,  and  liually  crowned 
fts  king  in  1881. 


THE  REVIVED  EASTERN  QUESTION  OF 

1875-78. 

The  Eastern  question  was  reopened  with  all 
its  perplexities  in  the  Herzegovinian  and  Bosnian 
revoltof  August,  1875.  These  provinces,  almost 
cut  off  from  the  Turkish  Empire  liy  Montenegro 
and  Servia,  occupied  a  position  wliich  rendered 
their  subjugation  almost  a  hopeless  task. 

Preparations  were  already  undi^r  way  for  a 
settlement  by  joint  action  of  the  powers,  when  a 
wave  of  fanatical  fury  swceiiing  o\-er  the  Otto- 
man Empire  rendered  all  these  efforts  aljorlive. 
Another  Christian  insurrection  in  Bulgaria  was 
suppressed  in  a  series  of  wholesale  and  atrocious 
massacres.  Servia  and  Montenegro  in  a  ferment 
declared  war  on  Turkey  (July  2,  187C).  The 
Turkish  arras,  however,  were  easily  victorious, 
and  Russia  only  saved  the  Servian  capital  bj'  com- 
pelling an  armistice  (October  30).  A  conference 
of  the  representatives  of  the  powers  was  then 
held  at  Constantinople  in  a  tinal  etfort  to  arrange 
for  a  reorganization  of  the  Empire,  which  should 
include  the  granting  of  autonomy  to  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina  and  Bulgaria.  These  conditions, 
though  subsequently  embodied  in  a  general  ulti- 
matum, the  Loudon  protocol  of  March  31,  1877, 
were  rejected  by  the  Porto,  and  Russia,  who  had 
determined  to  proceed  alone  in  the  event  of  this 
rejection,  innnediately  declared  war  (April  24). 
Into  this  war,  owing  to  the  horror  excited  in 
England  by  the  Bulgarian  massacres,  and  the 
altered  policy  of  Prance,  the  Turk  was  compelled 
to  go  without  allies,  and  thus  unassisted  his  de- 
feat was  assured.  Then  followed  the  sanguinary 
campaigns  in  Bulgaria,  the  memories  of  which 
are  still  recent  and  unobscured.  Plevna,  the 
central  point  of  the  Turkish  resistance,  fell  on 
December  10th ;  Adrianoplc  was  occupied  by  the 
Russians  on  January  20th,  1878;  and  on  January 
31st,  an  armistice  was  granted. 

Great  Britain  now  seemed  roused  to  a  sense  of 
the  danger  to  herself  in  the  Russian  aitjiroach  to 
Constantinople,  and  public  opinion  at  last  per- 
mitted Lord  Beaconsfield  to  send  a  tlect  to  the 
Bosporus. 

By  the  Russo-Turkish  peace  of  San  Stephano 
(March  3,  1878)  Turkey  rccogiiiz<ul  the  complete 
independence  of  Servia,  Roumania  and  Monte- 
negro, wliile  Bulgaria  became  what  Servia  and 
Roumania  had  just  ceased  to  be,  an  autonomous 
principality  under  nominal  Turkish  sovereignty. 
Ilussia  received  the  Dobrutcha  in  Eurojic,  which 
was  to  be  given  bj'  the  Czar  to  Roumania  in  ex- 
change for  the  portion  of  Bessarabia  lost  in  1856. 
Servia  and  ^lontenegro  received  accessions  of 
territory,  the  latter  securing  Antivari  on  the 
coast,  but  the  greatest  geographical  change  was 
the  frontier  assigned  to  the  new  Bulgaria,  which 
was  to  inelud(>  all  th(-  territory  bounded  by  an 
irregular  line  l)eginning  at  Jliilia  on  the  Black 
Sea  and  running  north  of  .\drianople,  and,  in 
addition,  a  vast  realm  in  M.icedonia,  bounded 
on  the  west  only  by  Albania,  approaching  Salon- 
iea,  and  to\uh{ng  the  iEgean  on  either  side  of 
the  Chalciiliee. 

It  was  evident  that  the  terms  of  this  treaty  in- 
volved the  interests  of  othcT  powers,  especially 
of  Oreat  Britain.  An  \illimat(!  .settlement  which 
involved  as  p:irlies  only  the  eon(|ueror  and  con- 
(|uered  was  tlierefiire  impossible.  A  general 
congress  of  the  Powers  was  seiMi  to  be  (he  only 
solveut  of  the  dlllicully ;  but  before  sucli  a  con- 
gress was   possible  it  was  necessary  for  Qreat 


11 


APPENDIX  C. 


APPENDIX  C. 


Britain  and  Russia  to  find  at  least  a  tangible 
basis  of  negotiation  for  the  adjustment  of  their 
differences. 

By  the  secret  agreement  of  May  30th,  Russia 
agreed  to  abandon  tlie  disputed  points  — chief 
among  these  the  creation  of  a  Bulgarian  seaboard 
on  the  .Egeaii  —  and  the  congress  of  Berlin  then 
assembled  (June  13  — July  13,  1878). 

ARRANGEMENTS  OF  THE  TREATY  OF  BERLIN. 

Great  Britain  was  represented  at  the  congress 
by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  and  the  premier, 
the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield.  The  treaty  of  Berlin 
modified  the  conditions  of  San  Stephano  by  re- 
ducing the  Russian  acquisitions  in  Asia  Minor 
and  also  by  curtailing  the  cessions  of  territory  to 
Servia  and  Montenegro.  A  recommendation  was 
also  made  to  the  Porte  to  cede  Thessaly  and  a 
part  of  Epirus  to  Greece,  a  transfer  which  was 
accomplished  in  1881.  A  more  important  pro- 
vision was  the  transfer  of  the  administrative  con- 
trol of  the  provinces  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
to  Austria.  This  cession  was  the  outcome  of  the 
secret  agreement  between  Russia  and  Austria  at 
Reichstadt,  in  July  of  the  previous  year,  by 
which  the  former  had  secured  from  her  rival  a 
free  hand  in  the  Turkish  war.  These  districts 
were  at  once  occupied  by  Austria,  despite  the 
resistance  of  the  Mohammedan  population,  and 
the  sanjak  of  Novibazar,  the  military  occupa- 
tion of  which  was  agreed  to  by  the  Porte,  was 
also  entered  by  Austrian  troops  in  September  of 
the  following  year.  England  secured  as  her 
share  of  the  spoil  the  control  of  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus. 

The  greatest  work  accomplished  at  Berlin, 
however,  was  the  complete  readjustment  of  the 
boundaries  of  the  new  Bulgarian  principality. 

This  result  was  achieved  through  the  agency 
of  Great  Britain.  The  great  Bulgarian  domain, 
which  by  the  treaty  of  San  Stephano  would  have 
conformed  almost  to  the  limits  of  tlie  Bulgarian 
Empire  of  the  tenth  century,  was,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  small  western  strip  including  the 
capital,  Sofia,  pushed  entirely  north  of  the  Bal- 
kans. This  new  principality  was  to  enjoy  local 
autonomy ;  and  immediately  south  of  the  Balkans 
was  formed  a  new  province,  Eastern  Roumelia, 
also  with  local  autonomy,  although  under  the 
military  authority  of  the  Sultan. 

The  result  of  the  Berlin  Congress  was  the  ap- 
parent triumph  of  the  Beaconsfield  policy.  It  is 
doubtful,  liowever,  if  the  idea  of  this  triumph 
has  been  fully  sustained  by  tlie  course  of  subse- 
quent events.  The  idea  oif  Beaconsfield  appears 
to  have  been  that  the  new  Bulgaria  could  not  be- 
come other  than  a  virtual  dependency  of  Russia, 
and  that  in  curt;viliug  its  boundaries  he  was 
checking  by  so  much  tlie  growth  of  Russian  in- 
fluence. If  he  could  have  foreseen,  however, 
the  unexpected  spirit  with  which  the  Bulgarians 
have  defended  their  autonomy,  not  from  Turkish 
but  from  Russian  aggression,  it  is  doubtful  if  he 
would  have  lent  himself  with  such  vigor  to  that 
portion  of  his  policy  which  had  for  its  result  the 
weakening  of  this  "buffer"  state.  The  deter- 
mination to  resist  Russian  aggression  in  the  Bal- 
kans continues  to  form  the  purpose  of  English 
politicians  of  nearly  all  schools;  but  the  idea  that 
this  policy  is  best  served  by  maintaining  the  in- 
tegrity of  the  Ottoman  Empire  in  Europe  has 
been  steadily  losing  adherents  since  Beaconsfield's 
day.     The  one  event  of  importance  in  Balkan  his- 


tory since  1878  has  served  well  to  illustrate  this 
fact. 

LATER  CHANGES. 

In  September,  1885,  the  revolt  of  Eastern  Rou- 
melia partially  undid  the  work  of  the  Berlin 
treaty.  After  the  usual  negotiations  between  the 
Powers,  the  question  at  issue  was  settled  by  a 
conference  of  ambassadors  at  Constantinople  in 
November,  by  which  Eastern  Roumelia  was 
placed  under  the  rule  of  the  Bulgarian  prince  as 
vassal  of  the  Sultan.  This  result  was  achieved 
through  the  agency  of  England,  and  against  the 
opposition  of  Russia  and  other  continental  powers. 
England  and  Russia  had  in  fact  exchanged  poli- 
cies since  1878,  now  that  the  real  temper  of  the 
Bulgarian  people  was  more  generally  under- 
stood. 

The  governments  of  Greece  and  Servia,  alarmed 
at  the  predominance  thus  given  to  Bulgaria 
among  the  liberated  states,  sought  similar  com- 
pensation, but  were  both  foiled. 

Servia,  which  sought  this  direct  from  Bulgaria, 
was  worsted  in  a  short  war  (Nov. — Dec.  1885).  and 
Greece  was  checked  in  her  aspiration  for  further 
territorial  aggrandizement  at  the  expense  of  Tur- 
key by  the  combined  blockade  of  the  Powers  in 
the  spring  of  1886. 

Since  then,  no  geographical  change  has  taken 
place  in  the  old  lands  of  European  Turkey. 
Prince  Alexander  of  Bulgaria  was  forced  to  abdi- 
cate by  Russian  intrigue  in  September  1886 ;  but 
under  his  successor.  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe- 
Coburg  (crowned  in  1887),  and  his  able  minister 
Stambouloff,  Bulgaria  has  successfully  preserved 
its  autonomy. 

THE  PRESENT-DAY  PROBLEM. 

A  general  statement  of  the  Balkan  problem  as 
it  exists  to-day  may  be  briefly  given.  The  non- 
Turkish  populations  of  European  Turkey,  for 
the  most  part  Christian,  are  divided  ethnically 
into  four  groups:  the  Roumans  or  Vlachs,  the 
Oreeks,  the  Albanians  and  the  Slars.  The  pro- 
cess of  liberation,  as  it  has  proceeded  during  the 
present  century,  has  given  among  these  people 
the  following  separate  states.  The  Vlachs  are 
represented  in  the  present  kingdom  of  Roumania 
ruled  by  a  HohenzoUern  prince ;  the  Greeks  are 
represented  in  the  little  kingdom  of  Greece  ruled 
by  a  prince  of  the  house  of  Denmark;  while 
the  Slavs  are  represented  by  three  autonomous 
realms:  Bulgaria  under  Ferdinand  of  SaxeCo- 
burg,  Servia  under  the  native  dynasty  of  Obreno- 
vitch,  and  the  little  principality  of  Montenegro, 
the  only  one  of  all  which  had  never  yielded  to 
Turkish  supremacy,  under  the  Petrovic  house, 
which  is  likewise  native. 

The  Albanians  alone  of  the  four  races,  owing 
in  part,  perhaps,  to  their  more  or  less  general  ac- 
ceptance of  Mohammedanism,  have  not  as  yet 
made  a  determined  effort  for  separate  national 
existence. 

To  these  peoples,  under  any  normal  process 
of  development,  belongs  the  iuheritanci^  of  the 
Turkish  Empire  in  Europe.  The  time  has  long 
passed  when  any  such  process  can  be  effectu- 
ally hindered  on  the  Turkish  side.  It  will  be 
hindered,  if  at  all,  either  Viy  the  aggressive  and 
rival  ambitions  of  their  two  great  neighbors, 
Austria  and  Russia,  or  by  the  mutual  jealousies 
and  opposing  claims  of  the  peoples  themselves. 

The  unfortunate  part  which  these  jealousies 
are  likely  to  play  in  the  history  of  the  future 


12 


APPENDIX  C. 


APPENDIX  C. 


■was  dimly  foreshadowed  in  the  events  of  1885. 
It  is  indeed  these  rival  aspirations,  rather  than  the 
collapse  of  the  Turkish  power,  which  are  most 
likely  to  afford  Russia  and  even  Austria  the  op- 
portunity for  territorial  extension  over  the  Balkan 
lands.  A  confederation,  or  even  a  tacit  under- 
standing between  the  Balkan  states,  would  do 
much  to  provide  against  this  danger;  but  the 
idea  of  a  confederation,  though  often  suggested 
and  even  planned,  belongs  at  present  only  to  the 
realm  of  possibilities.  On  the  one  hand  Servia, 
menaced  by  the  proximity  of  Austria,  leans  upon 
Russian  support;  on  the  other,  Bulgaria,  under 
exactly  reverse  conditions,  yields  to  the  influence 
of  Austria.  It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  these 
are  unfavorable  conditions  on  which  to  build  up 
any  federative  action.  If  at  the  next  crisis,  how- 
ever, the  liberated  states  are  fated  to  act  inde- 
pendently, it  will  be  seen  at  once  that  Greece  and 
Bulgaria  possess  the  better  chance.  Not  only 
are  they  the  most  remote  from  any  of  the  great 
powers,  but  they  alone  possess  a  geography 
which  is  entirely  open  on  the  Turkish  side. 

Moreover,  what  is  of  still  greater  consequence, 
it  is  they  who,  from  an  ethnic  standpoint,  have 
the  most  legitimate  interest  in  the  still  unliberated 
population  of  European  Turkey.  The  unliberated 
Greek  population  predominates  in  southern  Mace- 
donia, the  Chalcidian  peninsula  and  along  almost 
the  entire  seaboard,  both  of  Thrace  and  Asia 
Minor;  on  the  other  hand  the  ethnographical 
limits  of  the  Bulgarian  people  conform  almost 
exactlj'  to  the  boundaries  of  Bulgaria  as  provided 
for  at  San  Stephano.  The  creation  of  a  political 
Bulgaria  to  correspond  to  the  ethnic  Bulgaria  was 
Indeed  the  purpose  of  the  Russian  government 
in  1878,  though  with  the  repetition  of  the  same 
conditions  it  would  hardly  be  its  purpose  again. 

Barring,  therefore,  the  Albanians  of  the  west, 
who  as  yet  have  asserted  no  clearly  defined  na- 
tional claim,  the  Crreeksani  the  Bulgarians  axe,  the 
logical  heirs  to  what  remains  of  European  Turkey. 


These  observations  are  not  intended  as  a  fore- 
cast ;  they  merely  indicate  what  would  be  an  in- 
evitable outcome,  were  the  question  permitted  a 
natural  settlement. 

Concerning  the  Turks  themselves  a  popular 
fallacy  has  ever  been  to  consider  tlieir  de.stiuy  as 
a  whole.  But  here  again  an  important  division 
of  the  subject  intrudes  itself. 

In  Asia  Minor,  where  the  Turkish  population 
overwhelmingly  preponderates,  the  question  of 
their  destiny,  barring  the  ever  threatened  Russian 
interference,  ought  not  to  arouse  great  concern 
in  the  present.  But  in  European  Turkey  the 
utter  lack  of  this  predominance  seems  to  deprive 
the  Ottoman  of  his  only  legitimate  title.  The 
Turkish  population  in  Thrace  and  the  Balkans 
never  did  in  fact  constitute  a  majority;  and  with 
its  continual  decline,  measured  indeed  by  the  de- 
cline of  the  Ottoman  Empire  itself,  the  greatest 
of  all  obstacles  to  an  equitable  and  final  settle- 
ment has  been  removed.  (See  the  ethnic  map  of 
Europe  at  the  present  day.) 

The  historical  geography  of  the  Balkans  dur- 
ing the  present  century  is  not  so  intricate  that  it 
may  not  be  understood  even  from  the  current 
literature  of  the  subject.  The  best  purely  geo- 
graphical authority  is  E.  Hertslet's  "Map  of 
Europe  by  Treaty."  Of  text  works  A.  C.  Fyffe'a 
"History  of  Modern  Europe,"  and  J.  H.  Rose's 
"A  Century  of  Continental  History  "  afford  ex- 
cellent general  views.  The  facts  concerning  the 
settlement  of  the  first  northern  boundary  of  free 
Greece  are  given  in  Finlay's  "  History  of  Greece, " 
Vol.  VII.  Of  excellent  works  dealing  more  or 
less  directly  with  present  Balkan  politics  there 
is  hardly  an  end.  It  is  necessary  to  mention  but 
a  few:  E.  de  Laveleye's  "The  Balkan  Peninsula," 
E.  A.  Freeman's  "The  Ottoman  Power  in 
Europe,"  the  Duke  of  Argyll's  "The  Eastern 
Question,"  and  James  Baker's  "Turkey."  See 
also  the  general  bibliography  of  historical  geog- 
raphy.— A.  C.  Rciley. 


13 


APPENDIX    D. 


Notes  to  the  Development  Map  op  CniiiBTiAinTT. 


THE  subject  matter  contained  in  this  map  is 
of  a  character  so  distinct  from  that  of  the 
other  maps  of  this  series  that  the  reader 
must  expect  a  corresponding  modification  in  the 
method  of  treatment. 

The  use  of  historical  maps  is  confined,  for  the 
most  part,  to  the  statement  of  purely  political 
conditions. 

This  is  in  fact  almost  the  only  field  which  ad- 
mits of  exact  portrayal,  within  the  limits  of  his- 
torical knowledge,  by  this  method.  Any  other 
phase  of  human  life,  whether  religious  or  social, 
which  concerns  the  belief  or  the  thought  of  the 
people  rather  than  the  exact  extent  of  their  race 
or  their  government,  must  remain,  so  far  as  the 
limitations  of  cartography  is  concerned,  compar- 
atively intangible. 

Again,  it  should  be  noted  that,  even  in  the 
map  treatment  of  a  subject  as  comparatively  ex- 
act as  political  geography,  it  is  one  condition  of 
exactness  that  this  treatment  should  be  specific 
In  its  relation  to  a  date,  or  at  least  to  a  limited 
period. 

The  map  which  treats  a  subject  in  its  historical 
development  has  the  undoubted  merit  of  greater 
comprehensiveness;  but  this  advantage  cannot 
be  gained  without  a  certain  loss  of  relation  and 
proportion.  Between  the  "development"  map 
and  the  "date"  map  there  is  this  difference:  In 
the  one,  the  whole  subject  passes  before  the  eye 
in  a  sort  of  moving  panorama,  the  salient  points 
evident,  but  with  their  relation  to  external  facts 
often  obscured:  in  the  other,  the  subject  stands 
Btill  at  one  particular  point  and  permits  itself  to 
be  photographed.  A  progressive  series  of  such 
photographs,  each  forming  a  perfect  picture  by 
itself,  yet  each  showing  the  clear  relation  with 
what  precedes  and  follows,  affords  the  method 
which  all  must  regard  as  the  most  logical  and 
the  most  exact.  But  from  the  very  intangible 
nature  of  the  subject  treated  in  this  map,  the 
date  method,  with  its  demand  for  exactness,  be- 
comes impracticable.  These  observations  are 
necessary  in  explaining  tlie  limitations  of  cartog- 
raphy in  dealing  with  a  subject  of  this  nature. 
Tlie  notes  that  follow  are  intended  as  a  simple 
elucidation  of  the  plan  of  treatment. 

The  central  feature  in  the  early  development 
of  Christianity  is  soon  stated.  The  new  faith 
spread  by  churches  from  city  to  city  until  it  be- 
came the  religion  of  the  Roman  Empire ;  after- 
wards this  spread  was  continued  from  people  to 
people  until  it  became  the  religion  of  Europe. 
The  statement  of  the  general  fact  in  this  crude 
and  untempered  form  might  in  an  ordinary  case 
provoke  criticism,  and  its  invariable  historic 
truth  with  reference  to  the  second  period  be 
open  to  some  question;  but  witliin  the  limits  of 
map  presentation  it  is  substantially  accurate.  It 
forms,  indeed,  the  key  upon  which  the  entire 
map  is  constructed. 


THE  ANTE-NICENE  CHURCHES. 

During  tlie  first  three  centuries  of  the  Christian 
era,  up  to  the  Constantinian  or  Nicene  period, 
there  is  no  country,  state  or  province  which  can 
be  safely  described  as  Christian ;  yet  as  early  as 
the  second  century  there  is  hardly  a  portion  of 
the  Empire  which  does  not  number  some  Chris- 
tians in  its  population.  The  subject  of  the  his- 
torical geography  of  the  Christian  church  during 
the  ante-Nicene  period  is  confined,  therefore,  to 
the  locating  of  these  Christian  bodies  wherever 
they  are  to  be  found.  On  this  portion  of  the 
subject  the  map  makes  its  own  statement.  It  is 
possible  merely  to  elucidate  this  statement,  with 
the  suggestion,  in  addition,  of  a  few  points  which 
the  map  does  not  and  cannot  contain. 

Concerning  the  ante-Nicene  churches  there  is 
only  one  division  attempted.  This  division,  into 
the  "Apostolic  "  and  "  post- Apostolic,"  concerns 
merely  the  period  of  their  foundation.  Concern- 
ing the  churches  founded  in  the  Apostolic  period 
(33-100),  our  knowledge  is  practically  limited  to 
the  facts  culled  from  the  Acts,  the  Epistles  and 
the  Apocalypse.  The  churches  of  the  post- Apos- 
tolic period  afford  a  much  wider  field  for  re- 
search, although  the  materials  for  study  bearing 
upon  them,  are  almost  as  inadequate.  According 
to  the  estimate  of  the  late  Prof.  R.  D.  Hitchcock, 
there  were  in  the  Roman  Empire  at  tlie  close  of 
the  persecutions  about  1,800  churches,  1,000  in 
the  East  and  800  in  the  "West.  Of  this  total,  the 
cities  in  which  churches  have  been  definitely 
located  number  only  525.  They  are  distributed 
as  follows:  Europe  188,  Asia  214,  Africa  123  (see 
V.  I,  p.  456).  Through  the  labors  of  Prof.  Henry 
W.  Hulbert,  the  locations  of  these  525  cities,  so 
far  as  established,  have  been  cast  in  available 
cartographic  form. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that,  despite  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  author,  it  has  been  found  impossible, 
owing  to  the  limitations  of  space,  to  locate  all  of 
these  cities  in  the  present  map.  The  attempt 
has  been  limited  therefore  to  the  placing  of  only 
the  more  prominent  cities,  or  those  whose  loca- 
tion is  subject  to  tlie  least  dispute. 

The  Apostolic  and  post-Apostolic  churches,  as 
they  appear  upon  the  map,  are  distinguished  by 
underlines  in  separate  colors.  A  special  feature 
has  been  the  insertion  of  double  underlines  to 
mark  the  greater  centres  of  diffusion,  so  far  as 
their  special  activity  in  this  respect  can  be  safely 
assumed.  In  this  class  we  have  as  centres  in 
Apostolic  times  Jerusalem,  Antioch,  Ep/iesus, 
Philippi,  Thessalonica  and  Corinth;  in  post- 
Apostolic  times,  when  the  widening  of  the  field 
necessitates  special  and  limited  notices,  we  may 
name  Alexandria,  Edeasa,  Rume  and  Cartluige. 

The  city  of  Rome  contains  a  Christian  com- 
munit)'  in  Apostolic  times,  but  its  activity  as  a 
great  diffusion  centre,  prior  to  early  post-Apos- 
tolic times,  is  a  point  of  considerable  historical 


14 


APPENDIX  D. 


APPENDIX  D. 


controversy.  In  this  respect  it  occupies  a  pecu- 
liar position,  wliicli  is  suggested  by  the  special 
uudcrliuc'S  in  the  map. 

CONVERSION  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 

The  above  method  of  treatment  carries  us  in 
safety  up  to  the  accession  in  the  West  of  the 
first  Christian  Emperor(311).  The  attempt,  how- 
ever, to  pursue  the  same  method  beyond  that 
period  vrould  involve  us  at  once  in  insurmount- 
able ditliculties. 

The  exact  time  of  the  advent  of  the  Christian- 
Roman  world  it  is  indeed  impossible  to  define 
with  precision.  The  Empire  after  the  time  of 
Constautine  was  predominantly  Christian,  yet 
paganism  still  lingered  in  formidable  though 
declining  strength.  A  map  of  religions  designed 
to  explain  this  period,  even  with  unlimited  his- 
torical material,  could  hardly  be  executed  by  auy 
system,  for  the  result  could  be  little  better  than 
a  chaos,  the  fragments  of  the  old  religion  every- 
where disappearing  or  blending  with  the  new. 
The  further  treatment  of  the  growth  of  Chris- 
tianity by  cities  or  churches  is  now  impossible ; 
for  the  rapid  increase  of  the  latter  has  carried  the 
subject  into  details  and  intricacies  where  it  can- 
not be  followed:  on  the  other  hand,  to  describe 
the  Roman  world  in  the  fourth  century  as  a 
Christian  world  would  be  taking  an  unwarranted 
liberty  with  the  plain  facts  of  history. 

The  last  feeble  remnants  of  paganism  were  in 
fact  burned  away  in  the  fierce  heat  of  the  bar- 
baric invasions  of  the  fifth  century.  After  that 
time  we  can  safely  designate  the  former  limits  of 
the  Roman  Empire  as  the  Christian  world.  From 
this  point  we  can  resume  the  subject  of  church 
expansion  by  the  "second  method"  indicated  at 
the  head  of  this  article.  But  concerning  the 
transition  period  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries, 
from  the  time  Christianity  is  predominant  in  the 
Roman  world  until  it  becomes  the  sole  religion 
of  the  Roman  world,  both  methods  fail  us  and 
the  map  can  tell  us  practically  nothing. 

BARBARIANS  OF  THE  INVASION. 

Another  source  of  intricacj  occurring  at  this 
point  should  not  escape  notice.  It  was  in  the 
fourth  century  that  Christianity  began  its  spread 
among  tlie  barbarian  Teutonic  nations  north  of 
the  Danube.  The  Gotla,  located  on  the  Danube, 
between  tlie  Theiss  and  the  Euxiue,  were  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  in  the  form  known  as 
Arianism,  by  the  missionary  bishop  Ulphilas,  and 
the  faith  extended  in  the  succeeding  century  to 
many  other  confederations  of  the  Germanic  race. 
This  fact  represented,  for  a  time,  the  Christiani- 
zation,  whole  or  partial,  of  some  peoples  beyond 
the  borders  of  the  Empire.  With  the  migrations 
of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  however,  these 
converts,  without  exception,  carried  their  new 
faith  with  them  into  the  Empire,  and  their  de- 
Bertetl  homes,  left  open  to  new  and  pagan  set- 
tlers, simply  became  the  field  for  the  renewed 
missionary  effort  of  a  later  age.  It  is  a  historical 
fact,  from  a  cartographic  standpoint  a  fortunate 
one,  that,  with  all  the  geographic  oscillations  of 
this  jieriod  between  Christianity  and  paganism, 
the  Christian  world  finally  emerged  with  its  boun- 
daries conforming,  with  only  a  few  exceptions, 
to  the  former  frontiers  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Whether  or  not  this  is  a  historical  accident  it 
nevertlieh'ss  gives  technical  accuracy  from  the 
gbugruphic    standpoint    to   the    statement  that 


Christianity  first  made  the  conquest  of  the 
Roman  world ;  from  thence  it  went  out  to  com- 
plete the  conquest  of  Europe. 

CONVERSION  OF  EUROPE. 

With  the  view,  as  afforded  on  the  map,  of  the 
extent  of  Christianity  at  the  commencement  of 
the  seventh  century,  we  have  entered  definitely 
upon  the  "second  method."  Indeed,  in  Ireland, 
Wales  and  Scotland,  where  the  Celtic  church 
has  already  put  forth  its  missionary  effort,  the 
method  has,  in  point  of  date,  been  anticipated; 
but  this  fact  need  cause  no  confusion  in  treat- 
ment. Henceforth  the  spread  of  Christianity  is 
noted  as  it  made  its  way  from  "people  to  peo- 
ple." At  this  point,  however,  occurs  the  great- 
est intangibility  of  the  subject.  The  dates  given 
under  each  country  represent,  as  stated  in  the 
key  to  the  map,  "the  approximate  periods  of 
conversion. "  It  is  not  to  be  inferred,  however, 
that  Christianity  was  completely  unlcnown  in  any 
of  these  countries  prior  to  the  periods  given,  or 
that  the  work  of  conversion  was  in  each  case  en- 
tirely completed  within  the  time  specified.  But 
it  is  an  absolute  necessity  to  give  some  definite- 
ness  to  these  "periods  of  conversion";  to  assign 
with  all  distinctness  possible  the  time  when  each 
land  passed  from  the  list  of  pagan  to  the  list  of 
Christian  nations.  The  dates  marking  the  limits 
to  these  periods  are  perhaps  chosen  by  an  arbitrary 
method.  The  basis  of  their  selection,  however,  has 
been  almost  invariably  some  salient  point,  first  in 
the  introduction  and  finally  in  the  general  accept- 
auce  of  the  Christian  faith.  In  order  that  the 
reader  may  possess  the  easy  means  of  indepen- 
dent opinion  or  critical  judgment,  the  explanation 
is  appended  of  the  dates  thus  used,  concerning 
which  a  question  might  legitimately  arise. 

Goths. —  Converted  to  Ariaii  Christianity  by 
Ulphilas,  3-11-381. — These  dates  cover  the  period 
of  the  ministry  of  Ulphilas,  whose  efforts  resulted 
in  the  conversion  of  the  great  boil}'  of  the  Danu- 
bian  Goths.  He  received  his  ordination  and  en- 
tered upon  his  work  in  3-41,  and  died  at  Con- 
stantiuoplein  381.   (See  C.  A.  A.  Scott's  "Ulfilas.") 

Suevi,  Burgundians  and  Lombards. — These 
people,  like  the  Goths,  passed  from  paganism 
through  the  medium  of  Arian  Christianity  to  final 
Orthodoxy.  Concerning  the  lirst  process,  it  is 
possible  to  establish  nothing,  save  that  these 
Teutonic  peoples  appeared  in  the  Empire  in  the 
fifth  century  as  professors  of  the  Arian  faith. 
The  exact  time  of  the  acceptance  of  this  faith  is 
of  less  consequence.  The  second  transition  from 
Arianism  to  Orthodoxy  occurred  at  a  different 
time  in  each  case.  The  Suevi  embraced  the 
Catholic  faith  in  550;  the  Visigoths,  through  their 
Catholic  king  lieccared,  were  brought  within  the 
clun-ch  at  the  third  council  of  Toledo  (589). 
Further  north  the  Burgundians  embraced  Catholi- 
cism through  their  king  Sigisnioud  in  517,  and, 
finally,  the  Lombards,  the  last  of  the  Arians, 
accepted  Orthodoxy  in  the  beginning  of  the 
seventh  century.  The  Vandals,  another  Arian 
Gcrmau  nation  of  this  period,  figured  in  Africa  in 
the  fourth  century. 

They  were  destroyed,  however,  by  the  arms  of 
Belisarius  in  53-i,  aiid  their  early  disappearance 
renders  unnecessary  their  representation  on  the 
present  map. 

Franks. —  Christianity  introduced  in  496.  — 
This  is  the  date  of  the  historic  conversion  of 
Clovia   and    his   wan-iors  on  the  battlefield  of 


15 


APPENDIX  D. 


APPEXDIX  D. 


Tolbiac.  The  Franks  were  the  first  of  the  Ger- 
manic peoples  to  pass,  as  a  nation,  to  orthodoxy 
direct  from  paganism,  and  their  conversion,  as 
we  have  seen,  was  soon  followed  by  the  progress 
from  Arianism  to  Orthodoxy  of  the  other  Ger- 
manic nations  witliin  the  borders  of  the  Empire. 

Ireland. —  Christianity  introduced  by  Patrick, 
440^93. — St.  Patrick  entered  upon  his  mission- 
ary work  in  Ireland  in  440 ;  he  died  on  the  scene 
of  his  labors  in  493.  This  period  witnessed  the 
conversion  of  the  bulk  of  the  Irish  nation. 

Picts, — Christianity  introduced  from  Ireland 
by  Columba,  563-597.  —  These  dates  cover  the 
period  of  St.  Columba's  ministry.  The  work  of 
St.  Ninian,  the  "apostle  of  the  Lowlands"  in 
the  previous  century,  left  very  few  enduring  re- 
sults. The  period  from  563,  the  date  of  the 
founding  of  the  famous  Celtic  monastery  of 
lona,  to  the  death  of  Columba  in  597,  witnessed, 
however,  the  conversion  of  the  great  mass  of  the 
Pictish  nation. 

Strathclyde. —  Christianity  introduced  by  Ken- 
tigern,  550-603. — These  dates,  like  the  two  pre- 
ceding, cover  the  period  of  the  ministry  of  a 
single  man,  Kentigern,  the  "apostle  of  Strath- 
clyde." The  date  marking  the  commencement 
of  Kentigern's  labors  is  approximate.  He  died 
In  603. 

England. —  The  Celtic  church  had  been  up- 
rooted in  England  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  invasions 
of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries.  While  its  mis- 
sionary eiforts  were  now  being  expended  on  Scot- 
land, Strathclyde,  and  Cornwall,  its  pristine  seat 
had  thus  fallen  away  to  complete  paganism. 
The  Christianization  of  England  was  the  work 
of  the  seventh  century,  and  in  this  work  the  Celtic 
church,  though  expending  great  effort,  was  an- 
ticipated and  ultimately  outstripped  by  the 
church  of  Rome. 

Kent. — Christianity  introduced  by  Augustine, 
597-604. — These  dates  cover  the  ministry  of  St. 
Augustine,  the  apostle  of  Kent.  This  was  the 
first  foothold  gained  by  the  Roman  church  on 
the  soil  of  Britain. 

Northumbria. —  627-651. —  Edwin  (Eadwine), 
kln^of  Northumbria,  received  baptism  from 
the  Kentish  missionary  Paulinus  on  Easter  Eve, 
627. 

The  process  of  conversion  was  continued  by 
the  Celtic  missionary,  Aidin,  who  died  in  651. 
The  Christianity  of  Northumbria  had  begun 
before  the  latter  date,  however,  to  influence  the 
surroimding  states. 

East  Anglia.— 680-647. — East  Angliahad  one 
Christian  king  prior  to  this  period ;  but  it  was 
only  with  the  accession  of  Sigebert  (630)  that 
great  progress  was  made  in  the  conversion  of  the 
people.  The  reign  of  king  Anna  witnesses  the 
practical  completion  of  this  work.  In  647  the 
efforts  of  this  sovereign  led  to  the  baptism  of 
Cenwalch,  king  of  the  West  Saxons. 

Wessex. —  634-648. — The  conversion  of  the 
West  Saxons  was  begun  by  the  missionary  Biri- 
nus  in  634.  The  year  648  witnessed  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Christian  king  Cenwalch. 

Mercia. — 634-670. — Jlercia  was  one  of  the  last 
of  tlie  great  English  kingdoms  to  accept  the  faith. 
Their  king,  Penda,  was  indeed  the  most  formid- 
able foe  the  church  encountered  in  the  British 
Isles.  The  conversion  of  Penda's  son  Pcada  ad- 
mitted the  gospel  to  the  Middle  Angles,  who 
accepted  Christianity  in  653.  The  East  Saxons 
embraced  the  faith  at  about  the  same  time.     Fi- 


nally in  654  the  defeat  and  death  of  Penda  at  the 
hand  of  Oswy,  the  Christian  king  of  Northum- 
bria, opened  the  doors  of  Mercia  as  well.  The 
conversion  of  the  realm  was  practically  accom- 
plished during  the  next  few  years. 

Sussex. — 681. — The  leaders  of  the  South  Sax- 
ons received  baptism  at  the  hands  of  the  apos- 
tle Wilfred  in  681.  Sussex  was  the  last  retreat 
of  paganism  on  the  English  mainland,  and  five 
years  later  the  conversion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  completed  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity over  every  portion  of  the  British  Isles. 

Frisians. — Christianity  introduced  by  Willi- 
brord,  690-739.— The  work  of  St.  WiUibrord 
among  the  Frisians  was  one  of  many  manifes- 
tations of  the  missionary  activity  of  the  Cel- 
tic church.  WiUibrord  introduced  Christianity 
among  these  people  during  the  years  of  his  min- 
istry, but  to  judge  by  the  subsequent  martyrdom 
of  Boniface  in  Friesland  (755)  the  work  of  con- 
version was  not  fully  completed  in  all  quarters 
until  a  later  time. 

Mission  Field  of  Boniface.— 722-755.— The 
object  of  the  map  is  not  merely  to  locate  the 
mission  field  of  the  great  "  apostle  of  Germany," 
but  also  to  give  the  location  and  date  of  the  vari- 
ous bishoprics  which  owed  their  foundation  to 
his  missionary  efforts. 

Saxons. — 787-805. — Of  all  the  nations  con- 
verted to  Christianity  up  to  this  time  the  Saxons 
were  the  first  conquest  of  the  sword.  The  two 
most  powerful  Saxon  chiefs  were  baptized  in 
787 ;  but  it  was  not  until  their  complete  defeat 
and  subjugation  by  Charlemagne  in  805  that  the 
work  of  conversion  showed  a  degree  of  complete- 
ness. With  the  Christianization  of  the  Saxons 
the  cordon  of  the  church  was  completed  around 
the  Germanic  nations. 

Moravia. — Christianity  introduced  by  Cyrillut 
and  Methodius,  863-900.— St.  Cyrillus,  the  "apos- 
tle of  the  Slavs,"  entered  upon  his  mission  in 
Moravia  in  863.  The  political  Jloravia  of  the 
ninth  century,  under  Rastislav  and  Sviatopluk, 
exceeded  greatly  the  limits  of  the  modem  prov- 
ince; but  the  missionary  labor  of  the  brothers 
Cyrillus  and  Methodius  seems  to  have  produced 
its  principal  results  in  the  modem  Moravian  ter- 
ritory, as  indicated  on  the  map.  Jlethodius,  the 
survivor  of  the  brothers,  died  about  900.  In  the 
tenth  century  Moravia  figures  as  Christian. 

Czechs.— 880-1039.— The  door  to  Bohemia 
was  first  opened  from  Moravia  in  the  time  of 
Sviatopluk.  The  reactions  in  favor  of  pagan- 
ism were,  however,  unusually  prolonged  and 
violent.  Severus,  Archbishop  of  Prague,  finally 
succeeded  in  enforcing  the  various  rules  of  the 
Christian  cultus  (1039). 

Poles.— 966-1034.— The  Polish  duke  Mieczy- 
slav  was  baptized  in  966.  Micczyslav  II.  died 
in  1034.  These  dates  cover  the  active  missionary 
time  when,  indeed,  the  efforts  of  the  clergy  were 
backed  by  the  strong  arm  of  the  sovereign. 
Poland  did  not,  however,  become  completely 
Christian  until  a  somewhat  later  period. 

Bulgarians. — 863-900. — The  Bulgarian  prince 
Bogoris  was  baptized  in  863.  Again,  as  in  so 
many  other  cases,  the  faith  was  compelled  to  pass 
to  the  people  through  the  medium  of  the  sover- 
eign. The  second  date  is  arbitrary,  although 
Bulgaria  appears  definitely  as  a  Christian  coun- 
try at  the  commencement  of  the  tenth  century. 

Magyars. — 9.50-1050. — Missionaries  were  ad- 
mitted into  the  territory  of  the  magyars  in  950. 


16 


APPENDIX  D. 


APPENDIX  D. 


The  coronatioo  of  St.  Stephen,  the  "apostolic 
king."  (1000)  marked  the  real  triumph  of  Chris- 
tianity in  Hungary.  A  number  of  pagan  reac- 
tions occurred,  however,  iu  the  eleventh  century, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  to  place  the  conversion 
of  the  Magyars  at  an  earlier  date  than  the  last 
one  assigned. 

Russians. —  988-1015. — The  Russian  grand- 
duke  Vladimir  was  baptized  on  the  occasion  of 
his  marriage  to  the  princess  Anne,  sister  of  the 
Byzantine  Emperor,  in  988.  Before  his  death  in 
lOlo  Christianity  had  through  his  efforts  become 
the  accepted  religion  of  his  people. 

Danes. — Converted  bi/  Ansgar  andJiis  successors, 
827-1035. — The  Danes  had  been  visited  by  mis- 
Biouaries  prior  to  the  ninth  century,  but  their 
work  had  left  no  permanent  result.  The  arrival 
of  Ansgar,  the  "apostle  of  the  North"  (827), 
marks  the  real  beginning  of  the  period  of  con- 
version. This  period  in  Denmark  was  an  un- 
usuallv  long  one.  It  was  not  fullv  complete 
until  the  reign  of  Canute  the  Great  (1019-1035). 

Swedes  (Gothia). — Christianity  introduced  by 
An.iyar  and  his  successors,  829-1000. — Ansgar 
made  his  lirst  visit  to  Sweden  in  829,  two  years 
after  his  arrival  in  Denmark.  The  period  of 
conversion,  as  in  Denmark,  was  a  long  one ;  but 
by  the  year  1000  the  southern  section,  Gothia  or 
Gothland,  had  become  Christian.  The  conversion 
of  the  northern  Swedes  was  not  completed  for 
another  century. 

Norwegians. — 935-1030. — The  period  of  con- 
version in  Norway  began  with  the  reign  of  the 
Christian  king  Ilakon  the  Good.  The  faith  made 
slow  progress,  however,  luitil  the  reign  of  Olaf 
Trygveson,  who  ascended  the  throne  near  the  end 
of  the  tentli  century.  The  work  of  conversion 
was  comiileted  in  the  reign  of  Olaf  the  Saint 
(1014-1030). 

Pomeranians. — Christianity  introducedby  Otlio 
of  Bnmberrj,  1 124-1128.— The  attempt  of  the  Poles 
to  convert  the  Pomeranians  by  the  sword  prior  to 
these  dates  had  proven  unavailing,  and  mission- 
aries had  been  driven  from  the  coimtry.  Within 
the  short  space  of  four  .years,  however,  Otho  of 
Bamberg  succeeded  in  bringing  the  great  mass  of 
the  people  within  the  pale  of  the  church. 

Abotrites. — 1125-1102. — The  conversion  of 
these  people  was  clearly  the  work  of  tlic  sword. 
It  was  accomplished  within  the  time  specified  by 
Albert  the  Bear,  first  margrave  of  Brandenburg, 
and  Henry  the  Linn,  duke  of  Sa.\ony.  The  last 
heathen  king  became  the  first  Christian  duke  of 
Mecklenburg  in  1102.  Further  south  the  kindred 
Wend  nations  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder  had 
been  the  object  of  Germau  effort,  both  mission- 
ary and  military,  for  over  two  centuries,  but  had 
generally  come  within  the  churcli  before  this 
time. 

Lives  and  Prussians. — Christianity  introduced 
by  the  Sirord  Bridhers.  1202-1236,  and  by  the  Teu- 
tonic Knii/hts,  1230-1289. — These  conversions,  the 
work  of  the  transplanted  military  orders  of  Pal- 
estine, were  direct  conquests  of  the  sword,  and 
as  such  possess  a  definitenesa  which  is  so  unfortu- 
Dately  lacking  in  so  many  other  cases. 

So  much  for  the  character  and  the  purpose  of 
the  dates  which  appear  on  this  map.  In  tlie  em- 
ployment of  the  colors,  the  periods  covered  are 
longer,  and  as  a  consequence  the  general  results 
are  somewhat  more  definite.  Tlie Use  of  a  color 
system  directly  over  a  date  system  is  intended  to 
aiTonl  an  immediate  though  general  view.    From 


this  to  the  special  aspects  presented  by  the  date 
features  is  a  simple  step  in  the  development  of 
the  subject. 

Another  feature  of  the  map  which  may  not 
escape  notice  is  the  different  systems  used,  re- 
spectively, in  the  Roman  and  JlediEeval  period 
for  the  spelling  of  urban  names.  A  develop- 
ment map  covering  a  long  period  of  history  can- 
not be  entirely  free  from  anachronisms  of  this 
nature;  but  a  method  has  nevertheless  been  fol- 
lowed in  the  spelling  of  these  place  names: —  to 
give  in  each  case  the  spelling  current  at  the 
period  of  conversion.  The  fact  that  the  labors 
of  the  Christian  missionaries  were  confined  mostly 
to  the  Roman  world  in  the  Roman  period,  and 
did  not  extend  to  non-Roman  lands  until  the 
Middle  Ages,  enables  us  to  limit  our  spelling  of 
civic  names  to  a  double  system.  The  cities  of 
the  Roman  and  of  the  Mediseval  period  are 
shown  on  the  map  and  in  the  key  in  two  different 
styles  of  type.  Only  in  the  cases  of  cities  like 
Rome,  Constantinople  and  Antioch,  where  the 
current  form  has  the  absolute  sanction  of  usage 
even  for  classic  times,  has  there  been  any  devia- 
tion from  the  strict  line  of  this  method. 

In  conclusion,  the  general  features  of  the  sub- 
ject present  themselves  as  follows :  Had  the  ad- 
vance of  Christianity,  like  Mohammedanism, 
been  by  conquest,  had  the  bounds  of  the  Chris- 
tian faith  been  thus  rendered  ever  conterminous 
with  the  limits  of  a  people  or  an  empire,  then, 
indeed,  the  subject  of  church  expansion  would 
possess  a  tangibility  and  coherency  concerning- 
which  exact  statement  would  be  possible.  The- 
historical  geography  of  the  Christian  church 
would  then  partake  of  some  of  the  precision  of 
political  division.  But  the  non-political  element 
in  the  Christian  cultus  deprives  us,  iu  the  study 
of  tlie  subject,  of  this  invaluable  aid.  At  a  later 
time,  when  the  conquests  of  the  soul  were 
backed  by  the  strong  arm  of  power,  and  whea 
the  new  faith,  as  often  happened,  passed  to  the 
people  from  the  sovereign,  a  measure  of  this  ex- 
actness is  perhaps  possible. 

We  have  witnessed  an  indication  of  these  ten- 
dencies in  many  cases,  as  we  approached  the 
termination  of  the  period  covered  by  this  map. 
But  the  fact  remains  that  the  fundamental  char- 
acter of  the  Christian  faith  precludes,  in  the 
main,  the  possibility  of  its  growth  being  meas- 
ured by  the  rules  which  govern  ordinary  politi- 
cal expansion. 

This  being  then  a  subject  on  which  definite- 
ness  is  well  nigli  impossible,  it  has  been  treated 
by  a  method  correspondingly  elastic.  A  work- 
ing basis  for  the  study  of  the  subject  is,  how- 
ever, afforded  by  this  system.  This  basis  se- 
cured, the  student  may  then  systematically 
pursue  his  theme. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  historical  gcograi^hy  of  the  Christian 
church,  if  studied  ouly  within  narrow  limits, 
can  be  culled  from  the  pages  of  general  church 
history.  All  of  these  accounts,  however,  are 
briefs — tho.se  in  the  smaller  histories  extremely  so. 
If  studied  thus,  the  reader  will  derive  the  most 
help  from  Neander's  "  History  of  the  Christian 
Religion  and  Church,"  vol.  I,  pp.  68-80,  vol.  II, 
I)p.  1-84,  93-129;  Schaff's  "  History  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church,"  vol.  I.  pp.  224—1110,  vol.  II,  pp. 
13-84,  vol.  HI,  pp.  10-71,  vol,  IV,  pp.  17-142, 
and  MoeUer's  "History  of  the  Christian  Church." 


17 


APPENDIX  D. 


APPENDIX  D. 


These  ■works  may  be  supplemented  by  a  vast 
number  of  books  treating  of  special  phases  of 
church  history,  though  the  number  in  English 
dealing  specifically  with  geographical  expansion 
is  very  small. 

The  most  recent,  dealing  vrith  the  ante-Nicene 
period,  is  Ramsey's  "Church  in  the  Roman 
Empire  before  A.  D.  170,"  to  which  the  same 
author's  "Historical  Geography  of  Asia  Minor" 
forms  a  most  indispensible  prelude. 

Entering  the  mediaeval  period,  the  best  gen- 
eral guides  are  the  little  books  of  G.  F.  ]\Iac- 
lear,  entitled  respectively  the  coiM'ersion  of  the 
Celts,  English,  Continental  TeutOTis,  Northmen 
and  Slavs.  These  works  may  be  supplemented 
by  Thomas  Smith's  "  Media; val  Missions,"  and 
for  special  subjects  by  G.  T.  Stokes'  "  Ireland 
and  the  Celtic  Church,"  W.  F.  Skene's  "Celtic 
Scotland"  (vol.  II),  and  S.  Baring  Gould's  "The 
Church  in  Germany." 

The  texts  of  the  Councils  as  contained  in  Har- 
duin,  Labbe,  and  Mansi  are  indispensible  orig- 
inal aids  in  the  study  of  church  geography. 

Of  German  Works,  J.  E.  T.  Wiltsch's  "Atlas 
Sacer, " and  the  same  author's  "Church  Geogra- 
phy and  Statistics,"  translated  by  John  Leitch, 
have  long  remained  the  standard  guides  for  a 
study  of  the  historical  geography  of  the  church. 


The  Atlas  Sacer,  containing  five  large  plates,  ia 
the  only  pure  atlas  guide  to  the  subject.  The 
"  Church  Geography  and  Statistics,"  being  an  ec- 
clesiastical work,  dwells  with  great  fulness  on  the 
internal  facts  of  church  geography,  but  the  out- 
ward expansion,  barring  the  early  growth  of  the 
church,  is  not  so  concisely  treated.  For  the  his- 
tory of  medieval  missions  the  reader  will  be  better 
served  elsewhere.  To  the  reader  using  German, 
C.  G.  Blumhardt's  "Die  Missionsgeschichte  der 
Kirche  Christi"  (3  vols.,  1828-1837),  and  a  later 
work,  "Handbuch  der  Missionsgeschichte  und 
Missionsgeographie "  (2  vols.,  1863),  may  be 
noted. 

For  modem  missions  there  is  a  very  full  litera- 
ture. Comprehensive  works  on  this  subject  are 
Grundemann's  "Allgemeine  Missions  Atlas," 
Burkhardt  and  Grundemann's  "Les  ^Missions 
E vangeliques  "  (4  vols. ),  and  in  English  the  ' '  En- 
cyclopaedia of  Missions."  Several  articles  in  the 
"Encyclopaedia  of  Missions "  should  not  escape 
notice.  Among  them  are  "Mediaeval Missions," 
and  the  "Historical  Geography  of  Missions,"  the 
latter  by  Dr  Henry  W.  Hulbert.  The  writer  is 
glad  at  this  point  to  return  his  thanks  to  Dr. 
Hulbert  for  the  valued  aid  extended  in  the  loca- 
tion of  the  Church  of  the  ante-Nicene  period. — 
A.  C.  Reiley. 


18 


APPEISTDIX    E. 


The  Following  Notes  and  ConuECTiONs  to  Mattek  Relating  to  Ajierican  Aborigines, 

IN   Vol.  I.,    HAVE   BEEN    KINDLY   MADE   BY   MAJOR  J.  W.   PoWELL   AND 

Mr.  J.  Owen  Dorset,  op  the  Bureau  op  Ethnology. 


Adai. — This  tribe,  formerly  classed  as  a  dis- 
tinct family  —  the  Adaizau  —  is  now  regarded  by 
tiie  Bureau  of  Ethnology  as  but  a  part  of  the 
Caddoan  or  Pawnee. 

Apache  Group. — Indians  of  different  families 
are  here  mentioned  together:  (A)  the  Co- 
manches,  etc.,  of  the  Shoshonean  Family;  (B) 
the  Apaches  (includiug  the  Chiricaguis,  or  Chiri 
cahua,  Coyoteros,  etc.,  but  excluding  the  Tejuas 
who  are  Tanoan)  of  the  Athapascan  Family,  the 
Kavajos  of  the  same  family ;  and  (C)  the  Yunian 
Family,  including  the  Cosninos,  who  are  not 
Apache  (Athapascan  stock). 

Athapascan  Family. — Not  an  exact  synonym 
of  "C'hippewyaiis,  Tinueh  and  Sarcees."  The 
whole  family  is  sometimes  Itnown  as  Tinneh, 
though  that  appellation  is  more  frequently  lim- 
ited to  part  of  the  Xorthern  group,  the  Chippe- 
wyans.  The  Sarcees  are  an  offshoot  of  the 
Beaver  tribe,  which  latter  form  part  of  one  of 
the  subdivisions  of  the  Northern  group  of  the 
Athapascan  Family.  The  Sarcees  are  now  with 
the  Hlackfect. 

Atsinas  (Caddoes). — The  Atsinas  are  not  a 
Caddoan  people,  but  they  are  Algonquian,  as  are 
the  Blackfeet  (Sik-sik-a).  The  Atsinas  are  the 
"Fall  Indians,"  "Minnetarees  of  tlie  Plains,"  or 
"Gros  Ventres  of  the  Pl.ains,"  as  distinguished 
from  the  Hidatsa,  who  are  sometimes  called  the 
"Minnetarees  of  the  Missouri,"  "Gros  Ventres 
of  the  Mis.souri." 

Blackfeet  or  Siksilcas. — The  Sarcee  are  a 
Tinneh  or  Athapascan  tribe,  but  they  are  not  <A« 
Tinncli  (see  above).  The  "Atsina"  are  not  a 
Caddo  tribe  (see  above). 

Cherolcees. —  These  people  are  now  included 
in  the  Iroquoian  Family.  See  Powell,  in  Seventh 
Annniil  llept.,  Biirenn  nf  Etlmoloyy,  p.  79. 

Flatheads  (Salishan  Family). — The  "Chera- 
kis,"  though  included  among  the  Flatheads  by 
Force,  are  of  the  Iroquoian  Family.  The  "Chi- 
cachas"  or  Chickasaws,  are  not  Salishan,  but 
Muskliogean.  See  Powell,  Seventh  Annual  liept., 
Bureau  of  Ethnolorj;/,  p,  9.").  The  Toliris  of  Force, 
are  the  Tutclos,  a  tribe  of  the  Siouan  Family.  See 
Powell,  Seventh  Annual  liept..  Bureau  of  Elhiud- 
ogy,  p.  116.  The  Cathlamahs,  Killmucks  (i.  e., 
Tillamooks),  Clatsops,  Chinooksand  Cliiltsare  of 
the  Chinookan  Family.  See  Powell,  Seventh 
AniiHul  liept.,  Bureau  (f  Elhnohi;/)/,  pp.  G.'),  66. 

Gros  Ventres  (Minnetaree  ;  Hidatsa).— There 
are  two  distinct  tribes  which  are  often  con- 
founded, both  being  known  as  the  Gros  Ventres 
or  Slinnetarces.  1.  The  Atsina  or  Fall  Indians, 
an  Algonquian  tribe,  the  "Gros  Ventres  of  the 
Plains,"  or  the  "  Jlinnetarees  of  the  Plains."  2. 
The  Hidatsa,  a  Siouan  tribe,  the  "Gros  Ventres 
of  the  Jlissouri,"  or  the  "Minnetarees  of  the 
Missouri."  The  former,  the  Atsina,  have  been 
wrongly  styled  "Caddoes"  on  p.  63. 


Hidatsa,  or  Minnetaree,  or  Gros  Ventres. — 

Often  confounded  witli  the  Atsina,  who  belong 
to  the  Algonquian  Family,  the  Hidatsa  being  a 
tribe  of  the  Siouan  Family.  The  Hidatsa  have 
been  called  Gros  Ventres,  "Big  Paunches,"  but 
this  nickname  could  have  no  reference  to  any 
personal  peculiarities  of  the  Hidatsa.  It  seems 
to  have  originated  in  a  quarrel  between  some 
Indians  over  the  big  paunch  of  a  buffalo,  result- 
ing in  the  separation  of  tlie  people  into  the  present 
tribes  of  Hidatsas  and  Absarokas  or  Crows,  the 
latter  of  whom  now  call  the  Hidatsa,  "  Ki-kha- 
tsa,"  from  ki-kha,  a  paunch. 

Hupas.  —  They  belong  to  the  Athapascan 
Family :  the  reference  to  the  Modocs  is  mislead- 
ing. 

Iroquois  Tribes  of  the  South. — "The  Meher- 
rins  or  Tuteloes." — These  were  not  identical, 
the  Tutelos  being  a  Siouan  tribe,  the  Melierrina 
being  now  identified  with  the  Susquehannoclis. 

Kenai  or  Blood  Indians. —  The  Kenai  are  an 
Athapascan  people  inhabiting  tlie  shores  of 
Cook's  Inlet  and  tlie  Kenai  Peninsula,  Southern 
Alaska;  while  the  Blood  Indians  are  a  division 
of  the  Blackfeet  (Siksika),  an  Algonquian  tribe, 
in  Montana. 

Kusan  Family. — The  villages  of  this  family 
were  on  Coos  River  and  Bay,  and  on  both  sides 
of  Coquille  River,  near  the  mouth.  See  Powell, 
Seventh  Annual  liept..  Bureau  of  Ethnology .  p.  89. 

Also  in:  J.  Owen  Dorsey,  Tlie  Qentile  Sys- 
tem of  the  Siletz  Tribes,  in  Jour.  Amer.  Folk-Lore, 
July— Sept.,  1890,;;.  231. 

Minnetarees.     See  above,   Atsina  and   Hi. 

DATSA. 

Modocs  (Klamaths)  and  their  California  and 
Oregon  neighbors. — Th-i  Klamaths  and  Modocs 
are  of  tlie  Lutuamian  Family;  the  Shastasof  the 
Sastean;  the  Pit  River  Indians  of  the  Palaihni- 
han ;  the  Eurocs  of  the  Weitspekan ;  the  Cahrocs 
of  the  Quoratean ;  the  Hoopahs,  Tolewas,  and 
the  lower  Rogue  River  Indians  of  the  Athapas- 
can; tlic  upper  Rogue  River  Indians  of  the  Ta- 
kiltji.'iii. 

Muskhogean  Family. —  The  Biloxi  tribe  is 
not  Muskhogean  but  Siouan.  See  Dorsey  (James 
Owen),  "  The  Biloxi  Indians  of  Louisiana,"  re- 
printed from  V.  42,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci., 
Madison  meeting,  1893. 

Natchitoches.— A  tribe  of  the  Caddoan  Family. 
— Dorsey  (.1.  Owen),  MS.  in  the  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology, 1882. 

Also  in  :  Powell,  Se-venth  Annual  Sept. ,  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  p.  01. 

Pueblos. — "That  Zuni  was  Cibola  it  is  need- 
less to  attempt  to  prove  any  further." — A.  F. 
Baiidelicr,  Journal  of  Am.  Eth.  and  Arch.,  v.  3, 
p.  19,  1892, 

Rogue  River  Indians. — This  includes  tribes 
of  various  families:  the  upper  Rogue  River  In- 


19 


APPENDIX  E. 


APPENDIX  E. 


dians  being  the  Takelma,  ■who  are  assigned  to  a 
special  family,  the  Takilman;  and  the  lower 
Rogue  Kiver  Indians,  who  are  Athapascan  tribes. 
See  Dorsey  (J.  Owen),  "The  Gentile  System  of 
the  Siletz  Tribes,"  in  Jour.  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  July 
—Sept.,  1890,  pp.  228,  233-236. 

Santees. — Two  divisions  of  the  Siouan  Family 
are  known  by  this  name:  1.  The  I  sau-j'a-tl  or 
Dwellers  on  Knife  Lake,  Minnesota,  identical 
with  the  Mdewakantonwan  Dakota.  These  fig- 
ured in  the  Minnesota  outbreak  of  1862.  The 
survivors  are  in  Knox  County,  Nebraska,  on 
what  was  once  the  Santee  reservation,  and  near 
Elandreau,  South  Dakota.  2.  The  Santees  of 
South  Carolina  were  part  of  the  Catawba  con- 
federacy. The  Santee  river  is  named  after 
them. 

Sarcee. — These  are  not  all  of  the  Tinneh,  nor 
are  they  really  Blackfeet,  though  living  with 
them.  The  Sarcees  are  an  offshoot  of  the  Beaver 
Indians,  a  tribe  of  one  of  the  divisions  of  the 
Northern  group  of  the  Athapascan  Family. 

Siouan  Family. —  All  the  tribes  of  this  family 
do  not  speak  the  Sioux  language,  as  is  wrongly 
stated  on  p.  110.  Those  who  speak  the  "  Sioux  " 
language  are  the  Dakota  proper,  nicknamed 
Sioux,  and  the  Assiniboin.  There  are,  or  have 
been,  nine  other  groups  of  Indians  in  this  family: 
to  the  Cegiha  or  Dhegiha  group  belong  the  Oma- 
has,  Ponkas,  Osages,  Kansas  or  Kaws,  and  Kwa- 
pas  or  Quapaws;  to  the  Tchiwere  group  belong 
the  lowas,  Otos,  and  Missouris;  the  Winnebago 
or  Hochangara  constitute  another  group;  the 
fifth  group  consists  of  the  survivors  of  the  Man- 
dan  nation ;  to  the  sixth  group  belong  the  Hidatsa 
and  the  Absarokas  or  Crows;  the  Tutelos,  Ke- 
yauwees,  Aconeechis,  etc., constituted  the  seventh 
group;  the  tribes  of  the  Catawba  confederacy, 
the  eighth;  the  Biloxis,  the  ninth;  and  certain 
Virginia  tribes  the  tenth  group.  The  Winne- 
bagos  call  themselves  Hochangara,  or  First  Speech 
(not  ' '  Trout  Nation  "),  they  are  not  called  Horoje 


("fish-eaters")  by  the  Omahas,  but  Hu-tan-ga, 
Big  Voices,  a  mistranslation  of  Hochangara. 
The  Dakotas  proper  sometimes  speak  of  them- 
selves as  the  "0-che-ti  sha-ko-win,"  or  the 
Seven  Council-fires.  Their  Algonquian  foes  called 
them  Nadowe-ssi-wak,  the  Snake-like  ones,  from 
nadowe,  a  snake;  this  was  corrupted  by  the 
Canadian  French  to  Nadouessioux,  of  which  the 
last  syllable  is  Sioux.  The  seven  primary  divi- 
sions of  the  Dakota  are  as  follow :  Mdewakan- 
tonwan, Wakhpekute,  Sisitonwan  or  Sisseton, 
Wakhpetonwan  or  AVarpeton,  Ihanktonwan  or 
Yankton,  Ihanktonwanna  or  Yanktonnai,  and 
Titonwan  or  Teton. 

The  Sheyennes  or  Cheyennes,  mentioned  in 
connection  with  the  Sioux  by  Gallatin  and  Carver, 
are  an  Algonquian  people.  Gallatin  styles  the 
"  Mandanes  "  a  Minnetaree  tribe ;  but  as  has  just 
been  stated,  the  survivors  of  the  Mandan  nation, 
a  people  that  formerly  inhabited  many  villages 
(according  to  Dr.  Wasliington  JIatthews  and 
others)  belong  to  a  distinct  group  of  the  Siouan 
Family,  and  the  Hidatsa  (including  the  Amakhami 
or  "  Annahawas"  of  Gallatin)  and  the  Absaroka, 
Upsaroka  or  Crows  constitute  the  sixth  group  of 
that  family.  The  "Quappas  or  Arkansas"  of 
Gallatin  are  the  Kwapas  or  Quapaws  of  recent 
times.  The  Osages  call  themselves,  not  "  AVau- 
sashe,"  but  AVa-sha-she. 

Takilman  Family. — "The  TaMlma  formerly 
dwelt  in  villages  along  upper  Rogue  River, 
Oregon,  all  the  latter,  with  one  exception,  being 
on  the  south  side,  from  Illinois  River  on  the 
southwest,  to  Deep  Rock,  which  was  nearer  the 
head  of  the  stream.  They  are  now  included 
among  the  'Rogue  River  Indians,'  and  they 
reside  on  the  Siletz  Reservation,  Tillamook 
County,  Oregon,  where  Dorsey  found  them  in 
1884." — Powell,  Seventh  Annual  Eept.,  Bureau  oj 
Ethnology,  p.  121.  —  They  call  themselves,  Ta-kel- 
ma. —  Dorsey. — Dorsey  had  their  chief  make  a 
map  showing  the  locations  of  all  their  villages. 


20 


APPEJSTDIX    F. 


CHRONOLOGY    OF    IMPORTANT    AND    INDICATIVE    EVENTS. 


TO   THE   CHRISTIAN   ERA. 

B.  C.  4777.     Beginning  of  the  Egyptian  dynasties  as  given  by  Manetho,  according  to  the 
latest  coinputatioas.* 

2t250.     Beginning  of  the  reign  of  Hammurabi,  or  Chammurabi,  the  first  important  king  of 


Babylonia.* 
1500. 
1330. 

laeo. 


Independence  of  Assyria  as  a  kingdom  separate  from  Babylonia,  and  rise  of  Nineveh.* 

Beginning  of  the  reign  in  Egypt  of  Ramses  II.,  the  Sesostris  of  the  Greeks.* 

Death  of  Ramses  II.,  king  of  Egypt,  and  accession  of  Jlerneptah  or  Merenptah,  sup- 


posed by  many  writers  to  be  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Oppression.' 
I2OO.     Exodus  of  the  Children  of  Isracljrom  Egypt.* 
1120.     Begmumg  Of  the  relgu  ol  'I'lglathpileser  1.,  king  of  Assyria.* 
1000.     Beginning  of  the  reign  of  KiugDavid.* 
9GO.     Death  ot  Uavld  und  begiuulng  of  the  reign  of  Solomon.* 
776.     Beginning  of  the  Olympiads. 
753.     The  founding  of  Rome.* 
745.     First  war  between  Sparta  and  Messenia. 
734.     Founding  of  Syracuse  by  Greeks  from  Corinth. 
725.     End  of  first  Slesseniau  War. 

722.     Overthrow  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel  by  the  Assyrians.— Captivity  of  the  Ten  Tribes. 
<)S5.     'I'he  second  war  between  Alussema  and  Sparta. 
COS.     End  of  the  second  Messeuiau  war. 
«40.     Birth  of  Thales.* 

024.     Supposed  date  of  the  legislation  of  Draco,  at  Athens.* 
012.     Conspiracy  of  Cylon  at  Athens. 
COS.     Accession  of  Nebuchadnezzar  in  Babylonia. 

C0<}.     Destruction  of  Nineveh  and  overthrow  of  the  Assyrian  empire  by  the  Modes.* 
COl.     First  invasion  of  Palestine  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 
SOS.     Invasion  of  Palestine  by  Nebuchaduezzar. 
594.     The  Constitution  of  Solon  adopted  at  Athens. 

58C.     Capture  of  Jerusalem  by  Nebuchadnezzar. — End  of  the  kingdom  of  Judah  and  exile 
of  the  remnant  of  the  people  to  Babylon. 

5GO.     Tyranny  of  Pisistratus  established  at  Athens. 

Birth  of  Confucius*  (d.  478). 

Overthrow  of  the  Median  monarchy  by  Cyrus,  and  founding  of  the  Persian. 

Overthrow  of  Cro-sus  an<l  the  kingdom  of  Lydia  by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia. 

Conquest  of  Babylon  by  Cyrus. 

Death  of  Cyrus  and  accession  of  Cambyses  to  the  throne  of  Persia. 

Conquest  of  Egypt  by  Cambyses,  king  of  Persia. — Birth  of  jEschylu8  (d.  456). 

Accession  of  Darius  I.,  king  of  Persia. 

Birth  of  Pindar.* 

Invasion  of  Scythia  by  Darius,  king  of  Persia.* 

Birth  of  Thcmistocles*  (d.  449*). 

Expulsion  of  the  Pisistratids  from  Athens. 

Expulsion  of  the  Tarquins  from  Rome.*— Founding  of  the  Republic  (Roman  chro- 


551. 

540. 

54((. 

538. 

520. 

525. 

521. 

520. 

51«J. 

514. 

5 10. 

509. 
nology). 

608. 

50<J. 

500. 

495. 

493. 

492. 

490. 
overwhelmin 


Political  reorganization  of  Athens  by  Cleisthenes. 

Subjection  of  Macedonia  to  Persia. 

Rising  of  the  Greek  colonics  in  Ionia,  against  the  Persians. 

Birth  of  Sophocles  (d.  405*). 

League  of  the  Romans  and  Latins. 

First  secession  of  the  Roman  Plebs.— Creation  of  the  Tribunes  of  the  People. 

First  Persian  expedition  against  Greece.— Destruction  of  Naxos  by  the  Persians.— Their 

g  defeat  at  Marathon. 


489.  Condemnation  and  death  of  Miltiades  at  Athens.* 

486,  Accession  of  Xerxes  to  the  throne  of  Persia. 

484.  Birth  of  Herodotus.*  . 

480.  Second  Persian  invasion  of  Greece.— Thermopylic.—Artemisiura.-Salamis. —Retreat  of 
Xerxes  —Carthaginian  invasion  of  Sicily.— Battle  of  Ilimera.— Birth  of  Euripides.* 

479.  Battles  of  PlaUca  and  Mycalc  and  end  of  the  Persian  invasion  of  Greece. 

478.  Beginning  of  the  tyranny  of  Ilieron  at  Syracuse. 

477.  Formation  of  the  Confederacy  of  Delos.  under  Athens. 

47 1.  Exile  of  Thcmistocles  from  Athens.- Birth  of  Thucydides  (d.  401») 


*  Uncertain  date. 


21 


469.    Birth  of  Socrates*  (d.  399*). 

406.     Naval  victory  of  the  Greeks  over  the  Persians  at  Eurymedon. — Outbreak  of  the  Plague 
at  Rome. — Revolt  of  Naxos  from  the  Delian  Confederacy. — Fall  of  the  tyrants  at  Syracuse. 
465.    Murder  of  Xerxes  I.,  and  accession  of  Artaxerxes  I.  to  the  throne  of  Persia. 

Great  earthquake  at  Sparta. — Rising  of  the  Helots,  or  beginning  of  the  third  Messenian 


464. 
War. 
460. 
458. 
457. 
456. 
455. 
450. 


Birth  of  Hippocrates. 

Commencement  of  the  Long  Walls  of  Athens. 

Beginning  of  war  of  Corinth,  Sparta,  and  .lEgina  with  Athens. — Battle  of  Tanagra. 

Athenian  victory  at  ffinophyta. 

End  of  the  third  Messenian  War. 

End  of  war  against  Athens. — Framing  of  the  Twelve  Tables  of  the  Roman  Law. — The 
Decemvirs  at  Rome. — Birth  of  Alcibiades*  (d.  404). 

447.     Defeat  of  the  Athenians  by  the  Boeotians  at  Coronea. 

445.  Conclusion  of  the  Thirty  Years  Peace  between  Athens  and  Sparta  and  their  allies. — 
Ascendancy  of  Pericles  at  Athens. —  Peace  of  Callias  between  Greece  and  Persia.  —  Birth  of 
Xenophon.* 

Creation  of  Consular  Tribunes  at  Rome. — Exile  of  Thucydides  from  Athens. 

War  between  Corinth  and  Corcyra. 

Complaints  against  Athens!. — Peloponnesian  Congress  at  Sparta. — Revolt  of  Potidaea. 

Beginning  of  the  Peloponnesian  War. — Invasion  of  Attica. 

Second  invasion  of  Attica. — The  Plague  at  Athens. 

Death  of  Pericles  at  Athens. — Capture  of  Potidfea. — Birth  of  Plato  (d.  347). 

Destruction  of  Plataea  by  the  Peloponnesians. — Massacre  at  Corcyra. 

Surrender  of  Spartans  to  the  Athenians  at  Sphacteria. — Accession  of  Xerxes  11. ,  king  of 


444 

435. 

432. 

431. 

430. 

429. 

427. 

425. 
Persia. 

421. 
sian  War. 

415. 
Accusation  and  flight  of  Alcibiades. 


Peace  of  Nicias  between  Athens  and  Sparta. — End  of  the  first  period  of  the  Peloponne- 
Expedition  of  the  Athenians  against  Syracuse. — Mutilation  of  the  Hermae  at  Athens. — 


413 
411. 

Alcibiades. 
409. 
406 


Disaster  to  the  Athenians  before  Syracuse. — Renewal  of  the  Peloponnesian  War. 
Oligarchical    revolution    at    Athens. — The    Four    Hundred  and   their  fall. — Recall  of 


Carthaginian  invasion  of  Sici^. 

Victory  of  the  Athenians  over  the  Peloponnesians  in  the  battle  of  Arginusse. — Execution 
of  the  generals  at  Athens. 

405.     Defeat  of  the  Athenians  at  Aigospotamoi. — Successful  revolt  of  the  Egyptians  against 
the  Persians,  and  independence  established. 

404.     Fall  of  Athens. —  End  of  the  Peloponnesian  War. 
401.     Expedition  of  Cyrus  the  Younger. 

400.     Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  under  Xenophon.— Birth  of  Timoleon*  (d.  337). 
399.     Condemnation  and  death  of  Socrates  at  Athens. — AVar  of  Sparta  with  Persia. 
395.     League  of  Greek  cities  against  Sparta. — The  Corinthian  War. 
390.     Rome  destroyed  by  the  Gauls. 
389.     Birth  of  ^schines*  (d.  314). 

387.    Peace  of  Antalcidas  between  the  Greeks  and  Persians. 
385.     Birth  of  Demosthenes*  (d.  323). 
384.     Birth  of  Aristotle  (d.  322). 

383.     Betrayal  of  Thebes  to  Sparta.— AVar  of  Syracuse  with  Carthage. 
379.     Overthrow  of  the  Olynthian  League  by  Sparta.- Deliverance  of  Thebes. 
371.    Defeat  of  Sparta  at  Leuctra. — Ascendancy  of  Thebes. — Arcadian  Union. 
370.     Peloponnesian  expedition  of  Epaminondas. 
367.     Adoption  of  the  Licinian  Laws  at  Rome. 
362.    Victory  and  death  of  Epaminondas  at  Mantinea. 
359.     Accession  of  Philip  to  the  throne  of  Macedonia. 
357.     Outbreak  of  the  Ten  Years  Sacred  War  in  Greece. 

350.     Burning  of  the  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus.— Birth  of  Alexander  the  Great  (d.  323). 
353.     Final  conquest  of  Egypt  by  the  Persians. 

352.     Interference  of  Philip  of  Macedonia  in  the   Greek   Sacred  War.— First  Philippic  of 
Demosthenes. 

343.     Deliverance  of  Syracuse  by  Timoleon.— First  Samnite  War  In  Italy. 
341.     End  of  first  Samnite  War. 
340.     Adoption  of  the  Publilian  Laws  at  Rome. 

338.     League  of  Greek  cities  against  Philip  of  Macedonia. — His  victory  at  Chseronea. — His 
domination  established.— Subjugation  of  the  Latins  by  Rome. 

336.     Assassination  of  Philip  of  Macedonia,  and  accession  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
335.     Revolt  of  Thebes. — Alexander's  destruction  of  the  city. 

Alexander's  expedition  against  Persia. — His  victory  at  the  Granicus. 

Alexander's  victory  over  the  Persians  at  Issus. 

Alexander's    sieges  of    Tyre    and    Gaza. — His   conquest  of    Egypt  and   founding  of 


334, 
333 
332 

Alexandria, 

331.     Alexander's  victory  at  Arbela 


*  Uncertain  date. 


-Overthrow  of  the  Persian  empire. 

22 


330.  Alexander's  destruction  of  Persepolis. 

320.  Alexander  in  India. — Defeat  of  Porus. — Beginning  of  second  Samnite  War  in  Italy. 
323.  Death  of    Alexander  the   Great  at  Babylon. — Partition  of  his  dominion   among  the 

generals. — Revolt  in  Greece. — The  Lamian  War. 

322.  Subjugation  of  Athens  by  the  Macedonians. — Death  of  Demosthenes. 

321.  Beginning  of  the  Wars  of  the  Successors  of  Alexander. — Founding  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Ptolemies  in  Egypt. — Defeat  of  the  Romans  by  the  Samnites  at  the  Caudine  Forks. 

317.  Execution  of  Phocion  at  Athens. 

307.  Athens  under  the  rule  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 

306.  Royal  titles  assumed  by  Antigonus  (as  king  of  Asia),  Ptolemy,  in  Egypt,  Seleucus 
JJicator,  in  Syria,  Lysimachus,  in  Thrace,  and  Cassander,  in  Macedonia. 

300.  Siege  of  Rhodes  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 
304.  End  of  the  second  Samnite  War  in  Italy. 

301.  Battle  of  Ipsus. — Overthrow  and  death  of  Antigonus. 
2t)8.  Beginning  of  third  Samnite  War. 

295.  Roman  defeat  of  the  Gauls  at  Sentinum. 

2J)0.  End  of  the  third  Samnite  War. 

287.  Birth  of  Archimedes*  (d.  212). 

28<J.  Adoption  of  the  Hortensian  Laws  at  Rome. 

280.  Invasion  of  Italy  by  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus. — Invasion  of  Greece  by  the  Gauls. — ^Rise 
of  the  Acbaian  League. 

278.  Pyrrhus  in  Sicily,  in  war  against  Carthage. 

275.  Defeat  of  Pvrrhus  at  Beneveutuni. 

2(>4.  Beginning  of  the  first  Punic  War  between  Rome  and  Carthage. 

203.  Athens  captured  by  Antigonus  Gonatus. 

255.  Defeat  and  capture  of  Regulus  in  Africa. 

250.  Founding  of  the  kingdom  of  Parthia  by  Arsaces.* 

247.  Birth  of  Uannibal*  (d.  183). 

241.  End  of  the  first  Punic  War. — Roman  conquest  of  Sicily. — Revolt  of  the  Carthaginian 
mercenaries. 

234.  Birth  of  Cato  the  Elder  (d.  149).— Birth  of  Scipio  Africanus  the  Elder*  (d.  183). 

227.  AVar  of  Sparta  with  the  Achaian  League. 

222.  Roman  conquest  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  completed. 

22 1.  Battle  of  Sellasia. — Sparta  crushed  by  the  king  of  Macedonia. 

218.  Beginning  of  the  second  Punic  War  between  Rome  and  Carthage. — Hannibal  in  Italy. 

217.  Hannibal's  defeat  of  tlie  Romans  at  the  Trasimene  Lake. — Coele-Syria  and  Palestine  ceded 
to  Egypt  by  Antiochus  the  Great. 

210.  Great  defeat  of  the  Romans  by  Hannibal  at  Cannse. 
214.  Beginning  of  war  between  Rome  and  Macedonia. 
212.  Siege  and  reduction  of  Syracuse  by  the  Romans. 

211.  Hannibal  at  the  Roman  gates. 

210.  .Egina  taken  by  the  Romans  and  the  inhabitants  reduced  to  slavery. 

207.  Defeat  of  Ilasdrubal  on  the  Metaurus. 

20G.  Birth  of  Polybius.* 

205.  End  of  first  Macedonian  War. 

202.  Scipio's  decisive  victory  at  Zama,  in  Africa,  ending  the  second  Punic  War. 

201.  Subjection  of  the  Jews  to  the  Selcucid  monarchy. 

200.  Roman  declaration  of  war  against  the  king  of  Macedonia. 

197.  Decisive  Roman  victory  over  the  JIacedonians  at  Cynoscephalse. 

190.  Freedom  of  the  Greeks  proclaimed  by  the  Roman  general  Flamininus. 
195.  Birth  of  Terence*  (d.  lo8»). 

191.  Romans  defeat  Antiochus  of  Syria  at  Thermopylaj  in  Greece. —  Final  subjugation  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul  by  the  Romans. 

190.  Decisive  defeat  of  Antiochus  at  Magnesia,  by  the  Romans. —  Beginning  of  Roman  con- 
quest in  Asia. 

189.  Fall  of  the  JEtolian  League. 

185.  Birth  of  Scipio  Africanus  the  Younger  (d.  129). 

171.  The  third  war  between  Rome  and  Macedonia. 

108.  Roman  victory  at  Pydna;  extinction  of  the  Macedonian  kingdom. —  Birth  of  Tiberius 
Graccluis*(d.  133). 

167.  Revolt  of  the  Jews  under  Judas  Maccabmus,  against  Antiochus,  king  of  Syria. 

165.  Judas  Maccaba;u8  in  Jerusalem;  the  Temple  purified. 

161.  Defeat  and  death  of  Judas  Maccabseus. 

157.  Birth  of  ilarius  (d.  86). 

149.  Opening  of  the  third  Punic  War  between  Rome  and  Carthage. 

146.  Roman  destruction  of  Carthage  and  Corinth. — Greece  absorbed  in  the  dominion  of  Rome. 

1.38.  Birth  of  Sulla  (d.  78). 

135.  Assassination  of  Simon  Maccaba;u3;  accession  of  John  Ilyrcanus  to  the  High  Priesthood. 

133.  Outbreak  of  the  Servile  War  in  Sicily. — Attempted  reforms  and  death  of  Tiberius 
Gracclius  at  Rome.— Reduction  of  Numantia. 

121.  Death  of  Caius  Gracchus  at  Rome. 

111.  Beginning  of  the  Jugurthino  War  between  Rome  and  Numidia. 

*  Uccertain  dAto. 

23 


106.  Birth  of  Cicero  (d.  43).— Birth  of  Pompey  the  Great  (d.  48). 

105.  Great  defeat  of  the  Romans  by  the  Cimbri  at  Arausio. — Royal  title  taken  by  AristobuluB 
in  Judea. 

104.  Ending  of  the  Jugurthine  War  by  Marius. 

103.  Destruction  of  the  Teutones  at  Aquae  Sextise  by  the  Romans  under  Marius. 

lOl.  Destruction  of  the  Cimbri  by  Marius. 

lOO.  Adoption  of  the  Apuleian  Law  at  Rome. — Birth  of  Julius  Caesar  (d.  44). 

95.  Birth  of  Lucretius  (d.  55). 

90.  Outbrealc  of  the  Social  War,  or  struggle  of  the  Italians. 

88.  Beginning  of  the  first  civil  war  (Marius  and  Sulla)  at  Rome,  and  of  war  with  Mithridates, 
king  of  Pontus. — Unsuccessful  siege  of  Rhodes  by  Mithridates. 

87.  Campaigns  of  the  Romans  under  Sulla  against  Mithridates  in  Greece. — Marian  proscrip- 
tions at  Rome. — Birth  of  Catullus*  (d.  47*). 

86.  Sulla's  capture  of  Athens  and  victory  at  Chaeronea. — Death  of  Marius. — Birth  of  Salluat 
(d.  34*). 

84.  End  of  the  first  Mithridatic  War. 

83.  Return  of  Sulla  to  Italy;  burning  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter;  civil  war  at  Rome. 

82.  Sulla  master  of  Rome ;  the  Sullan  reign  of  terror. 

80.  War  with  Sertorius  in  Spain. 

79.  Sulla's  resignation  of  the  dictatorship. 

78.  Death  of  Sulla. 

74.  Opening  of  third  Mithridatic  War  between  Rome  and  the  king  of  Pontus. 

73.  Rising  of  the  Roman  gladiators  under  Spartacus. 

72.  Assassination  of  Sertorius  in  Spain;  Pompey  in  command. 

71.  Defeat  of  the  gladiators  and  death  of  Spartacus. 

70.  Consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus  at  Rome. — Cicero's  impeachment  of  Verres. 

67.  Pompey's  campaign  against  the  pirates  of  Cilicia. 

66.  Command  of  Pompey  in  the  East. — Overthrow  of  Mithridates. 

65.  Birth  of  Horace  (d.  8). 

64.  Extinction  of  the  Seleucid  kingdom  by  Pompey. 

63.  Consulship  of  Cicero  at  Rome;  Conspiracy  of  Catiline. — Pompey's  siege  and  conquest  of 
Jerusalem ;  the  Asmonean  kingdom  made  tributary  to  Rome. 

60.  The  first  Triumvirate  at  Rome. 

59.  Consulship  of  Caesar  at  Rome. 

58.  Beginning  of  Caesar's  campaigns  in  Gaul. — Exile  of  Cicero  from  Rome. 

57.  Recall  of  Cicero. 

56.  Roman  conquest  of  Aquitaine. 

65.  Caesar's  first  invasion  of  Britain. 

53.  Roman  war  with  Parthia ;  defeat  and  death  of  Crassus  at  Carrhae. 

51.  Caesar's  conquest  of  Gaul  completed. 

50.  Beginning  of  the  second  Civil  War  at  Rome;  Csesar's  passage  of  the  Rubicon. 

49.  Caesar's  campaign  against  the  Pompeians  in  Spain;  his  conquest  of  Massilia. 

48.  Caesar's  victory  at  Pharsalia;  death  of  Pompey  in  Egypt;  Ciesar  in  Alexandria. 

46.  Csesar's  victory  at  Thapsus ;  death  of  Cato. 

45.  Caesar's  victory  in  Spain. 

44.  Assassination  of  Caesar  at  Rome. 

43.  The  second  Triumvirate  at  Rome ;  murder  of  CiceroT— Birth  of  Ovid  (d.  A.  D.  18). 

42.  Battles  of  Philippi:  destruction  of  the  Liberators. 

40.  Herod  proclaimed  King  of  Judea. 

37.  Conquest  of  Jerusalem  by  Herod. 

31.  War  of  Antony  and  Octavius;  victory  of  Octaviusat  Actium,  establishing  his  supremacy. 

30.  Death  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra;  annexation  of  Egypt  to  the  Roman  dominion. 

29.  Triumph  of  Octavius  celebrated  at  Rome ;  title  of  Imperator  given  to  him;  closing  of  the 
Temple  of  Janus. 

27.  Title  of  Augustus  assumed  by  Octavius  at  Rome. 

12.  Expedition  of  the  Romans  under  Drusus  into  Germany. 

9.  Last  German  campaign  and  death  of  Drusus. 

8.  First  campaign  of  Tiberius  (afterward  Roman  emperor)  in  Germany. 
4.  Probable  date  of  the  birth  of  Jesus. — Death  of  Herod,  king  of  Judea. 

CHRISTIAN  ERA. 

First  Century. 

1,  Beginning  of  the  Christian  Era. 

4.  Campaign  of  the  Emperor  Tiberius  in  Germany. 

6.  Deposition  of  the  Herodian  ethnarch  Archelaus;  Judea  made  a  district  of  the  Roman 
prefecture  of  Syria. 

9.  Destruction  of  Vawus  and  his  Roman  legions  by  the  Germans  under  Armiuius. 

14.  Death  of  Augustus;  Tiberius  made  Emperor  of  Rome. — Expedition  of  GermanicuB  into 
Germany. 

33.  Birth  of  Pliny  the  Elder  (d.  79). 

26.  Pontius  Pilate,  Roman  procurator  in  Judea. 

*  tjDcertain  date. 

24 


27.     Completion  of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome. 
29.     Crucifixion  of  Jesus.*— Martyrdom  of  Saint  Stephen. 

35.     Conversion  of  Saint  Paul.*  „    ,  ^  „      ,        „.    ,     ,  .      •     , 

37.     Death  of  the  Emperor  Tiberius.— Accession  of  Cams,  called  Caligula.— Birth  of  Agncoia 
(d.  93) —Birth  of  Joscphus  (d.  95*). 

40.  Birth  of  Martial.*  ,  ^       ,.  ,       ,  t.    .      .•        » 

41.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Caligula;  elevation  of  Claudius  to  the  throne.— Restoration  or 
the  Hero'dian  kingdom  of  Judea  under  Herod  Agrippa. 

43.  Roman  invasion  of  Britain  by  Aulius  Plautius  and  the  Emperor  Claudius. 

44.  Death  of  Herod  Agrippa;  extinction  of  the  kingdom  of  Judea. 

50'.     First  missionary  journey  of  Saint  Paul.*  .  ^       .  -   t.-        v 

51.  Capture  of   Caractacus,  king  of   the   Trinobantes,  in  Britain.— Adoption  of   Jsero  Dy 

52.  Second  missionary  journey  of  Saint  Paul.*— Birth  of  Trajan*  (d.  117). 

53.  Felix,  procurator  of  Judea.  o  ■   . -o     i     ^  » »i.        • 

54.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Claudius  and  accession  of  Nero.— Saint  Paul  at  Athens." 

55.  Third  missionary  journey  of  Saint  Paul.*— Birth  of  Tacitus.*  .... 
59.  Festus  made  governor  of  Judea.— Arrest  of  Saint  Paul.— Murder  of  Agrippina. 
61.  Destruction  of  the  Druids  of  Britain;  revolt  under  Boadicea.— Saint  Paul  in  Rome. 
62!  Birth  of  Pliny  the  Younger.* 

64.  The  burning  of  Rome ;  first  persecution  of  Christians. 

65.  Conspiracy  of  Piso.— Execution  of  Lucan  and  Seneca  by  the  command  of  JSero. 

66.  Revolt  of  the  Jews. 

67.  Campaign  of  Vespasian  asainst  the  insurgent  Jews, 

68.  Suicide  of  the  Emperor  Nero;  Galba  proclaimed  Emperor. 

69.  Murder  of  Galba;  brief  reigns  of  Otho  and  Vitellius;  Vespasian  raised  to  the  throne.— 
Revolt  of  the  Batavians  under  Civilis. 

70.  Siege  and  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titua. 

78.  Beginning  of  Agricola's  campaign  in  Britain.  .         ,  t.  -i      j 

79.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Vespasian  and  accession  of  Titus.— Destruction  of  Pompeii  and 
Herculaueum. —Pestilence  in  the  Roman  Empire. 

81.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Titus  and  accession  of  Domitian. 

96.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Domitian ;  Nerva  raised  to  the  throne. 

97.  Adoption  of  Trajan  by  Nerva. 

98.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Nerva  and  accession  of  Trajan. 

Second  Century. 

106.     Completed  Roman  conquest  of  Dacia  by  Trajan.  -.,    ^     a         *  a*   t„.,»h„= 

1 15.  War  of  Rome  with  Parthia.— Trajan's  conquests  in  Asia. —Marty rdom  01  St.  Ignatius.— 
Great  earthquake  at  Antioch. 

116.  Rising  of  the  Jews  in  Cyrene,  Cyprus  and  Egypt.  ,.„vti„ 

117.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Trajan  and  accession  of  Hadrian.— Relinquishment  of  Asiatic 

conquests. 

118.  Campaign  of  Hadrian  in  Moesia. 

119.  Hadrian's  visit  to  Britain. 

121.    Birth  of  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  (d.  180). 

131.  Birth  of  Galen.  .  t  1  i.         .1   *„    arun 

132.  Savage  revolt  of  the  Jews,  savagely  repressed;   name  of  Jerusalem  changed  to  .aiiiia 
Capitolina;  complete  dispersion  of  the  Jews. 

138.     Death  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian  and  succession  of  Antoninus  Pius. 

161.     Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  made  Emperor  on  the  death  of  Antoninus  Pius.— Roman 

war^w^iUi     |''^j'*f  \^*J^""^gj^ggQ  j^onjg  an^  Parthia.— Sack  of  Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon.- Acquisition 

of  Mesopotamia  by  Rome. 

166.     Great  plague  in  the  Roman  Empire.  ,  ^      ., 

16'7.     Beginning  of  the  wars  of  Rome  with  the  Marcomanni  and  Quadl. 

174.     Great  victory  of  Marcus  Aurelius  over  the  Quadi. 

180     Death  of  the  Emperor  Marcus  Aurelius;  and  accession  of  his  son  Commodus. 

186.     Birth  of  Origen*  (d,  2.53). 

192.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Commodus  (Dec.  31).  ,  ,,      „  t?.«„;™  f« 

193.  Pertiiiax  made  Emperor,  and  murdered;  sale  of  the  throne  of  the  Roman  Empire  to 
Dldius  Julianus;  contest  of  rivals;  accession  of  Septimius  Severus. 

198.    Siege  and  capture  of  the  Parthian  city  Ctesiphon  by  the  Romans. 

Third  Century. 

208.  Campaign  of  Severus  against  the  Caledonians  of  Britain 

211.  Death  o"^f  the  Emperor  Severus;  accession  of  his  sous,  Caracalla  ana  ueta. 

212.  Murder  of  Geta  by  Caracalla. 

213.  First  collision  of  the  Romans  with  the  Alemanni. 
215.  Massacre  at  Alexandria  commanded  by  Caracalla. 

21 '7.     Murder  of  the  Emperor  Caracalla;  elevation  of  Macrinus. 
218.     Overthrow  of  Macrinus  by  Elagabalus. 


*  Uncertain  date. 


25 


222.  Murder  of  Elagabahis;  Alexander  Severus  made  Emperor. 

226.  The  new  monarchy  of  Persia;  fall  of  the  Parthian  power;  rise  of  the  Sassanidae. 

235.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Alexander  Severus;  accession  of  Maximin. 

237.  Fate  of  the  two  Gordians  at  Rome. 

238.  Overthrow  and  death  of  the  Emperor  Maximin ;  elevation  of  the  third  Qordian. 
244.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Gordian;  accession  of  Philip. 

249.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Philip ;  accession  of  Decius. 

260.  Decian  persecution  of  Christians  in  the  Roman  Empire. —  Gothic  invasion  of  MoBsia. 

251.  Victory  of  the  Goths  over  the  Romans;  death  of  Deciusi  n  battle;  accession  of  Gallus  to 
the  imperial  throne. 

253.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Gallus;  accession  of  ^milianus. —  First  appearance  of  the 
Franks  in  the  Empire. —  Murder  of  ^milianus  and  accession  of  Valerian. 

259.  Invasion  of  Gaul  and  Italy  by  the  Alemanni. 

200.  Roman  war  with  Persia. — Defeat  and  capture  of  the  Emperor  Valerian ;  accession  of 
Gallienus. 

267,  Accession  of  Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra. 

268.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Gallienus;  accession  of  Claudius  II. — Invasion  of  Thrace  and 
Macedonia  by  the  Goths  checked  by  Claudius. 

270.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Claudius  II. ;  accession  of  Aurelian. — Dacia  yielded  to  the  Goths. 
— Italy  invaded  by  the  Alemanni. 

273.  Defeat  and  capture  of  Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  by  the  Emperor  Aurelian. 

275.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Aurelian ;  accession  of  Tacitus. 

276.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Tacitus;  accession  of  Probus. 

277.  Roman  repulse  of  the  Franks. — Invasion  of  Germany  by  Probus. 

282.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Probus;  accession  of  Carus. 

283.  War  of  Rome  with  Persia. — Death  of  Carus;  accession  of  Numerian. 

284.  Murder  of  the  Emperor  Numerian ;  accession  of  Diocletian. 

286.  Maximian  made  imperial  colleague  of  Diocletian. 

287.  Insurrection  of  the  Bagauds  in  Gaul. 

288.  Revolt  of  Carausius  in  Britain. 

292,  Galerius  and  Constantius  Chlorus  created  "  Caesars." 

296.  Revolt  of  the  African  provinces  of  Rome ;  siege  of  Alexandria. — Birth  of  Athanasius* 
(d.  873). 

297.  Roman  war  with  Persia ;  defeat  of  Galerius. 

298.  Victorious  peace  of  Rome  with  Persia ;  extension  of  the  Empire. 

Fourth  Century. 

303.  Persecution  of  Christians  by  the  Emperor  Diocletian. 

305.  Abdication  of  the  Emperors  Diocletian  and  JIaximian ;  Galerius  and  Constantius  Chlorus 
become  "  Augusti";  Maximin  and  Severus  made  "  Caesars." 

306.  Constantius  Chlorus  succeeded  as  "Caesar"  by  his  son  Constantine;  beginning  of  civil 
■war  between  Constantine  and  his  rivals ;  defeat  of  the  Salian  Franks  by  Constantine. 

312.  Conversion  of  the  Emperor  Constantine  to  Christianity. 

313.  Constantine  and  Licinius  share  the  Empire. — Toleration  Edict  of  Milan. 
316.  Birth  of  Saint  Martin  of  Tours  (d.  397). 

318.  Opening  of  the  Arian  controversy. 

325.  First  general  Council  of  the  Church  at  Nicsea. 

330.  Removal  of  the  capital  of  the  Empire  from  Rome  to  Byzantium  (Constantinople). 

337.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Constantine;  partition  of  the  Empire. 

340.  Beginning  of  Civil  War  between  the  three  sons  of  Constantine. 

348.  Defeat  of  the  Romans  by  the  Persians  at  Singara. 

353.  Coustantius  sole  Emperor. —  Synod  of  Aries. 

354.  Birth  of  Saint  Augustine,  bishop  of  Hippo  (d.  430). 

355.  Julian  made  Ciesar;  his  defense  of  Gaul. 

361.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Constantius  and  accession  of  Julian;  revival  of  Paganism. 

363.  Expedition  of  Julian  into  Persia;  his  retreat  and  death;  accession  of  Jovian;  Christianity 
again  ascendant. 

364.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Jovian ;  accession  of  Valentinian  I.  in  the  West  and  of  Valens  in 
the  East. 

365.  Great  earthquake  in  the  Roman  world. 

367.  First  campaigns  of  Theodosius  against  the  Picts  and  Scots. 

368.  Repulse  of  the  Alemanni,  from  Gaul. 

375.  Death  of  Valentinian;  accession  of  Gratian  and  Valentinian  II.  in  the  West. 

376.  The  Visigoths,  driven  by  the  Huns,  admitted  to  the  Empire. 

377.  Rising  of  the  Goths  in  Jloesia  and  indecisive  battle  of  Ad  Salices. 

378.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Valens  in  battle  with  the  Goths  at  Adrianople. — Invasion  of  Gaul 
by  the  Alemanni  and  their  repulse  by  Gratian. 

379.  Theodosius  named  Emperor  in  the  East  by  Gratian. 

380.  Trinitarian  edict  of  Theodosius. 

381.  Second  general  council  of  the  Church,  at  Constantinople. 

382.  Conclusion  of  peace  with  the  Goths  by  the  Emperor  Theodosius ;  final  settlement  of  the 
Cloths  in  Moesia  and  Thrace. 


•  Uncertain  date. 

26 


388.  Overthrow  of  the  usurper,  Maximus. — Formal  vote  of  the  Senate  establishing  Cbrig- 
tianity  in  the  Koman  Empire. 

389.  Destruction  of  the  Serapeum  at  Alexandria. 

390.  Sedition  at  Tliussalonica  and  massacre  ordered  by  Theodosius. 

392.  Final  suppression  of  Paganism  in  the  Empire,  by  law.  —  Murder  of  Valentinian  II., 
Emperor  in  the  West;  usurpation  of  Eugenius. 

394.  Overthrow  of  the  usurper  Eugenius. 

395.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Theodosius ;  accession  of  his  sons,  Arcadius  and  Eonorius ;  final 
division  of  the  Empire.  —  Invasion  of  Greece  by  Alaric;  capture  of  Athens. 

398.     Suppression  by  Stilicho  of  Gildo's  revolt  in  Africa. 
400.     Alaric's  invasion  of  Italy. 

Fifth  Century. 

403.  Defeat  of  Alaric  by  Stilicho.—  Birth  of  Phocion*  (d.  317). 

404.  Removal  of  the  capital  of  the  Western  Empire  from  Rome  to  Ravenna.* — Banishment  of 
the  Patriarch,  John  Chrysostora,  from  Constantinople;  burning  of  the  Church  of  St.  Sophia. 

400.  Barbarian  inroad  of  Radagaisus  into  Italy.  —  Breaking  of  the  Rhine  barrier  by  German 
tribes  ;   overwhelming  invasion  of  Gaul  by  Vandals,  Alans,  Suevi,  and  Burgundians. 

407.  Usurpation  of  Constantine  in  Britain  and  Gaul. 

408.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor,  Arcadius.  and  accession  of  Theodosius  II. —  Execution 
of  Stilicho  at  Ravenna;  massacre  of  barbarian  liostages  in  Italy;  blockade  of  Rome  by  Alaric. 

409.  Invasion  of  Spain  by  the  Vandals,  Suevi,  and  Alans. 

410.  Siege,  capture  and  pillage  of  Rome  by  Alaric;  his  death. — Abandonment  of  Britain  by 
the  Empire. —  The  barbarian  attack  upon  Gaul  joined  by  the  Franks. 

412.  Gaul  entered  by  the  Visigoths.  —  Cyril  made  Patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

414.  Title  of  Augusta  taken  by  Pulcheria  at  Constantinople. 

415.  Visigothic  conquest  of  Spain  begun.  —  Persecution  of  Jews  at  Alexandria;  death  of 
Hypatia. 

418.  Founding  of  the  Gothic  kingdom  of  Toulouse  In  Aquitaine.  • 

4tJO.  Death  of  Saint  Jerome,  in  Palestine. 

422.  War  between  Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire;  partition  of  Armenia. 

423.  Death  of  Honorius,  Emperor  in  the  West;  usurpation  of  John  the  Notary. 

425.  Accession  of  the  Western  Emperor,  Valentinian  III.,  under  the  regency  of  Placidia; 
formal  and  legal  separation  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Empires. 

428.  Conquests  of  the  Vandals  in  Spain. — Nestorius  made  Patriarch  of  Constantinople. 

429.  Vandal  conquests  in  Africa  begun. 

430.  Siege  of  Hippo  Regius  in  Africa;  death  of  Saint  Augustine,  bishop  of  Hippo. 

431.  Third  general  Council  of  the  Church,  held  at  Ephesus. 
433.  Beginning  of  the  reign  of  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns.* 
435.  Nestorius  exiled  to  the  Libyan  desert. 

439.  Carthage  taken  by  the  Vandals. 

440.  Leo  the  Great  elected  Pope. 

441.  Invasion  of  tlie  Eastern  Empire  by  Attila  and  the  Huns. 
443.  Conquest  and  settlement  of  Savoy  by  the  Burgundians. 

440.  Thermopylic  passed  by  the  Huns;  humiliating  purchase  of  peace  with  them  by  the 
Eastern  Emperor. 

449.  Landing  in  Britain  of  the  Jutes  under  Hengist  and  Ilorsa.* — Meeting  of  the  so-called 
Robber  Synod  at  Ephesus. 

450.  Death  of  tlie  Eastern  Emperor,  Theodosius  II.,  and  accession  of  Pulcheria. 

451.  Great  defeat  of  the  Huns  at  Chalons;  retreat  of  Attila  from  Qaul. — Fourth  General 
Council  of  the  Churcli,  held  at  Chalcedon. 

452.  Invasion  of  Italy  by  Attila;  origin  of  Venice. 

453.  Death  of  Atlihi;  dissolution  of  his  empire. — Death  of  Pulcheria,  Empress  in  the  East. 
455.     Murder  of  Valentinian  III.,   Emperor  in    tlie  West;    usurpation    of    Maximus. — Rome 

pillaged  by  the  Vandals. — Birth  of  Theodoric  llie  Great  (d.  52(i). 

450.  Supremacy  of  Ricimer,  commander  of  tlie  barbarian  mercenaries,  in  the  Western  Em- 
pire; Avitus  deposed. 

457.  Marjorian,  first  of  the  imperial  puppets  of  Ricimer,  raised  to  the  throne  of  the  Western 
Empire. — Accession  of  Leo  I.,  Emperor  in  the  East. 

461.  Marjorian  deposed;  Severus  made  Emperor  in  the  West. — Death  of  Pope  Leo  the  Great 
and  election  of  Pope  Ililarius. 

4G7.     Antheniius  nia<le  Emperor  in  the  West. 

472.  Siege  and  storming  of  Rome  by  Ricimer;  death  of  Authemius,  and  of  Ricimer;  Olybriua 
and  Glycerins  successive  emi)erors. 

473.  Ostrogotliic  invasion  of  Italy  diverted  to  Gaul. 

474.  Julius  Nepos  Emperor  in  tli(!  West;  accession  of  Zeno  in  the  Eastern  Empire. 

475.  Romulus  Augustulus  made  Emperor  in  tlie  West. 

476.  Romulus  Augustulus  dethroned  by  Odoacer;  extinction  for  more  than  three  centuries  of 
the  Western  line  of  emperors. 

477.  Beginning  of  Saxon  conquests  in  Britain. 

480.  Birth  of  Saint  Benedict  (d.  543). 

481.  Founding  of  the  Frank  kingdom  by  Clovis. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

27 


483.  Election  of  Pope  Felix  II. 

486.  Overthrow  of  the  kingdom  of  Syagrius,  the  last  Roman  sovereignty  in  Gaul. 

488.  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  commissioned  by  the  Eastern  Emperor  to  invade  Italy. 

489.  Defeat  of  Odoacer  by  Theodoric  at  Veroua. 

491.  Accession  of  Anastasius,  Emperor  in  the  East.— Capture  of  Anderida  by  the  South 
Saxons. 

492.  Election  of  Pope  Qelasius  I. 

493.  Surrender  of  Odoacer  at  Ravenna;  his  murder;  Theodoric  king  of  Italy. 

494.  Landing  of  Cerdic  and  his  band  of  Saxons  in  Britain.* 

496.  Defeat  of  the  Alemanni  at  Tolbiac  by  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks;  baptism  of  Clovis. — 
Election  of  Pope  Anastasius  II. 

Sixth  Century. 

504.  Expulsion  of  the  Alemanni  from  the  Middle  Rhine  by  the  Franks. 

605.  Peace  between  Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire. 

507.  Overthrow  of  the  Gothic  kingdom  of  Toulouse  by  Clovis. 

611.  Death  of  Clovis;  partition  of  the  Frank  kingdom  among  his  sons. —  Monophysite  riot  at 
Constantinople. 

5112.  Second  Monophysite  riot  at  Constantinople. 

515.  Publication  of  the  monastic  rule  of  Saint  Benedict. 

518.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor,  Anastasius,  and  accession  of  Justin  I. 

519.  Cerdic  and  Cynric  become  kings  of  tlie  West  Saxons. 

525.  Execution  of  Boethius  and  Symmachus  by  Theodoric,  king  of  Italy. 

526.  Death  of  Theodoric  and  accession  of  Athalaric. —  Great  earthquake  at  Antioch. —  War 
between  Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire. 

527.  Accession  of  Justinian  in  the  Eastern  Empire. 

528.  Conquest  of  Thuringia  by  the  Franks. 

529.  Defeat  of  the  Persians,  at  Dara,  by  the  Roman  general  Belisarius. —  Closing  of  the  schools 
at  Athens. —  publication  of  the  Code  of  Justinian. 

531.  Accession  of  Chosroes,  or  Nushirvan,  to  the  throne  of  Persia. 

532.  End  of  war  between  Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire. —  Nika  sedition  at  Constantinople. 

533.  Overthrow  of  the  Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa  by  Belisarius. — Publicatian  of  the  Pandects 
of  Justinian. 

534.  Conquest  of  the  Burgundians  by  the  Franks. 

535.  Recovery  of  Sicily  from  the  Goths  by  Belisarius. 

536.  Rome  taken  from  the  Goths  by  Belisarius  for  Justinian. 

537.  Unsuccessful  siege  of  Rome  by  the  Goths. 

539.  Destruction  of  Milan  by  the  Goths. —  Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Franks. 

540.  Surrender  of  Ravenna  to  Belisarius;  his  removal  from  command.  —  Invasion  of  Syria  by 
Chosroes,  king  of  Persia;  storming  and  sacking  of  Antioch. —  Formal  relinquishment  of  Gaul  to  the 
Franks  by  Justinian. — Vigilius  made  Pope. 

541.  Gothic  successes  under  Totila,  in  Italy.  —  End  of  the  succession  of  Roman  Consuls. — 
Defense  of  the  East  by  Belisarius. 

542.  Great  Plague  in  the  Roman  Empire. 

543.  Surrender  of  Naples  to  Totila. —  Death  of  Saint  Benedict. —  Invasion  of  Spain  by  the 
Franks. 

544.  Belisarius  again  in  command  in  Italy. 

546.  Totila's  siege,  capture  and  pillage  of  Rome. 

547.  The  city  of  Rome  totally  deserted  for  six  weeks. —  Founding  of  the  kingdom  of  Bernicia 
(afterward  included  in  Northumberland)  in  England. —  Subjection  of  the  Bavarians  to  the  Franks. 

548.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Empress,  Theodora. 

549.  Second  siege  and  capture  of  Rome  by  Totila. —  Beginning  of  the  Lazic  War. 

552.  Totila  defeated  and  killed  by  the  imperial  army  under  Narses. 

553.  End  of  the  Ostrogothic  kingdom  in  Italy;  restoration  of  the  imperial  sovereignty. —  Fifth 
General  Council  of  the  Church,  at  Constantinople. —  Establishment  of  the  Exarch  at  Ravenna,  rep- 
resenting the  Emperor  at  Constantinople. 

555.  Pelagius  I.  made  Pope. 

558.  Reunion  of  the  Frank  empire  under  Clothaire  I. 

560.  John  III.  made  Pope. 

503.  Founding  of  the  monastery  of  lona,  in  Scotland,  by  Saint  Columba. 

565.  Death  of  Belisarius  and  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Justinian ;  accession  of  Justin  II. 

666.  Conquest  of  the  Gepidse  in  Dacia  by  the  Lombards  and  Avars. 

567.  Division  of  the  Frank  dominion  into  the  three  kingdoms  of  Austrasia,  Neustria  and 
Burgundy. 

668.  Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Lombards ;  siege  of  Pavia. 

570.  Birth  of  Mahomet.* 

672.  Renewed  war  of  the  Eastern  Empire  with  Persia. 

573.  Murder  of  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lombards. — Subjugation  of  the  Suevl  by  the  Visigoths 
In  Spain. 

674.  Benedict  I.  made  Pope. 

678,  Accession  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Tiberius  Constantinus. — Pelagius  II.  made  Pope. 

682.  Accession  of  Maurice,  Emperor  in  the  East. 

*  Uncertain  date. 

28 


588.  Kingdom  of  Northumberland,  in  England,  founded  by  the  union  of  Bernicia  and  Delia 
under  JSthelric. 

689.    Abandonment  of  Arianisra  by  the  Goths  in  Spain. 

5t)0.     Gregory  the  Great  elected  Pope. 

501.     Pence  between  Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire. 

697.     Mission  of  Saint  Augustine  to  England. — Death  of  Saint  Columba. 

Seventh  Century. 

602.  Revolt  in  Constantinople;  fall  and  death  of  Maurice;  accession  of  Phocas. 

604,  Death  of  Pope  Gregory  the  Great. — Death  of  St.  Augustine  of  Canterbury.* 

008.  Invasion  of  Asia  Minor  by  Chosroes  II.,  king  of  Persia. 

OlO.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Phocas;  accession  of  Heraclius. — Venetia  ravaged  by 
the  Avars. 

614:.  Invasion  of  Syria  by  Chosroes  II. ;  capture  of  Damascus. 

615.  Capture  of  Jerusalem  by  Chosroes;  removal  of  the  supposed  True  Cross. 

616.  First  e.xpulsion  of  the  Jews  from  Spain. — Advance  of  the  Persians  to  the  Bosphorus. 
622.  The  flight  of  JIahomet  from  Mecca  (the  Ilegira). — Romans  under  Heraclius  victorious 

over  the  Persians. 

620.    Siege  of  Constantinople  by  Persians  and  Avars. 

627.  Victory  of  Heraclius  over  Chosroes  of  Persia,  at  Nineveh. —  Conversion  of  Northumbrla 
to  Christianity. 

628.  Recovery  of  Jerusalem  and  of  the  supposed  True  Cross,  from  the  Persians,  by  Heraclius. 
630.     Submission  of  Mecca  to  the  Prophet. 

632.     Death  of  Mahomet;  Abu  Bekr  chosen  caliph. 

634.  Death  of  Abu  Bekr;  Omar  chosen  caliph.  —  Battle  of  Hieromax  or  Yermuk;  Battle  of 
the  Bridge.* — Defeat  of  Heraclius. —  Compilation  and  arrangement  of  the  Koran.* 

635.  Siege  and  capture  of  Damascus  by  the  Mahometans;  invasion  of  Persia;  victory  at 
Kadisiych.* — Defe.at  of  the  Welsh  by  the  English  in  the  battle  of  the  Heaventield. 

636.  Mahometan  subjugation  of  Syria;  retreat  of  the  Romans.  , 

637.  Siege  and  conquest  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Moslems;  their  victories  In  Persia. 

639.  Publication  of  the  Ecthesis  of  Heraclius. 

640.  Capture  of  Csesarea  by  the  Moslems;  invasion  of  Egypt'by  Amru. 

641.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Heraclius ;  three  rival  emperors ;  accession  of  Constans  II. 
— Victory  at  Nehavend  and  final  conquest  of  Persia  by  the  Mahometans;  end  of  the  Sassanian  king- 
dom; capture  of  Alexandria*;  founding  of  Cairo. 

643.  Publication  of  the  Lombard  Code  of  Laws. 

644.  Assassination  of  Omar;  Othman  chosen  caliph. 
646.     Alexandria  recovered  by  the  Greeks  and  lost  again. 

648.  Publication  by  Constans  II.  of  the  edict  called  "The  Type." 

649.  Mahometan  invasion  of  Cyprus. 

650.  Conquest  of  Merv,  Balkh,  and  Herat  by  the  Moslems.* 

652.  Conversion  of  the  East  Saxons  in  England. 

653.  Seizure  and  banishment  of  Pope  JIartin  I.  by  the  Emperor  Constans  II. 

666.  Murder  of  Caliph  Othman ;  All  chosen  caliph;  rebellion  of  Moawiyah ;  civil 'war;  Battle 
of  the  Camel. 

657.  All's  transfer  of  the  seat  of  government  to  Kufa. 

658.  Syria  abandoned  to  Moawiyah ;  Egypt  in  revolt. 

601.  Assassination  of  AH;  Moawiyah,  first  of  the  Omeyyads,  made  caliph;  Damascus  his 
capital. 

663.    Visit  of  the  Emperor  Constans  to  Rome. 

668.  Assassination  of  Constans  at  Syracuse* ;  accession  of  Constantino  IV.  to  the  throne  of  the 
Eastern  Empire.  —  Beginning  of  the  siege  of  Constantinople  by  the  Saracens. 

670.     The  founding  of  Kairwan,  or  Kayrawau.* 

673.  First  Council  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church,  at  Hereford. — Birth  of  the  Venerable  Bede* 
(d.  735). 

677.    The  raising  of  the  siege  of  Constantinople;  treaty  of  peace.* 

680.  Sixth  General  Council  of  the  Church,  at  Constantinople;  condemnation  of  the  Monoth- 
ellte  heresy. — Massacre  at  Kerbela  of  Hoseyn,  son  of  All,  and  his  followers. 

685.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor,  Constantino  IV.,  and  accession  of  Justinian  II. — The 
Angles  of  Northumbrla,  under  King  Ecgfrith,  defeated  by  the  Picts  at  Nectansmere. 

687.    Battle  of  Testrl;  victory  of  F'ippin  of  Ileristal  over  the  Neustrians. 

695.  Fall  and  banishment  of  Justinian  II. 

696.  Founding  of  the  bishopric  of  Salzburg. 

697.  Election  of  the  first  Doge  of  Venice. 

698.  Conquest  and  destruction  of  Carthage  by  the  Aloslems.* 

Eighth  Century. 

704.  Recovery  of  the  throne  by  the  Eastern  Emperor  Justinian  II. 

705.  Accession  of  the  Caliph  Welid. 

709.     Accession  of  Roderick  to  the  Gothic  throne  in  Spain. 

711.  Invasion  of  Spain  by  the  Arab-Moors. — Moslem  conquest  of  Transoxiana  and  Sardinia. — 
Final  fall  and  death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Justinian  II. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

29 


712.    Surrender  of  Toledo  to  the  Moslem  invaders  of  Spain. 

717.  Elevation  of  Leo  the  Isaurian  to  the<throne  of  the  Eastern  Empire. — Second  siege  of  Coa- 
Btantinople  by  the  Moslems. — Great  defeat  of  the  Moslems  at  the  Cave  of  Covadonga  in  Spain. 

718.  Victory  of  Charles  Martel  at  Soissons;  his  authority  acknowledged  in  both  Prankish 
kingdoms. 

719.  Mahometan  conquest  and  occupation  of  Narbonne. 
721.     Siege  of  Toulouse;  defeat  of  the  Moslems. 

720.  Mahometan  conquests  in  Septiraania. 

726.    Iconoclastic  edicts  of  Leo  the  Isaurian;  tumult  and  insurrection  in  Constantinople. 

731.  Death  of  Pope  Gregory  II. ;  election  of  Gregory  III. ;  last  confirmation  of  a  Papal 
election  by  the  Eastern  Emperor. 

732.  Great  defeat  of  the  Moslems  by  the  Franks  under  Charles  Martel  at  Poitiers,  or  Tours. — 
Council  held  at  Rome  by  Pope  Gregory  III. ;  edict  against  the  Iconoclasts. 

733.  Practical  termination  of  Byzantine  imperial  authority. 
735.     Birth  of  Alcuin  (d.  804). 

740.     Death  of  Leo  the  Isaurian,  Emperor  in  the  East;  accession  of  Constantine  V. 

74:1.     Death  of  Charles  Martel. — Death  of  Pope  Gregory  III. ;  election  of  Zacharias. 

742.     Birth  of  Charlemagne  (d.  814). 

744.  Defeat  of  the  Saxons  by  Carloman;  their  forced  baptism. — Death  of  Liutprand,  king  of 
the  Lombards. 

747.  The  Plague  in  Constantinople. — Pippin  the  Short  made  Mayor  in  both  kingdoms  of  the 
Franks. 

750.  Fall  of  the  Omeyyad  dynasty  of  caliphs  and  rise  of  the  Abbassides. 

751.  Extinction  of  the  Exarchate  of  Ravenna  by  the  Lombards. 

752.  End  of  the  Merovingian  dynasty  of  Fraukish  kings;  assumption  of  the  crown  by  Pippin 
the  Short. — Death  of  Pope  Zacharias;  election  of  Stephen  II. 

754.  First  invasion  of  Italy  by  Pippin  the  Short.— Rome  assailed  by  the  Lombards. 

755.  Subjugation  of  the  Lombards  by  Pippin ;  his  donation  of  temporalities  to  the  Pope. — 
Martyrdom  of  Saint  Boniface  in  Germany. 

756.  Founding  of  the  caliphate  of  Cordova  by  Abderrahman. 

757.  Death  of  Pope  Steplien  II. ;  election  of  Paul  I. 

758.  Accession  of  Ofifa,  king  of  Mercia. 

759.  Loss  of  Narbonne,  the  last  foothold  of  the  Mahometans  north  of  the  Pyrenees. 
763.    Founding  of  the  capital  of  the  Eastern  Caliphs  at  Bagdad.* 

767.  Death  of  Pope  Paul  I. ;   usurpation  of  the  anti-pope,  Constantine. 

768.  Conquest  of  Aquilaine  by  Pippin  the  Short.  —  Death  of  Pippin;  accession  of  Charlemagne 
and  Carloman.  —  Deposition  of  the  anti-pope  Constantine;  election  of  Pope  Stephen  III. 

771.  Death  of  Carloman,  leaving  Charlemagne  sole  king  of  the  Franks. 

772.  Charlemagne's  first  wars  with  the  Saxons. — Death  of  Pope  Stephen  III. ;  election  of 
Hadrian  I. 

774.  Charlemagne's  acquisition  of  the  Lombard  kingdom;  his  enlargement  of  the  donation  of 
temporalities  to  the  Pope.—  Forgery  of  the  "  Donation  of  Constantine."* 

775.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Constantine  V. ;  accession  of  Leo  IV. 
778.    Charlemagne's  invasion  of  Spain;   the  "dolorous  rout"  of  Roncesvalles. 

780.  Death  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Leo  IV. ;  accession  of  Constantine  VI. ;  regency  of  Irene. 

781.  Italy  and  Aquitaine  formed  into  separate  kingdoms  by  Charlemagne. 

785.  Great  struggle  of  the  Saxons  against  Charlemagne ;  submission  of  Wittikind. 

786.  Accession  of  Haroun  al  Raschid  in  the  eastern  caliphate. 

787.  Seventh  General  Council  of  the  Church  (Second  Council  of  Nicsea).- First  incursions  of 
the  Danes  in  England. 

788.  Subjugation  of  the  Bavarians  by  Charlemagne. —  Death  of  Abderrahman. 

790.  Composition  of  the  Caroline  books.* 

791.  Charlemagne's  first  campaign  against  the  Avars. 

794.  Accession  of  Cenwulf,  king  of  Jlercia. 

795.  Death  of  Pope  Hadrian  I. ;  election  of  Leo  III. 

797.    Deposition  and  blinding  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Constantine  VI.,  by  his  mother  Irene. 

800.  Imperial  coronation  of  Charlemagne;  revival  of  the  Empire.  — Accession  of  Ecgberht, 
king  of  Wessex,  the  first  king  of  all  the  English. 

Ninth  Century. 

801.  Conquest  of  Barcelona  from  the  Moors  by  the  Franks. 

805.  Charlemagne's  subjugation  of  the  Avars.—  Creation  of  the  Austrian  march. 

806.  Division  of  the  Empire  by  Charlemagne  between  his  sons  formally  planned. 
809.     Death  of  the  Caliph  Haroun  al  Raschid. 

812.  Civil  war  between  the  sons  of  the  Caliph  Haroun  al  Raschid ;  siege  of  Bagdad. 

814.  Death  of  Charlemagne,  and  accession  of  Louis  the  Pious,  his  only  surviving  son. 

816.  Death  of  Pope  Leo  III. ;  election  of  Stephen  IV. 

817.  Partition  of  the  Empire  of  the  Franks  by  Louis  the  Pious. 

826.  Grant  of  a  county  between  the  Rhine  and  Moselle  to  Harold,  king  of  Jutland,  by  the 
Emperor. 


827.    Beginning  of  Moslem  conquest  of  Sicily. 

830.    First  rebellion  of  the  sons  of  the  Emperor  Louis  the  Pioua. 


•  Uncertain  date. 

30 


833.  Second  rebellion  of  the  Emperor's  sons;  the  "Field  of  Lies ";  deposition  of  the  EmpeiOf 
Louis  the  Pious. —  Death  of  the  Caliph  JIamun,  son  of  Haroun  al  Raschid. 

834.  Restoration  of  Louis  the  Pious. 

835.  Invasion  of  the  Netherlands  and  sacking  of  Utrecht  by  the  Northmen. 

830;  Burning  of  Antwerp  and  ravaging  of  Flanders  by  the  Northmen. —  Death  of  Egbert,  the 
first  king  of  all  the  English. 

837.  First  expedition  of  the  Northmen  up  the  Rhine. 

838.  Asia  Minor  invaded  by  the  Caliph  Motassem;  the  Amorian  War. 

84:0.  Third  rebellion  of  the  sons  of  the  Frankish  Emperor  Louis  the  Pious;  Ms  death;  civil 
war. 

841.    Expedition  of  the  Northmen  up  the  Seine ;  their  capture  of  Rouen. 

843.     The  Oath  of  Strasburg. 

843.  Conquest  by  the  JIahometans  of  Messina  in  Sicily. — Partition  Treaty  of  Verdun  between 
the  sons  of  the  Emperor  Louis  the  Pious;  formation  of  the  realms  of  Louis  the  German  and  Charles 
the  Bald,  which  grew  into  the  kingdoms  of  Germany  and  France. 

845.  First  attack  of  the  Northmen  on  Paris ;  their  destruction  of  Hamburg. 

846.  Rome  attacked  by  the  Moslems. 

847.  Siege  and  capture  of  Bordeaux  by  the  Northmen. 
849.    Birth  of  Alfred  the  Great. 

852.    Revolt  against  the  Moslems  in  Armenia. 

854.    Ravages  of  the  Northmen  on  the  Loire  checked  at  Orleans. 

856.  Death  of  Lothaire,  Emperor  of  the  Franks,  and  civil  war  between  his  sons. — First  footing 
of  the  Danes  established  in  England. 

857.  Deposition  of  Ignatius,  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and  elevation  of  Photius. 

860.  Discovery  of  Iceland  by  the  Northmen.* 

861.  Formation  of  the  Duchy  of  France;  origin  of  the  House  of  Capet. — Paris  surprised  by 
the  Northmen. 

863.  Papal  decree  against  the  Eastern  Patriarch,  Photius. — Creation  of  the  County  of  Flanders 
by  Charles  the  Bald. 

864.  Mission  of  Cyril  and  Methodius  to  the  Slavonians. 

865.  First  Varangian  or  Russian  attack  on  Constantinople. 

866.  Bcginiiiug  of  the  permanent  conquests  of  the  Danes  in  England. 

87 1.  Moslem  fortress  of  Bari,  in  southern  Italy,  surrendered  to  the  Franks  and  Greeks. — 
Accession  of  Alfred  the  Great  to  the  throne  of  Wessex. 

875.  Death  of  Louis  II.,  Emperor  of  the  Franks  and  king  of  Italy;  imperial  coronation  of 
Charles  the  Bald. 

876.  The  Seine  entered  by  the  Northmen  under  RoIIo. 

877.  Death  of  the  Emperor,  Charles  the  Bald,  and  accession  of  Louis  the  Stammerer. — Found- 
ing of  the  kingdom  of  Provence  by  Count  Boso. 

878.  Capture  by  the  Moslems  of  Syracuse  in  Sicily. 

880.     Ravages  of  the  Northmen  in  Germany;    battles  of  the  Ardennes  and  Ebbsdorf. —  Defeat, 
of  the  Danes  by  the  English  King  Alfred  at  Ethandun;  Peace  of  Wedmore.* 
88  1 .     Accession  of  Charles  the  Fat,  king  of  Germany  and  Italy. 

884.  Temporary  reunion  of  the  Empire  of  the  Franks  under  Charles  the  Fat. 

885.  Siege  of  Paris  by  the  Northmen  under  Rollo. 

887.  Depo.sition  of  the  Emperor,  Charles  the  Fat. 

888.  Death  of  Charles  the  Fat  and  final  disruption  of  the  Empire  of  the  Franks;  founding  of 
the  kingdom  of  Transjurane  Burgundy. — The  crown  of  France  in  dispute  between  Eudes,  Count  of 
Paris,  and  the  Caroling  heir,  Cliarles  the  Simple. 

880.     Second  siege  of  Paris  by  Rollo. 

800.    Third  siege  of  Paris  and  siege  of  Bayeux  by  Rollo. 

891.    Defeat  of  the  Danes  at  Louvaiu  by  King  Arnulf. 

894.  Arnulf  of  Germany  made  Emperor. 

895.  Rome  taken  by  the  Emperor  Arnulf. 

898.  Death  of  Eudes,  leaving  Charles  the  Simple  sole  king  of  France. 

899.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Arnulf;  accession  of  Louis  the  Child  to  the  German  throne. 

900.  Italy  ravaged  in  the  north  by  the  Hungarians. 

Tenth  Century. 

901.  Death  of  the  English  king,  Alfred  the  Great,  and  accession  of  his  son,  Edward  the  Elder. 
—  Founding  of  the  Samanide  dynasty  in  Ivhorassan. 

904.    Sergius  III.  made  Pope;  Ix-ginning  of  the  rule  of  the  courtesans  at  Rome. 

909.  Founding  of  the  Fatimite  caliphate  in  Africa. 

910.  Founding  of  the  monastery  of  C'lugny  in  France. 

911.  Deatli  of  the  Emperor  Louis  the  Child,  extinguishing  the  Carolingian  dynasty  in  Ger- 
many, and  election  of  Conrad  the  Francouian. —  Defeat  of  the  Northmen  at  Chartres  in  France; 
cession  of  Normandy  to  Rollo. 

912.  Baptism  of  the  Norman  Duke  Rollo. 

914.    Elevation  of  John  X.  to  the  papal  throne  by  the  courtesan,  Theodora.* 
910.     Imperial  coronation  in  Italy  of  Berengar. 

919.  fvlection  of  the  Saxon  Duke,  Henry  the  Fowler,  to  the  kingship  of  Germany. —  Establish- 
ment of  the  Danish  kingdom  of  Dublin. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

31 


923.    The  crown  of  France  disputed  with  Charles  the  Simple  by  Rudolph,  of  Burgundy. 
934.    Devastation  of  Germany  by  the  Hungarians;  truce  agreed  upon  for  nine  years. — Laps« 
of  the  imperial  title  on  the  death  of  Berengar. — Commendation  of  Scotland  to  the  West  Saxon  king. 
925.    Death  of  the  English  liing,  Edward  the  Elder,  and  accession  of  his  son  Ethelstan. 

928.  Overthrow  and  imprisonment  of  Pope  John  X.  by  the  courtesan  Marozia.* 

929.  Death  of  Charles  the  Simple  in  France. 

931.  John  XL,  son  of  the  courtesan  Marozia,  made  Pope.* 

932.  Domination  of  Rome  by  the  Pope's  brother,  Alberic. 

93G.  Election  of  Otho,  called  the  Great,  to  tlie  throne  of  Germany. — Death  of  Rudolph  of 
Burgundy  and  restoration  of  the  Carolingians  to  the  French  throne. 

937.  Ethelstau's  defeat  of  Danes,  Britons  and  Scots  at  the  battle  of  Brunnaburgh. — Invasion 
of  France  by  the  Hungarians. 

940.    Death  of  the  English  king,  Ethelstan,  and  accession  of  his  brother  Edmund. 

946.    Death  of  the  English  Ising,  Edmund,  and  accession  of  his  brother  Edred. 

951.  First  expedition  of  Otho  the  Great  into  Italy;  founding  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire 
(afterwards  so  called). 

954.  Death  of  Alberic,  tyrant  of  Rome,  his  son,  Octavian,  succeeding  him. —  Death  of  the 
Carolingian  king  of  France,  Louis  IV.,  called  "  d'Outremer  ";  accession  of  Lothaire. 

955.  Germany  invaded  by  the  Hungarians ;  their  decisive  defeat  on  the  Lech. —  Death  of  the 
English  king,  Edred,  and  accession  of  his  nephew,  Edwig. 

95G.    Assumption  of  the  Papal  throne  by  Octavian,  as  John  XII. 

957.    Revolt  against  the  English  king  Edwig ;  division  of  the  kingdom  with  his  brother  Edgar.* 

959.    Death  of  Edwig  and  accession  of  Edgar ;  Abbot  Dunstan  made  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

961.  The  crown  of  Italy  taken  by  Otho  the  Great,  of  Germany. 

962.  Imperial  coronation  of  Otho  the  Great  at  Rome ;  revival  of  the  "Western  Empire. 

963.  Expulsion  and  deposition  of  Pope  John  XII. ;  election  of  Leo  VIII. 

964.  Expulsion  of  Pope  Leo  VIII. ;  return  and  death  of  John  XII. ;  siege  and  capture  of 
Rome  by  the  Emperor. 

965.  Death  of  Pope  Leo  VIII. ;  election,  expulsion,  and  forcible  restoration  of  John  XUL 
967.     Conquest  of  Egypt  by  the  Fatimite  caliph.* 

969.    Murder  of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Nicephorus  Phocas  by  John  Zimisces,  his  successor. 
972      Marriage  of  Otho,  the  Western  Emperor's  son,  to  the  Byzantine  princess,  Theophano. — 
Death  of  Pope  John  XIII.,  and  election  of  Pope  Benedict  VI. 

973.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Otho  the  Great;  accession  of  Otho  II. 

974.  Murder  of  Pope  Benedict  VI. 

975.  Election  of  Pope  Benedict  VII. —  Death  of  the  English  king  Edgar;  accession  of  hla 
son  Edward  the  Martyr. 

979.     Death  of  Edward  the  Martyr;  accession  of  Ethelred  the  Unready.* 

983.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Otho  II. ;  accession  of  Otho  III.  to  the  German  throne,  under  the 
regency  of  his  mother,  Theophano. —  Death  of  Pope  Benedict  VII.  —  First  visit  of  Erik  the  Red  to 
Greenland. 

984.  Election  of  Pope  John  XIV. 

985.  Murder  of  Pope  John  XIV. ;  election  of  Pope  John  XV. 

986.  Death  of  Lothaire,  king  of  France ;  accession  of  his  son  Louis  V. 

987.  Death  of  Louis  V.,  the  last  of  the  Carolingian  kings;  election  of  Hugh  Capet. 

988.  Death  of  Dunstan,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  —  Cherson  acquired  by  the  Romans. 
991.    Invasion  of  England  by  Vikings  from  Norway;  battle  of  Maldon. 

996.  Death  of  Hugh  Capet,  king  of  France;  accession  of  his  son,  Robert  II. — Death  of  Pope 
John  XV. ;  election  of  Gregory  V.  —  Imperial  coronation  of  Otho  III. 

997.  Insurrection  of  peasants  in  Normandy. — Rebellion  of  Crescentius  in  Rome;  expulsion 
of  the  Pope. 

998.  Overthrow  of  Crescentius  at  Rome. — Excommunication  of  King  Robert  of  France. 

999.  Gerbert  raised  by  the  Emperor  to  the  Papal  chair,  as  Sylvester  II. 

lOOO.    Expectations  of  the  end  of  tlie  world. — Pilgrimages  of  the  Emperor  Otho. — Royal  title 
conferred  on  Duke  Stephen  of  Hungary,  by  the  Pope.  —  Christianity  formally  adopted  in  Iceland. 

Eleventh  Century. 

1002.  Massacre  of  Danes  in  England  on  St.  Brice's  Day. — Death  of  the  Emperor  Otto  III., 
and  election  of  Henry  11. 

1003.  Invasion  of  England  by  Sweyn  of  Denmark. 
1005.     Birth  of  Lanfranc*  (d.  1089). 

1013.  Flight  to  Normandy  of  the  English  king,  Ethelred.— The  West  and  North  of  England 
submissive  to  Sweyn. —  Imperial  coronation  of  Henry  II. 

1014.  Death  of  Sweyn. —  Return  of  Ethelred  to  England;  his  war  with  Sweyn's  son  Canute. 
—  Defeat  of  the  Danes  at  the  battle  of  Clontarf  in  Ireland ;  death  of  King  Brian. 

1016.  Death  of  the  English  kings,  Ethelred  and  his  son,  Edmund  Ironside. —  Submission  of 
the  kingdom  to  Canute,  king  of  Denmark. 

1017.  The  Saracens  driven  from  Sardinia  by  the  Pisans  and  Genoese. 
1024.    Death  of  the  Emperor  Henry  II.,  and  election  of  Conrad  II. 
1027.     Imperial  coronation  of  Conrad  II. 

1031.    End  of  the  Ommeyyad  caliphate  of  Cordova,  in  Spain. — Death  of  Robert  II.,  king  of 
France ;  accession  of  Henry  I. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

32 


I 


1033.    Birth  of  Saint  Anselm*  (d.  1109). 

1035.  Death  of  Canute,  king  of  England  and  Denmark,  and  accession  of  his  son  Harold.  — 
Creation  of  the  kingdom  of  Aragon  in  Spain. 

1039.  Death  of  Conrad  II.,  and  election  of  Henry  III.,  king  of  Germany.  —  Murder  of  Dun- 
can, king  of  Scotland,  by  his  successor,  Macbeth. 

1040.  Deatli  of  Harold,  king  of  England,  and  accession  of  Hardicanute. 

1042.  Death  of  Hardicanute,  and  end  of  Danish  rule  in  England. — Accession  of  Edward  the 
Confessor. 

1044.    Sale  of  the  papal  see  by  Benedict  IX.  to  Gregory  VI. 

1046.  Three  rival  popes  suppressed  by  the  Emperor  Henry  HI. — Election  of  Pope  Clement 
n. — Imperial  coronation  of  Henry  III. 

1049.  Election  of  Pope  Leo  IX. — The  monk  Hildebrand  made  Administrator  of  the  Patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter. 

1051.  Exile  of  Earl  Godwine  of  Wessex.— Visit  of  William  of  Normandy  to  England. 

1052.  Return  of  Earl  Godwine  to  England. 

1053.  Defeat  of  Pope  Leo  IX.  by  the  Guiscards.— The  Norman  conquests  in  southern  Italy 
conferred  on  them  as  a  fief  of  the  Church.— Death  of  Earl  Godwine. 

1054.  Death  of  Pope  Leo  IX.— Final  separation  of  the  Eastern  and  "Western  Churches. 

1055.  Election  of  Pope  Victor  II. 

1056.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Henry  IH. —Election  of  Henry  IV.,  king  of  Germany,  under 
the  regency  of  his  mother. 

lOCO.     Death  of  Henry  I.,  king  of  France;  accession  of  Philip  I. 

1006.  Invasion  of  England  by  the  Norwegian  king,  Harold  Hardrada,  and  Tostig,  the  Eng- 
Mah  king  Harold's  brother;  their  defeat  at  Stamford  Bridge.— Invasion  of  England  by  WilUam, 
duke  of  Normandy;  defeat  of  the  English  at  Senlac  or  Hastings;  death  of  Harold,  last  of  the 
Saxon  kings.  ,  „     ,      ,  ,      . 

107 1.    Final  overthrow  of  the  English  at  Ely.— The  Norman  conquest  of  England  completed. 

1073.    Election  of  Hildebrand  (Gregory  VII.)  to  the  papal  throne. 

1075.  Synod  of  Pope  Gregory  and  its  decrees  against  clerical  incontinence,  and  decrees 
against  simony.— Beginning  of  strife  between  the  Pope  and  Henry  IV.— Great  defeat  of  the  Saxons, 
by  Henrv  IV.,  at  Langensalza. 

107'6.  Council  at  Worms,  called  by  Henry  IV.  of  Germany,  which  pronounces  the  deposition 
of  the  Pope.— Excommunication  of  Henry  by  Pope  Gregory  VII.  — Jerusalem  captured  by  the 
Sell uk  Turks. 

1077.  Humiliation  of  Henry  IV.  before  Pope  Gregory  at  Canossa;  election  of  the  antl-klng 
Rudolph.  — Donation  of  the  Countess  Matilda  to  the  Holy  See.— Accession  of  Ladislaus  (called 
E)aint),  king  of  Hungary. 

1078.  Building  of  the  Great  or  White  Tower  at  London.* 
1070.     Birth  of  Abelard  (d.  1142). 

1080.  Renewal  of  the  Pope's  ban  against  Henry  IV.  — Defeat  and  death  of  his  rival  Rudolph. 
— Election  of  the  anti-pope.  Clement  III. 

1081.  Unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  city  of  Rome  by  Henry  IV.— Invasion  of  Greece  by  the 
Norman  duke,  Robert  Guiscard.— Constantinople  sacked  by  the  army  of  Alexius  Comnenus ;  corona- 
tion of  Alexius.  . 

1084.  Henry  IV.  in  Rome.— Seating  of  the  anti-pope,  Clement  III.— Impenal  coronation  of 
Henry  IV.  — Sack  and  b\irning  of  Rome  by  the  Normans  under  Robert  Guiscard.  — Founding  of  the 
Carthusian  Order  by  Saint  Bruno. 

1085.  Death  of  Pope  Gregory  VII.  in  exile  at  Salerno.— Death  of  Robert  Guiscard. 
108(>.    Completion  in  England  of  King  William's  Domesday  Survey  and  Domesday  Book. 
1087.     Death  of  William  the  Conqueror;  accession  of  William  Rufus  to  the  English  throne. 
10J)1,     Rebellion  of  Conrad,  eldest  son  of  the  German  emperor,  Henry  IV.— Birth  of  Saint 

Bernard  (d.  lir)3). 

1094.    The  Council  of  Clermont.— Address  of  Pope  Urban  IL 

105)5.    Death  of  (Saint)  Ladislaus  of  Hungary. 

lOOO.    Movement  of  the  first  armies  of  the  Crusades;  massacre  of  Jews  in  Europe. 

lOOO.  Coronation  of  Henry  V.,  second  son  of  the  emperor,  as  King  of  the  Romans.— Recovery 
of  the  Holy  City  by  the  Crusaders:  founding  of  the  Latin  kingdom  of  Jerusalem. 

1 100.  Death  of  William  Rufus,  king  of  England,  and  accession  of  Henry  I 

Twelfth  Century. 

1101.  Disastrous  crusading  expeditions  from  Italy,  France  a  Germany.— Agreement 
between  King  Henry  I.  of  England  and  his  brother  Robert. 

1104.  Rebellion  against  the  Emperor,  Henry  IV.,  headed  by  his  son. 

1105.  Imprisonment  and  abdication  of  the  Emperor,  Henry  IV. 

1100.  English  conquest  of  Normandy;  defeat  and  capture  of  Duke  Robert.— Death  of  the 
Emperor,  llenrv  IV. 

1 108.     Death  ot  Philip  I.,  king  of  Franco,  and  accession  of  Louis  VI.  (the  Fat). 

I  lOO.     Death  of  An.selm,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

II  lO.     Expedition  of  Henry  V.  to  Italy.  .        ,  _,  it       n 

1111.  Insurrection  at  Rome ;  attack  on  the  Germans ;  imperial  coronation  of  Henry  V.—  Con- 
cession of  the  right  of  investiture  by  the  Pope. 

1112.  Repudiation  of  the  Pope's  concession  and  renewal  of  the  War  of  Investitures. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

33 


1115.  Death  of  the  Countess  Matilda  of  Tuscany;  her  vast  possessions  bequeathed  to  the 
Church. 

1118.  Death  of  Pope  Pascal  II.  —  Election  of  Pope  Gelasius  II.  and  the  anti-pope  Gregory 
VIII. — Founding  of  the  Order  of  the  Templars. 

1119.  Battle  of  Noyon,  in  Normandy. — Death  of  Pope  Gelasius  II.  and  election  of  Callistus  II. 

1120.  The  sinking  of  "the  White  Ship  ";  drowning  of  the  English  King  Henry's  son. 

1121.  Condemnation  of  Abelard  in  Prance. 

1122.  Settlement  of  the  question  of  investitures;  Concordat  of  Worms. 

1123.  First  Lateran  Council  of  the  Church. 

1124.  Death  of  Pope  Callistus  II.  and  election  of  Honorius  II. 

1125.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Henry  V.  and  election  of  Lothaire,  of  Saxony,  to  the  German 
throne. — Opening  of  the  strife  between  Guelfs  and  Hohenstaufeus  or  Ghibellinea. 

1130.  Death  of  Pope  Honorius  II. ;  election  of  Innocent  II.,  and  the  anti-pope,  Anacletus  II. 

1131.  Birth  of  Maimonides*  (d.  1201*). 

1133.    Coronation  of  the  Emperor  Lothaire  at  Rome. 

1135.  Death  of  Henry  I.,  king  of  England;  civil  war  between  Stephen  and  Matilda. 

1 136.  Progress  of  the  Emperor  Lothaire  through  the  peninsula  of  Italy ;  submission  of  the 
cities. 

1137.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Lothaire. — Death  of  Louis  VI.  of  France  and  accession  of 
Louis  VII. ;  his  marriage  to  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine. — Birth  of  Saladin  (d.  1193). 

1138.  Election  in  Germany  of  Conrad  of  Hohenstaufen. — Second  invasion  of  England  by 
David  of  Scotland. — Battle  of  the  Standard. 

1139.  Banishment  from  Italy  of  Arnold  of  Brescia. —  Defeat  of  the  Moors  in  Portugal  by 
Aflonso  Henriques,  at  the  battle  of  Orik  or  Ourique. —  Second  Lateran  Council  of  the  Church. 

1140.  Siege  of  Weimsberg.  —  First  use  of  the  party  names,  Welf  or  Guelf  and  Waiblingen  or 
Ghlbelline. — Portugal  separated  from  Castile,  and  made  a  separate  kingdom. 

1 14:2.     Death  of  Abelard  at  Clugny. 

1143.  Death  of  Pope  Innocent  III. — Election  of  Celestine  II. 

1144.  Turkish  capture  of  Edessa. —  Jerusalem  threatened.  —  Appeal  to  Europe. — Death  of 
Pope  Celestine  II. —  Election  of  Lucius  II. 

1145.  Death  in  battle  of  Pope  Lucius  II.  and  election  of  Eugenius  II. —  Establishment  of  the 
republic  of  Arnold  of  Brescia  at  Rome. 

1146.  Massacre  of  Jews  by  Crusaders  and  mobs  in  Germany. —  Sack  of  Thebes  and  Corinth 
by  the  Norman  King  Roger  of  Sicily.  < 

1147.  The  Second  Crusade,  from  France  and  Germany. —  Lisbon  taken  from  the  Moors  and 
made  the  capital  of  Portugal. — Founding  of  Moscow. 

1148.  Unsuccessful  siege  of  Damascus  by  the  Crusaders. 

1 152.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Conrad  of  Hohenstaufen  and  election  of  Frederick  I.  (Barbarossa). 
— Marriage  of  Prince  Henry,  afterward  Henry  II.  of  England,  to  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine. 

1153.  Death  of  Pope  Eugenius  III.  and  election  of  Anastasius  IV. 

1154.  Death  of  Stephen,  king  of  England,  and  accession  of  Henry  II. —  First  expedition  of 
Frederick  Barbarossa  into  Italy. —  Death  of  Pope  Anastasius  IV.  and  election  of  Hadrian  IV. —  Ire- 
land granted  to  the  English  crown  by  Pope  Hadrian  IV. 

1155.  Overthrow  of  the  republic  of  Arnold  of  Brescia  at  Rome;  his  death. — Tumult  at  the 
imperial  coronation  of  Frederick  Barbarossa. 

1 158.  Second  expedition  of  Frederick  Barbarossa  into  Italy. — Siege  of  Milan. 

1159.  Death  of  Pope  Hadrian  IV. ;  election  of  Alexander  III.  and  the  anti-pope  Victor  IV. 

1162.  Thomas  Becket  made  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. — Destruction  of  Milan  by  Frederick 
Barbarossa. — Birth  of  Genghis  Khan*  (d.  1227). 

1163.  Third  visitation  of  Frederick  Barbarossa  to  Italy. 

1164.  Enactment  of  the  Constitutions  of  Clarendon  in  England. — Death  of  the  anti-pope 
Victor  IV.  and  election  of  the  anti-pope  Pascal  III. 

1166.  The  Assize  of  Clarendon  in  England.— Fourth  Italian  expedition  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa. 

1167.  Formation  of  the  League  of  Lombardy;  rebuilding  of  Milan.— Storming  of  Rome  by 
Frederick  Barbarossa :  seating  of  the  anti-pope  Pascal. 

1 168.  Death  of  the  anti-pope  Pascal  III.  and  election  of  the  anti-pope  Callistus  III. 

1169.  Beginning  of  Strongbow's  conquest  of  Ireland. 

1170.  Murder  of  Archbishop  Thomas  Becket  in  England.— Birth  of  Saint  Dominic  (d.  1331). 

1174.  Invasion  of  England  by  King  William  of  Scotland.- His  defeat  and  capture.— Last 
visitation  of  Italy  by  Frederick  Barbarossa.— The  leaning  tower  of  Pisa  commenced. 

1175.  Anglo-Norman  conquest  of  Ireland  completed;  limits  of  the  English  pale  defined. 

1176.  Defeat  of  Frederick  Barbarossa  by  the  Lombard  League  at  Legnano. 

1177.  The  peace  of  Venice ;  submission  of  the  Emperor  to  the  Pope,  Alexander  III. 

1179.  Submission  of  the  anti-pope,  Callistus  III.,  to  Pope  Alexander  III.— Third  Lateran 
Council  of  the  Church. 

1180.  Death  of  Louis  VII.,  king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Philip  Augustus. — Sentence 
against  Henry  the  Lion  in  Germany. 

1181 .  Death  of  Pope  Alexander  IH.  and  election  of  Lucius  III. 

1182.  Birth  of  Saint  Francis  of  Assisi  (d.  1226). 

1183.  Peace  of  Constance  between  Germany  and  Italy. — Independence  of  the  Lombard  Re- 
publics. 

%     

•  Uncertain  date. 

34 


1 1 84.  Birth  of  Saadi*  (d.  1291). 

1185.  Death  of  Pope  Lucius  III.  and  election  of  Urban  III. 

1187.  Saladin's  victory  at  Tiberias ;  recovery  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Moslems.— Death  of  Pope 
Urban  III. ;  election  and  death  of  Gregory  VIII. ;  election  of  Clement  III.— End  of  the  Ghaznavide 
dynasty  in  Afghanistan. 

1 188.  Imposition  of  the  Tithe  of  Saladin  in  England. 

1189.  Death  of  King  Henry  II.  of  England  and  accession  of  Richard  I.  (Creur  de  Lion).— Cru- 
sade of  King  Richard  of  England,  Philip  Augustus  of  France,  and  Frederick  Barbarossa  of  Germany. 
— Massacre  of  Jews  in  England. 

1190.  Death,  by  drowning,  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  Barbarossa,  in  Asia  Minor;  accession  of 
Henry  VI.,  king  of  Germany. 

1191.  Death  of  Pope  Clement  III.  and  election  of  Celestine  III. — Imperial  coronation  of  the 
Emperor  Henry  VI. 

1192.  Captivity  of  King  Richard  of  England. 

1 195.  Birth  of  Matthew  Paris*  (d.  1259). 

1196.  Crusade  of  German  barons  to  the  Holy  Land. 

1199.    Death  of  King  Richard  I.  of  England;  accession  of  John. 

Thirteenth  Century. 

1201.  Crusade  to  the  Holy  Land  urged  by  Pope  Innocent  IIL — Institution  of  the  Order  of 
the  Sword  for  crusading  against  the  heathen  of  the  Baltic  region.  —  Cession  to  the  Papacy  by  the 
Emperor,  Otho  IV.,  of  all  the  territory  claimed  by  Innocent  III.  as  constituting  the  States  of  the 
Church. —  Chartering  of  the  University  of  Paris  by  Philip  Augustus. 

1202.  The  Crusaders  at  Venice;  their  bargain  with  the  Venetians  and  attack  on  Zara. 

1203.  Attack  on  Constantinople  by  the  Crusaders  and  Venetians. 

1204.  Capture  and  pillage  of  Constantinople  by  the  Crusaders  and  Venetians  ;  creation  of  the 
Latin  Empire  of  Romania  and  election  of  Baldwin  of  Flanders  to  the  throne. —  Loss  of  Normandy 
by  King  John  of  England. — Founding  of  the  Monastery  of  Port  Royal. 

1205.  Genghis  Khan  proclaimed  by  a  great  assembly  Khakan  or  Emperor  of  Tartary. 

1206.  Founding  of  the  Greek  empire  of  Niciea  by  Theodore  Lascaris. 

1209.  First  crusade  against  the  Albigenses,  instigated  by  Pope  Innocent  III.  —  Imperial 
coronation  of  Otho  IV.  at  Rome. 

1210.  Second  crusade  against  the  Albigenses. — Founding  of  the  Franciscan  Order  of  Friars. 

1212.  Children's  Crusade  from  France  and  Germany. —  Great  defeat  of  the  Moors  by  the 
Christians  on  Las  Navas  de  Tolosa,  in  Spain. 

1213.  Subjugation  of  the  Albigenses  by  Simon  de  Montfort,  who  receives  the  principality  of 
Toulouse. —  Submission  of  John  of  England  to  the  Pope  as  a  vassal. 

1214.  Battle  of  Bouvines,  in  Flanders  ;  defeat  of  the  English  king,  John,  and  the  German 
king  and  emperor  Otho  IV.,  by  Philip  Augustus  of  France. —  Birth  of  Roger  Bacon  (d.  1293). 

1216.  The  Great  Charter  extorted  from  King  John  by  the  barons  of  England. —  Founding  of 
the  Dominican  Order  of  Friars.  —  Beginning,  in  Florence,  of  the  fierce  quarrel  of  Guelfs  and  Ghibel- 
lines. 

1216.  Election  of  Pope  Honorius  III.  —  Crusade  to  the  Holy  Land  led  by  King  Andrew  of 
Hungary. —  Death  of  King  John  of  England  and  accession  of  Henry  III. 

1217.  Revolt  of  the  Toulousans;  death  of  Simon  de  Montfort. 

1218.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Otho  IV. — Attack  of  the  Crusaders  on  Egypt;  siege  of 
Damietta. 

1220.  Imperial  coronation  of  Frederick  IL,  the  Hohenstaufen. —  Evacuation  of  Egypt  by  the 
Crusaders. — Destruction  of  Bokhara  by  Genghis  Khan. 

1222.  The  charter  called  the  Golden  Bull  conferred  on  Hungary  by  King  Andrew. 

1223.  Death  of  Philip  Augustus,  king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Louis  VIII. 

1224.  Birth  of  Sire  de  Joinville  (d.  1317). 

1226.  Renewed  crusade  against  the  Albigenses;  invasion  of  Langucdoc  by  the  French  king, 
Louis  VIII.,  after  buying  the  rights  of  Simon  de  Montfort's  son.  —  Death  of  Louis  VIII.  and  acces- 
sion in  France  of  Louis  IX.  (Saint  Louis)  under  the  regency  of  Blanche  of  Castile. 

1227.  Election  of  Pope  Gregory  IX. — Death  of  Genghis  Khan. — Birth  of  Thomas  Aquinas* 
(d.  1274). 

1228.  Crusade  led  by  the  Emperor  Frederick  IL — His  treaty  with  the  Sultan,  recovering 
Jerusalem. 

1229.  Cession,  by  treaty,  of  two  thirds  of  the  dominions  of  the  expelled  Count  of  Toulouse  to 
the  king  of  France. —  Frederick  II.  in  Jerusalem. 

12.'S0.  Castile  and  Leon  united  under  Ferdinand  III. 

1235.  Recovery  of  Cordova  from  the  Moors  by  Ferdinand  III,  of  Leon  and  Castile. 

1236.  Defeat  of  the  Lombard  League  by  Freilerick  II.  at  Cortenuova. 
1238.  Founding  of  the  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada,  in  Spain. 

1240.  Birth  of  Cimabue  (d.  1.302*). 

1241.  Election  and  death  of  Celestine  IV.— Invasion  and  desolation  of  Russia,  Hungary  and 
Poland  by  the  Mongols,  or  Tatars. 

1242.  Sack  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Carismians. 
124.3.    Election  of  Pope  Innocent  IV. 

1244.  Earliest  use  of  the  name  Parliament  in  England. 

1245.  Decree  of  the  Council  at  Lyons,  held  by  Pope  Innocent  IV.,  deposing  Frederick  II. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

35 


1248.  Expulsion  of  the  Guelfs  from  Florence.— Crusade  of  Saint  Louis.— Recovery  of 
Seville  from  the  Moors  by  King  Ferdinand  III.  of  Leon  and  Castile. 

1249.  Commencement  of  the  building  of  Cologne  cathedral. 

1250.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  II. —  Rising  of  the  people  and  establishing  of  a  popu- 
lar constitution  in  Florence. —  Defeat  and  captivity  of  Saint  Louis  and  his  crusaders  in  Egypt. 

1252.     Crusading  movement  of  "  the  Pastors  "  in  France. 

1254.  Election  in  Germany  of  William  of  Holland  to  be  King  of  the  Romans. —  Election  of 
Pope  Alexander  IV. —  Return  of  the  Guelfs  to  Florence,  driving  out  the  Ghibellines. 

1257.  Double  election  in  Germany  of  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall,  and  King  Alfonso  X.  of 
Castile,  rival  Kings  of  the  Romans. 

1258.  Formulation  in  England  of  the  Provisions  of  Oxford. —  Founding  of  the  Mongol  empire 
of  the  Ilkhans,  embracing  Persia  and  Mesopotamia. 

1259.  Beginning  of  the  reign  of  the  great  Mongol  sovereign,  Kublai  Khan,  whose  empire 
covered  most  of  Asia. 

1260.  Defeat  of  the  Florentine  Guelfs  at  Montaperte  by  the  exiled  Ghibellines;  expulsion  of 
Guelfs  from  Florence  and  Lucca. 

1261.  Fall  of  the  Latin  Empire  of  Romania;  recovery  of  Constantinople  by  the  Greeks  of 
NIcsea.  —  Election  of  Pope  Urban  IV. 

1263.  Norwegian  invasion  of  Scotland  and  defeat  at  Largs. 

1264.  Battle  of  Lewes,  in  England;  victory  of  the  Barons.  —  Summoning  of  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort's  Parliament. 

1265.  Election  of  Pope  Clement  IV. —  Battle  of  Evesham  in  England;  defeat  and  death  of 
Simon  de  Montfort.— Birth  of  Dante  (d.  1321).— Birth  of  Duns  Scotus(d.  1308). 

1266.  Conquest  of  Sicily  by  Charles  of  Anjou. — Exclusion  of  the  Florentine  Grandi,  or 
nobles,  from  all  part  in  the  government  of  th:  commonwealth. 

1268.  Execution  of  Conradin,  the  last  Hohenstaufen,  in  Sicily. 

1269.  Restoration  of  the  Guelfs  in  Florence,  with  help  from  Charles  of  Anjou. 

1270.  Second  Crusade  of  Saint  Louis;  his  attack  on  Tunis;  his  death;  accession  in  France  of 
Philip  III. 

1271.  Election  of  Pope  Gregory  X. —  Crusade  of  Prince  Edward,  of  England. 

1272.  End  of  the  Great  Interregnum  in  the  Empire;  election  of  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg,  King 
of  the  Romans. —  Death  of  Henry  III.  king  of  England,  during  the  absence  in  the  Holy  Land  of 
his  son  and  successor,  Edward  I. 

1276.  Election  and  death  of  Popes  Innocent  V.  and  Hadrian  V. ;  election  of  Pope  John  XXI. 
—Birth  of  Giotto  (d.  1337*). 

1277.  Election  of  Pope  Nicholas  III. 

1278.  Defeat,  at  Marschfeld,  of  Ottocar,  king  of  Bohemia,  by  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg. — 
Ghibellines  permitted  to  return  to  Florence. 

1281.  Election  of  Pope  Martin  IV. 

1282.  Settlement  of  Austria,  Styria  and  Carniola  on  the  Hapsburg  family,  thus  founding  the 
House  of  Austria. — Massacre  of  French  in  Sicily,  called  "the  Sicilian  Vespers";  acquisition  of  the 
crown  of  Sicily  by  Pedro  of  Aragon. 

1284.  Completed  conquest  of  Wales  by  Edward  I.  of  England. 

1285.  Election  of  Pope  Honorius  IV. — Death  of  Philip  III.,  in  France,  and  accession  of 
Philip  IV. 

1288.  Election  of  Pope  Nicholas  IV. 

1289.  Victory  of  the  Florentines  at  Campaldino  over  the  Ghibellines  of  Arezzo  and  their  allies. 

1290.  Expulsion  of  Jews  from  England  by  Edward  I. — Death  of  Margaret,  queen  of  Scotland, 
called  "  The  Maid  of  Norway  " ;  disputed  succession  to  the  Scottish  throne. — Birth  of  John  Tauler 
(d.  1361). 

1291.  Death  of  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg;  election  of  Adolf  of  Nassau,  King  of  the  Romans. 
— Siege  and  conquest  of  Acre  by  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  and  Syria;  end  of  the  Christian  kingdom  of 
Jerusalem;  rally  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers  in  Cyprus. — Confederation  of  the  three  Forest  Cantons 
of  Switzerland. 

1294.  Election  and  abdication  of  Pope  Celestine  V. ;  election  of  Boniface  VIII. 

1295.  The  "first  perfect  and  model  Parliament"  of  England  summoned  by  King  Edward  I. 

1296.  Fulmination  of  tlie  bull  "  Clericis  laicos"  by  Pope  Boniface  VIII.  against  the  taxation 
of  the  clergy  bj'  Philip  the  Fair  of  France. — Invasion  and  conquest  of  Scotland  by  Edward  I.  of 
England. 

1297.  Defeat  of  the  English  at  Stirling  by  the  Scottish  hero  Wallace. 

1298.  Deposition  of  Adolf  of  Nassau  by  the  German  Electors,  and  election  of  Albert  of 
Austria. 

1299.  Alliance  of  the  Templars  with  the  Mongols,  and  defeat  of  the  Turks  at  Hems;  momen- 
tary recovery  of  Jerusalem. — Invasion  of  the  Greek  Empire  by  the  Ottoman  Turks. 

1300.  Institution  of  the  Jubilee  by  Pope  Boniface  VIII. — Rise  of  the  factions  of  the  Neri  and 
Bianchi  at  Florence. — Birth  of  William  Occam  (d.  13-i7). 

Fourteenth  Century. 

1301.  The  papal  bulls,  "  Salvator  mundi  "  and  "  Ausculta  fili,"  launched  by  Pope  Boniface 
VIII.  against  Philip  IV.,  king  of  France. —  First  meeting  of  the  States-General  of  France,  convened 
by  the  king. —  Death  of  Andrew  III.,  king  of  Hungary,  ending  the  Arpad  line  of  sovereigns,  and 
leaving  the  crown  contested  for  several  years. 

*  Uncertain  date. 

36 


1302.  Banishment  of  Dante  and  his  party  from  Florence. 

1303.  Seizure  of  Pope  Boniface  VIII.  at  Agnani;  his  death;  election  of  Benedict  XI. —  Sub. 
mission  of  Scotland  to  Edward  I.  of  England. 

1304.  Birth  of  Petrarch  (d.  1374). 

1305.  Election  of  Pope  Clement  V. —  Establishment  of  the  papal  court  at  Lyons,  France; 
beginning  of  the  so-called  "Babylonish  Captivity." 

1300.     Rising  in  Scotland  under  Robert  Bruce  against  the  rule  of  the  English  king. 

1307.  Arrest  of  the  Knights  Templars  in  France  by  King  Philip  IV. —  Death  of  Edward  I., 
king  of  England,  and  accession  of  Edward  II. —  Ravages  of  the  Catalan  Grand  Company  in  Greece. 

1308.  Election  in  Germany  of  Henry  of  Luxemburg  (Henry  VII.). 

1309.  Removal  of  the  papal  court  to  Avignon, 

1310.  The  burning  of  59  Templars  at  Paris. — Expedition  of  Henry  VII.  into  Italy. — 
Acquisition  of  the  crown  of  Hungary  by  the  Neapolitan  House  of  Anjou,  in  the  person  of  Charles 
Robert,  or  Charobert.  —  Conquest  of  Rhodes  from  the  Turks  by  the  Knights  Hospitallers  of 
St.  John. 

1311.  Sovereignty  of  Milan  secured  by  Slatteo  Visconti. 

1312.  Abolition  of  the  Order  of  the  Templars. —  Imperial  coronation  of  Henry  VII.  at  Rome. 

1313.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Henry  VII.  at  Pisa.  —  IBirth  of  Boccaccio  (d.  1375). 

1314.  Death  in  France  of  Philip  IV.,  called  "the  Fair,"and  accession  of  Louis  X..  called 
"Hutin. " — Election  in  Germany  of  rival  Kings  of  the  Romans,  Frederick  of  Austria  and  Louis  of 
Bavaria  (Louis  V.).  —  Great  defeat  of  the  English  by  the  Scots  at  Banuockburu.  —  Invasion  of  Ireland 
by  Edward  Bruce. 

1315.  Edict  of  the  French  king,  Louis  Hutin,  emancipating  all  serfs  within  the  royal  domains, 
on  payment  of  a  just  composition. —  Defeat  of  Frederick  of  Austria  by  the  Swiss  at  MoVgarten. 

1^16.  Election  of  Pope  John  XXII. — Death,  in  France,  of  Louis  Hutin,  and  accession  of  his 
brother  Philip  V. 

1318.     Defeat  and  death  of  Edward  Bruce,  in  the  battle  of  Dundalk,  Ireland. 

1320.  Establishment  of  the  tyranny  of  Castruccio  at  Lucca. —  Composition  of  the  Old  English 
poem,  "Cursor  Mundi."* 

1322.  Death  of  the  French  king,  Philip  V.,  and  accession  of  his  brother,  Charles  IV. — 
Triumph  of  Louis  V.  over  Frederick  at  the  battle  of  Muhldorf  in  Germany;  excommunication  of 
Louis. — Departure  of  Sir  John  Maundeville  on  his  travels  in  tlie  East. 

1324.  Birth  of  Wyclif*  (d.  1384).—  Birtli  of  William  of  Wykeham  (d.  1404). 

1325.  Birth  of  John  Gower*  (d.  1408). 

1320.     First  admission  of  burgesses  into  the  Scottish  parliament. 

1327.  Death  of  Edward  II.,  king  of  England,  and  accession  of  Edward  III. — Expedition  of 
Louis  V. ,  of  Germany,  into  Italy ;  his  imperial  coronation  at  Rome. 

1328.  Death  of  Charles  IV.,  king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Philip  VI.,  the  first  of  the 
House  of  Valois. —  Peace  of  Northampton  between  the  English  and  the  Scotch.  —  Death  of  Cas- 
truccio, of  Lucca. —  Birth  of  Chaucer*  (d.  1400). 

1320.     Death  of  Robert  Bruce,  king  of  Scotland  and  accession  of  his  infant  son,  David. 
1330.    Surrender  of  Nicsea  to  the  Ottoman  Turks. 

1332.  Acquisition  of  the  throne  of  Scotland  by  Edward  Balliol,  with  English  aid. 

1333.  Defeat  of  the  Scots  by  Edward  III.  of  England,  at  llalidon  Hill.  —  Accession  in  Poland 
of  Casimir  the  Great,  last  king  of  the  Piast  line. 

1334.  Election  of  Pope  Benedict  XII. 
i33«.     Birth  of  Timour,  or  Tamerlane  (d.  1405). 

1337.  Revolt  of  tlie  Flemings  under  Jacques  Van  Arteveld. — Birth  of  Froissart,  the  chronicler 
(d.  1410»). 

1338.  Declaration  by  the  German  Diet  of  the  independence  of  the  Empire  in  temporal  matters. 
1330.     Beginning  of  the  Hundred  Years  War  between  the  English  aud  French  kings. 

1340.  Successful  war  of  the  Ilanseatic  League  with  Denmark. 

1341.  Return  of  King  David  II.  to  Scotland,  Edward  Balliol  retiring. 

1342.  Walter  de  Brienne,  Duke  of  Athens,  proclaimed  sovereign  lord  of  Florence. —  Death  of 
Charles  Robert,  king  of  Hungary,  and  accession  of  Louis,  called  the  Great. —  Election  of  Popo 
Clement  VI. 

1343.  Expulsion  of  the  duke  of  Athens  from  Florence. —  Death  of  Robert,  king  of  Naples.— 
Acces.sion  of  Queen  Joanna  I. 

1345.     Downfall  and  death  of  Jacques  Van  Arteveld  at  Ghent. 

134G.  Great  Englisli  victory  over  the  French  at  Crecy.— Defeat  of  the  Scots  by  the  English 
at  Neville's  Cross,  and  captivity  of  King  David  II. 

1347.  Outbreak  in  Europe  of  the  plague  called  "  the  Black  Death."—  Death,  in  Germany,  of 
Louis  V.  and  election  of  Cliarles  IV. —  Revolution  of  Rienzi,  in  Rome. 

1348.  Purchase  of  the  sovereignty  of  Aviguon  bj^  Pope  Clement  VI.  from  Joanna,  queen  of 
Naples  and  countess  of  I'roveuce. —  Founding  of  the  University  of  Prague. 

1350.     Deatli  of  Philip  VI.  of  France  and  accession  of  Kmg  John. 

1352.  Election  of  Pope  Innocent  VI. 

1353.  Downfall  and  death  of  Rienzi,  at  Rome. 

1350.  Defeat  of  the  French  by  the  English  Black  Prince  at  Poitiers.— Promulgation  in  Ger- 
many of  the  Golden  Bull  of  Charles  IV. 

1357.  Meeting  of  the  States-General  of  France  and  popular  movement  in  Paris  under 
Stephen  Marcel. 

*  UncertAin  date. 

37 


1358.    Insurrection  of  the  Jacquerie  in  France. 

1360.  The  Peace  of  Bretigny  between  England  and  France,  suspending  for  a  time  the 
Hundred  Years  War. — Outbreak  of  the  Children's  Plague  in  England. — First  distinct  appearance  of 
Wycliffe  in  English  history,  as  an  Oxford  lecturer. 

1361.  Adrianople  taken  by  the  Turks  and  made  the  capital  of  Solyman. 

1362.  Election  of  Pope  Urban  V. — Conjectured  composition  or  beginning  of  Langland's 
"  Piers  Plowman,"  in  its  first  form.* 

1364.    Death  of  King  John  of  France;  accession  of  Charles  V. 

1366.  Birth  of  the  painter  Hubert  van  Eyck  (d.  1426). 

1367.  Victory  of  the  Black  Prince  at  Navarette,  in  Spain,  restoring  Peter  the  Cruel  to  the 
throne  of  Castile. — Passage  of  the  Kilkenny  Act,  in  Ireland. 

1369.  Reopening  of  the  Hundred  Years  War  in  France. — Death,  in  Poland,  of  Casimir  the 
Great,  passing  the  crown  to  Louis  of  Aujou,  king  of  Hungary. 

1370.  Beginning  of  the  Stuart  dynasty  on  the  Scottish  throne. 

1371.  Election  of  Pope  Gregory  XI. 

1373.  Birth  of  John  Huss*  (d.  1415). 

1374.  Appearance  in  Europe  of  the  Dancing  Mania. 

1375.  Appointment  at  Florence  of  the  Eight  Saints  of  War. 

1376.  Death,  in  England,  of  the  Black  Prince. 

1377.  Return  of  the  papal  court  to  Rome  from  Avignon. — Death,  in  England,  of  Edward  TIL, 
and  accession  of  Richard  II. — Birth  of  Brunelleschi  (d.  1444). 

1378.  Election  of  rival  popes.  Urban  VI.  and  Clement  VII. ;  beginning  of  the  Great  Schism. 
— Death  of  the  Emperor  Charles  IV.,  in  Germany,  and  succession  of  Wenceslaus  (elected  King  of 
the  Romans  in  1376). — Tumult  of  the  Ciompi  in  Florence. 

1379.  War  of  the  factions  of  the  rival  popes  in  Rome. — Revolt  of  the  White  Hoods  in  Flanders. 

1380.  Death,  in  France,  of  Charles  V.,  and  accession  of  Charles  VI. — Post  messengers  estab- 
lished in  Germany  by  the  Teutonic  Knights. — Birth  of  Thomas  4  Kempis*  (d.  1471). 

1381.  Capture  of  Naples  by  Charles  of  Durazzo,  who  became  king  as  Charles  III. — Insurrec- 
tion of  the  Maillotins  in  Paris. — Rise  to  power  in  Flanders  of  Philip  Van  Arteveld. — Wat  Tyler's 
rebellion  in  England. 

1382.  Death  of  Louis  the  Great,  king  of  Hungary  and  Poland ;  accession  of  his  daughter 
Mary  in  Hungary,  and  of  Hedvige,  daughter  of  Casimir  the  Great,  in  Poland. — Death,  in  prison,  of 
Queen  Joanna,  of  Naples. — Defeat  and  death  of  Philip  Van  Arteveld  at  Rosebecque. 

1383.  Incorporation  of  Flanders  in  the  dominions  of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy. — Birth  of  Dona- 
tello  (d.  1466). 

1385.  Acquisition  of  the  crown  of  Portugal  by  John  I.,  founder  of  the  House  of  Avis. 

1386.  Marriage  of  the  Emperor  Sigismund  to  Mary,  Queen  of  Hungary, — Assassination,  in 
Hungary,  of  Charles  III.  of  Naples;  accession  in  Naples  of  Ladislas,  contested  by  Louis  of  Anjou. 
— Marriage  of  Hedvige,  queen  of  Poland,  to  Jagellon,  duke  of  Lithuania,  uniting  the  states  and 
founding  the  Jagellon  dynasty. — Victory  of  the  Swiss  over  the  Austrians  at  Sempach. 

1387.  Birth  of  Fra  Angelico  (d.  1455*). 

1388.  Battle  of  Otterburn  between  the  Scots  and  the  English. —  Defeat  of  the  Austrians  by 
the  Swiss  at  Naefels. —  Death  of  the  Persian  poet  Haflz.* 

1389.  Turkish  conquest  of  Bulgaria  and  Servia  by  Amurath  I. ;  decisive  battle  of  Kossova. — 
Election,  at  Rome,  of  Pope  Boniface  IX. 

1390.  War  of  Florence  with  the  duke  of  Milan.  —  Birth  of  Jan  van  Eyck*  (d.  1440*). 
Appearance  of  insanity  in  the  young  French  king,  Charles  VI. 
Birth  of  the  Portuguese  Prince  Henry,  "the  Navigator"  (d.  1460). 
The  Jlilanese  dominion  of  the  Visconti  created  a  duchy  of  the  Empire  by  the  Emperor 


1392 
1394, 
1395 

Wenceslaus. 

1396 
Baiazet. 

1397 
Calmar. 

1398 

1399 


Great  defeat  at  Nicopolls  of  the  Christian  defenders  of  Hungary  by  the  Turkish  Sultan 
Union  of  the  three  crowns  of  Sweden,  Denmark  and  Norway,  called  the  Union  of 

Invasion  of  India  by  Timour,  or  Tamerlane. 

Deposition  of  Richard  II.  from  the  English  throne  by  Henry  of  Bolingbroke,  duke  of 
Lancaster,  who  became  king  as  Henry  IV. 

1400.     Deposition  of  Wenceslaus  by  the  electoral  college  of  Germany.  — Invasion  of  Scotland 
by  Henry  IV.  of  England. 

Fifteenth  Century. 

1402.  Birth  of  Masaccio  (d.  1428). 

1403.  Hotspur's  rebellion  in  England. 

1405.  Sale  of  Pisa  to  Florence  by  the  Visconti.— Capture  by  the  English  of  the  heir  to  the 
Scottish  crown,  afterwards  James  I. 

1406.  Surrender  of  the  Pisans  to  Florence  after  a  year  of  war. 

1407.  Founding  of  the. Bank  of  St.  George  at  Genoa. 

1409.    Chartering  of  the  University  of  Leipsic—  Meeting  of  the  Council  of  Pisa. 

14 1 1.  Defeat  of  the  Scottish  Lord  of  the  Isles  and  the  Highland  clans  at  the  battle  of  Harlaw. 
—  Founding  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrew's. 

1412.  Meeting  of  the  Council  called  at  Rome  by  Pope  John  XXIU. — Birth  of  Joan  of  Arc,  the 
Maid  of  Orleans  (d.  1431).— Birth  of  Filippo  Lippi  (d.  1469). 


Uncertain  date. 


38 


1414.  Meeting  of  the  Council  of  Constance  ;  summons  to  Jolin  Huss  to  appear  before  the 
Council. 

1415.  Condemnation  and  martyrdom  of  Huss.  —  Renewal  of  the  Hundred  Years  War  with 
France  by  Henry  V.  of  England;  his  great  victory  at  Agincourt. — Capture  of  Ceuta  from  the  Moors 
by  the  Portuguese. 

1417.  Massacre  of  Armagnacs  at  Paris.  —  Creation  of  the  Electorate  of  Brandenburg  by  the 
Emperor  Sigismund  and  its  bestowal  on  Frederick,  Count  of  Zollern.  or  Hohenzollem. —  Deposition 
of  the  rival  popes  by  the  Council  of  Constance,  and  ending  of  the  Great  Schism ;  election  of  Pope 
ilartin  V. 

1419.  Rising  of  the  Hussites  in  Bohemia. —  Assassination  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  at  the 
Bridge  of  Montereau,  and  alliance  of  the  Burgundians  with  the  English  invaders  of  France. 

1420.  First  crusade  against  the  Bohemian  Hussites  summoned  by  the  Pope. —  Treaty  of 
Troyes  between  the  English  king,  Henry  V. ,  in  France,  and  the  Burgundians  ;  marriage  of  Henry 
V.  to  Princess  Catherine,  of  France. 

1421.  8econd  crusade  against  the  Bohemians. 

1422.  Date  of  the  first  in  the  collection  of  Paston  Letters. — Death  of  Henry  V.,  king  of 
England,  and  claiming  to  be  king  of  France;  accession  of  his  infant  son  Henry  VI. — Death  of 
Charles  VI.,  king  of  France;  the  succession  of  his  son,  Charles  VII.,  disputed  in  favor  of  the 
infant  Henry  VI.  of  England. 

1424.     Release  of  James  I.  of  Scotland  from  his  long  captivity  in  England. 
1420.     Siege  of  Orleans  by  the  English,  repelled,  under  the  influence  of  Jeanne  d'Arc;  corona- 
tion of  Charles  VII.,  king  of  France. 

1430.  Capture  of  Jeanne  d'Arc  by  the  English. —  Acquisition  of  the  greater  part  of  the 
Netherlands  by  Pliilip  of  Burgundy. 

1431.  Condemnation  and  burning  of  Jeanne  d'Arc  for  witchcraft  by  the  English. — Election 
of  Pope  Eugenius  IV. — Meeting  of  the  Council  of  Basle. — Birth  of  Mantegna  (d.  1506). 

1433.  Treaty  of  the  Council  of  Basle  with  the  insurgent  Bohemians. 

1434.  Organization  of  the  Utraquist  national  church  in  Bohemia. — Attainment  of  power  in 
Florence  by  Cosmo  de'  Medici. — First  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Portuguese  Prince  Henry  to  explore 
the  western  coast  of  Africa. — Birth  of  Boiardo*  (d.  1494). 

1437.  Recovery  of  Paris  from  the  English  by  the  French  king,  Charles  VII. — Death  of  Sigis- 
mund, emperor,  and  king  of  Hungary;  election  of  Albert  of  Austria  to  the  Hungarian  throne. 

1438.  Election  of  Albert  II.  of  Austria  by  the  German  electoral  princes. 

143M.  Death  of  Albert  II.,  of  Germany  and  Hungary;  election  of  Ladlslaus  III.,  king  of 
Poland,  to  the  Hungarian  throne. 

1440.    Election  of  Frederick  III.,  of  Austria,  by  the  electoral  princes  of  Germany. 

1442.  Ladlslaus,  posthumous  son  of  Albert^f  Austria,  acknowledged  king  of  Bohemia,  and 
prospective  king  of  Hungary,  on  the  attainment  of  his  majority. — First  modern  Importation  of 
negro  slaves  Into  Europe,  by  the  Portuguese. 

1444.  Defeat  of  the  "Hungarians  by  the  Turks  at  Varna  and  death  of  Ladlslaus  III.,  king 
of  Poland  and  Hungary;  government  in  Hungary  entrusted  to  John  Huniades,  during  the  minority 
of  Ladlslaus  Posthumus. 

1445.  Destruction  of  Corinth  by  the  Turks.  — Birth  of  Comlnes,  the  clironlcler  (d.  1509). 
1440.     Birth  of  Perugino  (d.  1524). 

1447.  Election  of  Pope  Nicholas  V.,  founder  of  the  Vatican  Library. —  Death  of  the  last  of 
the  ducal  family  of  Visconti,  leaving  the  duchy  in  dispute. 

1450.  Rebellion  of  Jack  Cade  in  England. — Possession  of  Milan  and  the  duchy  won  by 
Francesco  Sfnrza. 

1451.  Rebellion  of  Ghent  against  Philip  of  Burgundy.  —  Founding  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow. 

1452.  Birth  of  Savonarola  (d.  1498).—  Birth  of  Leonardo  da  Vlncl  (d.  1519). 

1453.  Conquest  of  Constantinople  by  tlie  Turks. —  Defeat  of  the  men  of  Ghent  at  Qaveren 
and  their  submission  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy. — Austria  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  archduchy  by  the 
Emperor  Frederick  III.  —  Unsuccessful  rising  in  Rome,  against  the  Papacy,  under  Stefano 
Porcaro. 

1454.  Production  of  the  first  known  Printing  with  movable  type  by  Gutenberg  and  Fust,  at 
Mentz.— Treaty  of  Venice  with  the  Turks,  securing  trade  privileges  and  certain  possessions  in 
Greece. 

1455.  Beginning  of  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  in  England. 

1456.  The  Turks  in  possession  of  Athens.-  Siege  of  Belgrade  by  the  Turks  and  their  defeat 
by  Huniades;  death  of  Huniades.— Publication  at  Mentz  of  the  first  printed  Bible,  now  called  the 
Mazarin  Bible*. 

1457.  Organization  of  the  church  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum  in  Bohemia.— Death  of  Ladlslaus 
Posthumus,  king  of  Bohemia  and  of  Hungary  and  archduke  of  Austria. 

1458.  Submission  of  Genoa  to  the  king  of  France.— Election  of  Matthias,  son  of  Huniades, 
king  of  Hungary,  and  George  Podicbrad,  leader  of  the  church  reform  party,  king  of  Bohemia.- 
Division  of  the  crowns  of  Naples  and  Sicily  (the  Two  Sicilies)  on  the  death  of  Alfonso  of  Aragon. 

14<J0.     Death  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator. 

1401.  Death  of  Charies  VII.,  king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Louis  XL  — Erannclpatlon  of 
Genoa  from  the  yoke  of  France.  — Surrender  of  Trebizond,  the  last  Greek  capital,  to  the  Ottoman 
Turks.  — Deposition  nf  Henry  VI.  declared  by  a  council  of  lords  in  England  and  Edward  Duke  of 
York  crowned  king  {Edward  IV.);  defeat  of  Lancastrians  at  Towton. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

30 


1463.  War  between  Turks  and  Venetians  in  Greece. —  Birth  of  Pico  della  Mirandola  (d.  1494). 

1464.  Submission  of  Genoa  to  the  duke  of  Milan. 

1465.  League  of  the  Public  Weal,  in  France,  against  Louis  XL  ;  battle  of  Montlehery, — 
Siege,  capture  and  pillage  of  Athens  by  the  Venetians. 

1467.  Accession  of  Charles  the  Bold  to  the  dukedom  of  Burgundy;  beginning  of  his  war 
with  the  Liegois.  —  Crusade  against  George  Podiebrad,  king  of  Bohemia,  proclaimed  by  the  Pope. — 
Birth  of  Erasmus  *  (d.  1536). 

1468.  Visit  of  Louis  XI.  to  Charles  the  Bold,  at  Peronne;  capture  and  destruction  of  Liege 
by  Charles. — War  of  the  king  of  Bohemia  with  Austria  and  Hungary. 

1469.  Beginning  of  the  rule  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici  (the  Magnificent)  in  Florence.  —  Marriage 
of  Isabella  of  Castile  to  Ferdinand  of  Aragon.^ Birth  of  Machiavelli  (d.  1537). 

1470.  Restoration  of  Henry  VI.  to  the  English  throne  by  Earl  Warwick;  flight  of  Edward 
rV. —  Siege  and  capture  of  Negropont  by  the  Turks,  and  massacre  of  the  inhabitants. 

1471.  Acquisition  of  Cyprus  by  the  Venetians. —  Return  of  Edward  IV.  to  England;  his 
victories  at  Barnet  and  Tewksbury  and  recovery  of  the  throne;  death  of  Henry  VI.  in  the  Tower. — 
Death  of  George  Podiebrad,  king  of  Bohemia,  and  election  of  Ladislaus,  son  of  the  king  of  Poland, 
to  succeed  him. — Translation  by  Caxton  of  "Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troyes,"  by  Raoul  le  Ffevre. 
—  Birth  of  Albert  Dllrer  (d.  1528).— Birth  of  Cardinal  Wolsey  (d.  1530). 

1473.  Birth  of  Copernicus  (d.  1543). 

1474.  Birth  of  Las  Casas  (d.  1566).—  Birth  of  Ariosto  (d.  1533). 

1475.  Birth  of  the  Michael  Angelo  (d.  1564).  — Birth  of  the  Chevalier  Bayard  (d.  1524). 

1477.  Marriage  of  Maximilian,  son  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  III.,  to  Mary  of  Burgundy. — 
Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Turks,  approaching  to  within  sight  of  Venice. — Production  from  Caxton'a 
press  of  the  "  Dictes  or  Sayengis  of  the  Philosophers,"  the  first  book  printed  in  England. — War 
■with  the  Swiss,  defeat  and  death  of  Charles  the  Bold. — Grant  of  the  Great  Privilege  of  Holland  and 
Zealand  by  Duchess  Mary  of  Burgundy,  daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold. — Birth  of  Giorgione  (d.  1511). 
—Birth  of  Titian  (d.  1576). 

1478.  Conspiracy  of  the  Pazzl  in  Florence. — Overthrow  of  the  city-republic  of  Novgorod  by 
Ivan  HI.  of  Russia. 

1480.  Birth  of  Sir  Thomas  More  (d.  1535). 

1481.  Founding  of  the  Holy  Offlce  of  the  Inquisition  at  Seville. — Printing  in  England  of 
Caxton's  translation  of  "Reynard  the  Fox."* 

1482.  Death  of  JIary  of  Burgundy  and  succession  of  her  infant  son,  Duke  Philip,  to  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands. 

1483.  Death  of  Edward  IV.  king  of  England;  murder  of  the  princes,  his  sons,  and  usurpa- 
tion of  the  throne  by  his  brother  Richard. — Death  of  Louis  XL,  of  France,  and  accession  of  Charles 
VIII. — Appointment  of  Torquemada  Inquisitor  General  for  Castile  and  Aragon. — Birth  of  Luther 
(d.  1546).— Birth  of  Raphael  (d.  1520). 

1484.  Birth  of  the  Swiss  reformer,  Zwingli  (d.  1531). 

1485.  Arrival  of  Columbus  in  Spain,  seeking  help  for  a  westward  voyage  to  find  the  Indies. — 
Overthrow  and  death  of  Richard  III.  in  England,  on  Bosworth  Field  ;  accession  of  Henry  VII.,  the 
first  of  the  Tudor  line. — Appearance  in  England  of  the  Sweating  Sickness. — Capture  of  Vienna  by 
Matthias  of  Hungary  and  expulsion  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  III.  from  his  hereditary  dominions. — 
Printing  of  Malory's  "  Morte  d'Arthur.  "* 

1486.  Election  of  Maximilian,  son  of  the  Emperor,  Frederick  III.,  King  of  the  Romans. — 
Unconscious  doubling  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  by  Bartholomew  Diaz. 

1487.  Rebellion  of  Lambert  Simnel  in  England.— Birth  of  Andrea  del  Sarto  (d.  1531). 

1488.  Capture  and  confinement  for  four  months  of  Maximilian,  then  King  of  the  Romans,  by 
the  citizens  of  Bruges. — Rebellion  in  Scotland  and  defeat  and  death  of  James  III.  at  Sauchie  Burn. 

1490.  Beginning  of  the  preaching  of  Savonarola  at  Florence. — Death  of  Matthias,  king  of 
Hungary,  and  election  to  the  Hungarian  throne  of  the  Bohemian  king,  Ladislaus  II. — Birth  of 
Thomas  Cromwell*  (d.  1540).— Birth  of  Vittoria  Colonna  (d.  1547). 

1491.  Union  of  Brittany  with  France,  by  marriage  of  the  Duchess  Anne  to  Charles  VTII. — 
Conquest  of  Granada  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella;  end  of  Moorish  dominion  in  Spain. — Birth  of 
Loyola  (d.  1556). 

1492.  First  voyage  of  Columbus  westward,  resulting  in  the  discovery  of  the  Bahamas,  Cuba 
and  Hayti. — Death  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici  at  Florence. — Outbreak  of  the  Bundschuh  insurrection  In 
Germany. — Expulsion  of  Jews  from  Spain. — Election  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.  (Roderigo  Borgia). 

1493.  Papal  bull  granting  to  Spain  the  New  World  found  by  Columbus  and  defining  the 
rights  of  Spain  and  Portugal. — Second  voyage  of  Columbus. — Death  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  III. ; 
assumption  of  the  title  (without  coronation  at  Rome),  of  "emperor  elect"  by  his  son  Maximilian, 
already  elected  King  of  the  Romans. — Birth  of  Paracelsus  (d.  1541). 

1494.  Treaty  of  Tordesillas  between  Spain  and  Portugal,  partitioning  the  ocean.— Expedition 
of  Charles  VIII.  Into  Italy. — Expulsion  of  Pietro  de'  Medici,  son  of  Lorenzo,  from  Florence;  forma- 
tion of  the  Christian  Commonwealth  at  Florence  under  Savonarola. — Passage  of  the  Poynings  Laws 
in  Ireland.- Birth  of  Hans  Sachs  (d.  1578*).— Birth  of  Correggio*  (d.  1534). 

1495.  Abolition  of  the  right  of  private  warfare  (diliidation)  in  Germany. — Easy  conquest  of 
Naples  by  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  and  his  quick  retreat.- Birth  of  Rabelais*  (d.  1553). — Birth  of 
Clement  Marot*  (d.  1544). 

1496.  Marriage  of  Philip,  son  of  Maximilian  of  Austria  and  Mary  of  Burgundy,  to  Joanna, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Spain. — Rebellion  of  Perkin  Warbeckin  England. — Establish- 
ing of  the  Estienne  or  Stephanus  press  in  Paris. 

*  Uncertain  date. 

40 


1497.  Discovery  of  the  continent  of  North  America  by  John  Cabot. —  Disputed  first  voyage 
of  Americus  Vespucius  to  the  New  World. —  Discovery  of  the  passage  to  India  round  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  by  Vasco  da  Gama.  —  Excommunication  of  Savonarola  by  the  Pope. —  Birth  of  Melanc- 
thon(d.  1500). 

1498.  Third  voyage  of  Columbus,  to  the  northern  coast  of  South  America;  his  arrest  and 
return  to  Spain  in  irons.  —  Arrest  and  execution  of  Savonarola  at  Florence. —  Death  of  Charles  VIII., 
king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Louis  XIII.  —  Birth  of  Hans  Holbein  (d.  1559). 

1499.  Voyage  of  Americus  Vespucius,  with  Ojeda,  to  the  Venezuela  coast. —  Conquest  of 
Milan  and  the  duchy  by  Louis  XII.  of  France. —  Founding  of  the  Sefavean  dynasty  in  Persia  and 
estabhshment  of  the  Shiah  sect  in  ascendancy. 

1500.  Voyage  of  the  Cortereals  to  Newfoundland.  —  Discovery  of  Brazil  by  the  Portuguese 
navigator,  Cabra!.  —  Birth  of  Charles,  eldest  son  of  Philip  of  Burguudj'  and  Joanna  of  Spain,  who 
became  tlie  Emperor  Charles  V.  and  who  united  the  sovereignties  of  Austria,  Burgundy  and  Spain. 
—  Birth  of  Benvenuto  Cellini  (d.  1570). 

Sixteenth  Century. 

1501.  Voyage  of  Americus  Vespucius,  in  the  Portuguese  service,  to  the  Brazilian  coast. — 
Creation  of  the  Aulic  Council  by  the  Emperor  Maximilian.  —  Joint  conquest  and  partition  of  the 
liiugdom  of  Naples  by  Louis  XII.  of  France  and  Ferdinand  of  Aragon. 

1502.  Fourth  and  last  voyage  of  Columbus  coasting  Central  America.  —  Election  of  Monte- 
zuma to  the  military  chieftainship  of  the  Aztecs. — Marriage  of  King  James  IV.  of  Scotland  to 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  which  brought  the  Stuarts  to  the  English  throne. — 
Quarrel  and  war  between  the  French  and  Spaniards  in  Naples. 

1603.    Election  of  Pope  Julius  IL—  Birth  of  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega  (d.  1536). 

1504.  Expulsion  of  the  French  from  Naples  by  the  Spaniards,  under  the  Great  Captain. — 
Suppression  of  the  independence  of  the  Scottish  Lord  of  the  Isles. 

1505.  Birth  of  John  Knox  (d.  1572). 

1506.  Death  of  Columbus. — Death  of  Philip,  consort  of  Queen  Joanna  of  Castile,  and  acting 
sovereign. — Beginning  of  the  building  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  by  Pope  Julius  II. — Birth  of  Saint 
Francis  Xavier  (d.  1552). 

1507.  Unsuccessful  revolt  of  Genoa  against  the  French. 

1508.  Formation  of  the  League  of  Carabrai  against  Venice  by  the  kings  of  France  and 
Aragon,  the  Emperor,  the  Pope  and  the  republic  of  Florence. — Birth  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  or  Alba 
(d.  1582). 

1509.  First  Spanish  settlement  on  the  American  mainland.— Death  of  Henry  VII.,  king  of 
England,  and  accession  of  Henry  VIII. — Publication  of  Barclay's  "Ship  of  Fools." — Birth  of 
Calvin  (<1.  1564). 

1510.  Portuguese  occupation  of  Goa  on  the  coast  of  India. — Dissolution  of  the  League  of 
Cambrai,  and  alliance  of  Pope  Julius  II.  with  Venice  and  the  Swiss  against  France. — Birth  of 
Palissy  the  potter  (d.  1590). 

1511.  Spanish  conquest  of  Cuba. — Formation  of  the  Holy  League  of  Pope  Julius  II.  with 
Venice,  Aragon  and  England  against  France. 

1512.  Discovery  of  Florida  by  Ponce  de  Leon. — Restoration  of  the  Medici  to  power  in 
Florence.— Birth  of  Tintoretto  (d.  1594). 

1513.  Discovery  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  Vasco  Nui^cz  de  Balboa. — Beginning  of  the  ministry 
of  Wolsey  in  England. — Invasion  of  Prance  by  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  and  his  victory  in  the 
Battle  of  the  Spurs. — War  of  the  Scots  and  English  and  defeat  of  the  Scots  at  Flodden. — Peasant 
insurrection  of  the  Kurucs  in  Hungary. — Complete  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Italy. — Death  of 
Pope  Julius  11.  and  election  of  the  Medicean,  Leo  X. 

1515.  Death  of  Louis  XII.,  king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Francis  I.  ;  his  invasion  of  Italy, 
victory  over  the  Swiss  at  Marignano,  and  occupation  of  Milan. — Death  of  Ladislaus  II. ,  king  of 
Hungary  and  of  Bohemia,  and  succession  of  his  son,  Louis  II.,  on  both  thrones. —  Birth  of  Saint 
Philip  Neri  (d.  1095). 

1516.  Founding  of  the  piratical  power  of  the  Barbarossas  at  Algiers. — Treaty  and  Concordat 
of  Francis  I.  of  I'nuicc  with  the  Pope,  guaranteeing  to  the  former  the  duchy  of  Jlilan  and  securing 
to  him  the  duchies  of  Parma  and  Piacenza,  and  taking  away  the  liberties  of  the  Galilean  Church. — 
Appointment  of  Las  Casas  Protector  of  the  Indians  by  Cardinal  Ximenes.  —  Publication  of  the 
"  Utopia  "  of  Sir  Thomas  More. 

1517.  Appearance  of  Tetzel  in  Germany,  selling  papal  indulgences;  Luther's  denunciation  of 
the  tratllc;  posting  of  the  Ninety-live  Theses  on  the  church-door  at  Wittenberg. —  Preaching  of 
reformed  doctrines  at  Zurich  by  Zwingli. —  Execution  of  Balboa  by  Pedrarias  Davila,  In  the  colony 
of  Darien. —  Discovery  of  Yucatan  by  Cordova. —  Birth  of  CanioGns*  (d.  1579). 

1519.  Landing  of  Cortes  in  Mexico  and  advance  to  the  capital. —  Sailing  of  Magellan  on  his 
voyage  of  circumnavigation. —  Luther's  disputation  with  Eck. — Death  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian 
and  election  of  his  grandson,  Charles  V.,  already  sovereign  of  Spain,  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Nether- 
lands, and  the  Austrian  possessions.— Cession  of  the  Austrian  sovereignty  by  Charles  V.  to  his 
brother  Ferdinand. —  Discovery  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  by  Qaray. 

1520.  Long  battle  of  Cortes  with  the  Aztecs  in  the  city  of  Mexico;  death  of  Montezuma; 
retreat  of  the  Spaniards.— Rebellion  of  the  Holy  Junta  in  Spain.— Birlh  of  William  Cecil,  Lord 
Burleigh  (d.  1598). 

1521.  Siege  and  conquest  of  the  Mexican  capital  by  Cortes  and  the  Spaniards.— Conquest  of 
Belgrade  by  the  Turks.— Promulgation  of  the  first  of  the  edicts  of  Charles  V.  against  heresy  In  the 

*  Uncertain  dat«. 

41 


Ketherlands,  called  Placards. — Excommunication  of  Luther  by  the  Pope;  his  appearance  before  the 
Diet  at  Worms ;  his  abduction  by  friends  and  concealment  at  Wartburg. 

1522.  Appointment  of  Cortes  to  be  Governor,  Captain-General,  and  Chief  Justice  of  New 
Spain  (Mexico). —  Conquest  of  Rhodes  by  the  Turks  from  the  Knights  of  St.  John. — Election  of 
Pope  Adrian  VI. 

1523.  Treason  of  the  Constable  of  Bourbon,  escaping  from  France  to  take  command  of  the 
Imperial  army. —  Abrogation  of  the  mass  and  image  worship  at  Zurich. —  Organization  of  the 
reformed  Church  in  northern  Germany. —  Election  of  Pope  Clement  VII. —  Publication  of  Lord  Ber- 
ner's  translation  of  Froissart.  —  Publication  of  Luther's  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 

1524.  Voyage  of  Verrazano,  in  the  service  of  France,  to  the  North  American  coast. —  Death 
of  the  Chevalier  Bayard  in  battle  with  the  imperialists  under  Bourbon. —  Invasion  of  Italy  by 
Francis  I.  of  France. —  Outbreak  of  the  Peasants'  War,  in  Thuringia. 

1525.  Bloody  suppression  of  the  Peasants'  revolt,  in  Germany,  and  execution  of  Mtlnzer. — 
Battle  of  Pa  via;  defeat  and  captivity  of  Francis  I.  of  France. —  Marriage  of  Luther  to  Catherine 
Bora.  —  Protestant  League  of  Torgau. 

1526.  Great  defeat  of  the  Hungarians  by  the  Turks  at  Mohacs  and  death  of  King  Louis  II. — 
Election  of  John  Zapolya  to  the  vacant  throne  of  Hungary,  and  rival  election  of  Ferdinand  of  Aus- 
tria.—  Treaty  of  Madrid,  for  the  release  of  Francis  I.  from  his  captivity,  and  its  perfidious  repudia- 
tion hj  the  king  of  France  when  free.— Victory  of  Babar  the  Mongol  at  Panipat  in  India. — 
Printing  (at  Worms)  of  Tyndale's  English  version  of  the  New  Testament. 

152'7.  Expulsion  of  Zapolya  from  Hungary  by  Ferdinand,  archduke  of  Austria,  who  wins 
the  Hungarian  crown. — Capture  and  sack  of  Rome  by  the  Spanish  and  German  imperialists,  com- 
manded by  the  Constable  Bourbon. —  The  republic  restored  in  Florence  by  a  popular  rising. 

1528.  Alliance  of  John  Zapolya,  king  of  Hungary,  with  the  Turkish  sultan  Solyman,  against 
his  rival,  Ferdinand  of  Austria. —  Deliverance  of  Genoa  from  the  French  by  Andrea  Doria. —  Mar- 
riage of  Marguerite  d'Angoul^me,  sister  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  to  the  king  of  Navarre. —  Birth  of 
Paul  Veronese  (d.  1588). 

1529.  Fall  of  Wolsey  from  power  in  England. — Unsuccessful  siege  of  Vienna  by  the  Turkish 
sultan,  Solyman. — Siege  of  Florence  by  the  imperialists;  surrender  of  the  city  and  restoration  of 
the  Jledici. — Peace  of  Cambrai,  or  the  Ladies'  Peace,  between  Francis  I.  of  France  and  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V. — Protest  of  the  German  reformers  (against  action  of  the  Diet  of  Spires)  wliich 
caused  them  to  be  called  Protestants. 

1530.  German  Diet  at  Augsburg;  formulation  of  the  Protestant  Confession  of  Faith;  the  con- 
demnatory Augsburg  Decree;  formation  of  the  Protestant  League  of  Smalkalde. — Cession  of  Malta 
by  the  Emperor  to  the  Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  John. — Siege  of  Buda  by  the  Austrians. 

1531.  Breach  of  Henry  VIII.  with  the  Pope  on  the  question  of  the  annulling  of  his  marriage 
to  Catherine  of  Aragon. 

1532.  Religious  peace,  with  freedom  of  worship,  restored  in  Germany  by  the  Pacification  of 
Nuremberg.— Conquest  of  Peru  by  Pizarro. 

1533.  Annulment  of  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  to  Catherine  of  Aragon  by  Cranmer;  mar- 
riage of  the  English  king  to  Anne  Boleyn. — Murder  of  the  Ynca,  Atahualpa,  by  Pizarro. — Birth  of 
Montaigne  (d.  1592). 

1534:.  First  voyage  of  Jacques  Cartier,  to  the  St.  Lawrence. — The  Anabaptist  seizure  of  the 
city  of  Munster. — Passage  by  the  English  Parliament  of  the  Act  of  Supremacy,  establishing  inde- 
pendence of  Rome  in  the  English  Church. — Beginning  of  fierce  persecution  of  the  reformers  in 
France. — Election  of  Pope  Paul  III. 

1535.  Expedition  of  Charles  V.  against  Tunis. — Execution  of  Sir  Thomas  More  in  England. — 
Suppression  of  the  English  monasteries. — Establishing  of  Protestantism  in  Geneva. — Printing  of 
Coverdale's  English  version  of  the  Bible. — Second  voyage  of  Jacques  Cartier  and  exploration  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal. 

1536.  Trial  and  execution  of  Anne  Boleyn,  and  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  to  Jane  Seymour. — 
Martyrdom  of  Tyndale. — Renewed  war  between  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I. — Publication  of  the 
"  Institutions  "  of  Calvin. 

1537.  Death  in  childbed  of  Jane  Seymour,  the  English  queen. — Brief  of  Pope  Paul  III. 
forbidding  further  enslavement  of  Indians  in  America. 

1538.  Treaty  of  Peace  between  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.  —  Formation  of  the  Holy  League 
of  the  Catholic  Princes  of  Germany.  —  Birth  of  Cardinal  Borromeo  (d.  1584). 

1539.  Enactment  of  the  Bill  of  the  Six  Articles  in  England. —  Landing  of  Hernando  de  Soto 
in  Florida  and  beginning  of  his  explorations. —  Revolt  of  Ghent  against  the  exactions  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V. 

1540.  Marriage  and  divorce  of  Anne  of  Cleves  by  Henry  VIII.  and  his  marriage  to  Catherine 
Howard. — Submission  of  Ghent  to  the  Emperor,  annulling  of  its  charter  and  removal  of  the  great 
bell  Roland. —  Death  of  John  Zapolya,  king  of  Hungary,  and  support  given  by  the  Turkish  sultan 
to  the  claims  of  his  son,  against  Ferdinand  (now  emperor).  —  Expedition  of  Coronado  from  Mexico 
into  New  Mexico,  seeking  the  "  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola." — Papal  sanction  of  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola. —  First  known  Printing  done  in  America  (in  Mexico). 

1541.  Disastrous  expedition  of  Charles  V.  against  Algiers.  —  Buda  occupied  by  the  Turks, 
becoming  the  seat  of  a  pasha  who  ruled  the  greater  part  of  Hungary. — Assassination  of  Pizarro. — 
Third  and  last  voyage  of  Cartier  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

1542.  Execution  of  Catherine  Howard,  fifth  queen  of  Henry  VIII. —  Death  of  Hernando  de 
Soto  on  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi. —  Renewed  war  between  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I. — Alliance 
of  the  latter  with  the  Turks,  who  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Italy.  —  Organization  of  Calvin's  religious 
state  in  Geneva. —  Mission  of  Saint  Francis  Xavier  to  Goa. — War  of  the  Scots  and  English ;  Scottish 

42 


panic  at  Solway  Firth;  death  of  James  V. ;  birth  of  Mary  Stuart. —  Promulgation  of  the  "New 
Laws  "  of  Charles  V.,  prohibiting  the  enslavement  of  Indians  in  America. 

1543.    Marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  to  Catherine  Parr. 

lo44.  Victory  of  the  French  at  Cerisoles  over  the  Imperialists;  treaty  of  Crespy,  terminating 
the  war. —  Birth  of  Torquato  Tasso  (d.  1595). 

1545.  Assembling  of  the  Council  of  Trent  (called  in  1542). 

1546.  Massacre  of  Waldenses  in  southeastern  France. — Death  of  Luther. — Treaty  of  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V.  with  the  Pope,  binding  the  former  to  make  war  on  the  Protestants  of  Germany. 
— Murder  of  Cardinal  Beatoun  in  Scotland. — Birth  of  Tycho  Brahe  (d.  1601). 

1547.  Death  of  Henry  VIII.  and  accession  of  Edward  VI. .  in  England;  repeal  of  the  Six 
Articles  and  completion  of  the  English  Reformation. — Death  of  Francis  I.  king  of  France,  and  ac- 
cession of  Henry  II. — Defeat  of  the  Elector  of  Saxony  by  the  Emperor,  at  the  battle  of  3Iuhlberg; 
his  imprisonment  and  deposition ;  bestowal  of  the  Electorate  of  Saxony  on  Duke  Maurice  of  Saxony. 
— The  Interim  of  Augsburg. —  Marriage  of  Jeanne  d'Albret,  heiress  to  the  crown  of  Navarre,  to 
Antoine  de  Bourbon. — Assumption  of  the  title  of  Czar,  or  Tzar,  by  the  Grand  Prince  of  Moscow, 
Ivan  IV.,  called  the  Terrible. — Siege  of  the  Castle  of  St.  Andrew's  in  Scotland;  captivity  and  con- 
demnation of  John  Knox  to  the  French  galleys. — Birth  of  Cervantes  (d.  1616). 

1549.  Mission  of  Xavier  to  Japan. — Election  of  Pope  Julius  III. — Publication  of  the  English 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  (First  Book  of  Edward  VI). 

1550.  Promulgation  of  the  most  infamous  of  the  edicts  of  Charles  V.  against  heresy  in  the 
Netherlands. — Election  of  Pope  Julius  III. — Birth  of  Coke  (d.  1G34). 

1551.  Alliance  of  the  French  king,  Henry  II.,  with  the  Protestants  of  Germany. —  Narrow 
escape  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  from  capture  by  Maurice  of  Saxony. 

1552.  French  seizure  of  Les  Trois  fiveches,  Metz,  Toul  and  Verdun.  —  Treaty  of  Passau 
between  the  Emperor  and  the  German  Protestants.  —  Unsuccessful  efforts  of  the  Emperor  to  recover 
Metz  from  the  French. —  Ravages  of  the  Turks  on  the  coast  of  Italy  and  blockade  of  Naples  by  their 
galleys—  Birth  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (d.  1618).— Birth  of  Paolo  Sarpi  (d.  1623).— Birth  of  Spenser* 
(d.  1599*). 

1553.  Death  of  Edward  VI.  and  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  in  England;  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  place  Lady  Jane  Grey  on  the  throne.  —  Battle  of  Sieversliausen  in  Germany  and  death  of  Maurice 
of  Saxony ;  religious  Peace  of  Augsburg,  giving  religious  supremacy  to  each  German  prince  in  his 
own  dominions. 

1554.  Wyat's  insurrection  in  Entjland;  execution  of  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  marriage  of  Queen 
Mary  to  Philip  of  Spain.  — Birth  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (d.  1586). 

1555.  Beginning  of  Queen  Mary's  persecution  of  Protestants  in  England  ;  burning  of  Rogers, 
Latimer  and  Ridley. — Return  of  John  Knox  to  Scotland. — First  act  of  the  abdication  of  the  Emperor, 
Charles  v.,  performed  in  Brussels;  accession  of  his  son  Philip  in  the  Netherlands.  —  Election  of  Pope 
Paul  rV.  (Cardinal  CaralTa). 

1556.  Burning  of  Cranmer  in  England. —  Unsuccessful  expedition  of  the  duke  of  Guise 
against  Naples.  —  Completed  abdication  of  all  his  crowns  by  Charles  V.  ;  succession  of  his  son 
Philip  II.  in  Spain,  Naples  and  Milan;  succession  of  his  brother,  Ferdinand  I.,  to  the  imperial 
throne.  —  Second  Mongol  victory  at  Panipat,  by  Akbar,  founder  of  the  Mongol  or  Mogul  empire  in 
India. 

1557.  Battle  and  siege  of  St.  Quentin,  with  success  for  the  Spaniards,  invading  Franco. 
—  Signing  of  the  first  Scottish  Covenant  Ijy  the  Lords  of  the  Congregation. 

1558.  Recovery  of  Calais  t)y  the  French  from  the  English. —  Death  of  Queen  Mary  and  acces- 
sion of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  England.  —  Marriage  of  Mary  Stuart,  queen  of  Scots,  to  the  French 
dauphin,  afterwards  Francis  II. 

1559.  Passage  of  the  Acts  of  Supremacy  and  Uniformity  in  England. — Treaties  of  Cateau 
Cambresis,  restoring  peace  between  France,  Spain  and  England. — Death  of  Henry  II.,  king  of 
France,  and  accession  of  Francis  II. ;  dominating  influence  of  the  Guises  in  France. — Institution  of 
the  Papal  Index  of  prohibited  books. — Election  of  Pope  Pius  IV. 

1560.  Huguenot  Conspiracy  of  Amboise,  in  France;  death  of  Francis  II.  and  accession  of 
Charles  IX.,  under  the  controlling  influence  of  Catlierine  de'  Jledici. — Death  of  Melancthon. — 
Election  of  Pope  PiusV. — Successful  rebellion  of  the  Sfolti.sh  Lords  of  the  Congregation;  adoption 
in  Scotland  of  the  Geneva  Confession  of  Faith. — Printing  of  the  Geneva  Bible. — Birth  of  the  Duke 
of  Sully  (d.  1641). 

1561.  Return  of  Queen  Mary  Stuart  from  France  to  Scotland. —  Birth  of  Francis  Bacon, 
Baron  Verulani  (d.  1626). 

1562.  First  slave-trading  voyage  of  John  Hawkins. — First  attempt  of  Coligny  to  found  a 
Huguenot  colony  in  Florida. — ^^Iassacre  of  Huguenots  at  Vassy,  beginning  the  Wars  of  Religion  in 
France;  capture  of  Orleans  by  Conde  for  the  Huguenots;  battle  of  Dreux. — Birth  of  Lope  de  Vega 
(d.  1635). 

1563.  Assassination  of  the  Duke  of  Guise  while  besieging  Orleans;  treaty  and  Edict  of  Am- 
boise, restoring  peace  between  Catholics  and  Huguenots  in  France. — Closing  of  the  Council  of 
Trent. — Publication  of  Foxe's  "  Book  of  Martyrs." 

1564.  Huguenot  colony  settled  on  the  St.  John's  river  in  Florida. — Death  of  the  Emperor, 
Ferdinand  I.,  and  accession  of  his  son  Maximilian  II.,  the  tolerant  emperor. —  Birth  of  Shakespeare 
(d.  1616).— Birth  of  Marlowe  (d.  1593).— Birth  of  Galileo  (d.  1642). 

1565.  Destruction  of  the  Hunuenot  colony  in  Florida  by  the  Spaniards;  Spanish  settlement 
of  St.  Augustine. — Great  defense  of  JIalta  against  the  Turks  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John. — Marriage 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to  Lord  Darnley. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

43 


1 566.  Beginning  of  organized  resistance  to  Philip  II.  in  the  Netlierlands  by  the  signing  of 
"Tlie  Compromise"  and  formation  of  the  league  of  the  Gueux,  or  Beggars;  rioting  of  image- 
breakers  in  Flemish  cities. —  Sack  of  Moscow  by  the  Crim  Tatars.  —  Murder  of  Rizzio,  secretary  to 
the  queen  of  Scots. —  Publication  of  Udali's  "  Ralph  Royster  Doyster,"  the  first  printed  English 
comedy. 

1567.  Renewal  of  the  religious  civil  war  in  France;  battle  of  St.  Denis,  before  Paris,  in  which 
the  Constable  Montmorency  was  slain. — Peace  in  Hungary  with  the  Turks,  and  between  the 
Emperor  and  Zapolya,  rival  claimants  of  the  crown. —  Arrival  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  with  his  army, 
in  the  Netherlands ;  arrest  of  Egmont  and  Horn,  and  retirement  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  into  Ger- 
many.—  Creation  of  Alva's  Council  of  Blood.  —  Murder  of  Lord  Darnley.  husband  of  the  queen 
of  Scots ;  marriage  of  the  queen  to  Earl  Bothwell ;  rising  of  the  Scottish  barons,  imprisonment  and 
deposition  of  the  queen,  and  accession  of  her  son,  James  VI. — Birth  of  Saint  Francis  de  Sales 
(d.  1622). 

1568.  Treacherous  Peace  of  Longjumeau  and  gathering  of  Huguenots  at  Rochelle,  joined 
there  bj-  Jeanne  d'Albret,  queen  of  Navarre. —  Decree  of  the  Inquisition  condemning  the  whole 
population  of  the  Netherlands  to  death ;  opening  of  war  against  the  Spaniards  b}'  the  Prince  of 
Orange. — Escape  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  to  England. —  Printing  of  the  Bishop's  Bible  in  England. 

1569.  Creation  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany,  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  Medici. — Defeat 
of  the  French  Huguenots  at  Jarnac  and  murder  of  Conde;  choice  of  young  Henry  of  Navarre  for 
the  Huguenot  command ;  second  Huguenot  defeat  at  Moncontour. 

1570.  Peace  of  St.  Germain-en-Laye  between  the  warring  religions  in  France. — Assassination 
of  the  regent,  Murray,  in  Scotland,  and  outbreak  of  civil  war. — Publication  of  Ascham's 
"  Scholemaster. " 

1571.  Holy  League  of  Venice,  Spain  and  the  Pope  against  the  Turks;  Turkish  conquest  of 
Cyprus;  sea-fight  of  Lepanto  and  defeat  of  the  Turks  by  Don  John  of  Austria. —  Death  of  Zapolya 
in  Hungary. —  The  Thirty -nine  Articles  of  the  English  Church  made  binding  on  the  clergy. —  Birth 
of  Kepler  (ii.  1630). 

1572.  Marriage  of  Henry  of  Navarre  to  Margaret  of  Valois ;  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Day  in  France;  deatti  of  Jeanne  d'Albret;  submission  of  Henry  of  Navarre  and  the  young  Prince  of 
Conde  to  the  Catholic  Church. — Election  to  the  Hungarian  throne  of  Rudolph,  eldest  son  of  the  Em- 
peror Maximilian.^Capture  of  Brill  by  the  "Beggars  of  the  Sea,"  and  rapid  expulsion  of  the  Span- 
lards  from  Holland  and  Zealand. —  Election  of  Pope  Gregory  XIH. — Restoration  of  episcopacy  in 
Scotland. 

1673.  Siege  of  the  Huguenots  gathered  in  Rochelle,  followed  by  the  Peace  of  Rochelle. — 
Election  of  Henr)'  of  Valois,  duke  of  -\njou,  to  the  throne  of  Poland.— Spanish  siege  and  capture  of 
Haarlem. — Retirement  of  Alva  from  the  Spanish  command  in  the  Netherlands  and  appointment  of 
Requesens. — Publication  of  Tusser's  "  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good  Husbandry." 

1574.  Death  of  Charles  IX.  of  France  and  accession  of  his  brother,  Henry  HI.  (the  lately 
crowned  king  of  Poland). —  Siege  and  relief  of  Leyden,  commemorated  by  the  founding  of  the 
University. — Birth  of  Ben  Jonson  (d.  1637). 

1575.  Election  of  Rudolph,  the  Emperor's  son,  to  the  throne  of  Bohemia,  and,  as  King  of  the 
Romans,  to  the  imperial  succession. — Election  of  Stephen  Batory  to  the  throne  of  Poland. — Offer  of 
the  sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands  to  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England. 

1576.  Escape  of  Henry  of  Navarre  from  the  French  court  and  return  to  the  Huguenots  and 
their  faith;  negotiation  of  the  Peace  of  Jlonsieur;  rise  of  the  Catholic  League  in  France. —  Death  of 
the  Emperor,  Maximilian  II.,  and  accession  of  his  son  Rudolph.  —  Death  of  Requesens;  the  "  Span- 
ish Furv  "  at  Antwerp  and  elsewhere ;  union  of  the  Protestant  and  Catholic  provinces  of  the  Nether- 
lands by  the  treaties  called  the  Pacification  of  Ghent  and  the  Union  of  Brussels;  appointment  of  Don 
John  of  Austria  to  the  Spanish  government  of  the  Netherlands. —  Birth  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
(d.  1660). 

1577.  The  sailing  of  Sir  Francis  Drake  on  his  voyage  which  encompassed  the  world. — Re- 
newed war  and  renewed  peace  between  the  religious  factions  in  France. — Publication,  in  England, 
of  Holinshed's  "  Chronicle."— Birth  of  Rubens  (d,  1640). 

1578.  Death  of  Don  John  of  Austria  and  appointment  of  Alexander  Farnese,  of  Parma,  Span- 
ish eovcrnor  of  the  Netherlands. 

i570.  Treaty  of  Nerac  arranged  by  Catherine  de'  Medici  with  Henry  of  Navarre. — Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  JProvinces  or  Dutch  Republic  by  the  Union  of  Utrecht;  submission  of  the  Walloon 
provinces  of  the  Netherlands  to  the  Spanish  king. 

1580.  Final  founding  of  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres. — Jesuit  mission  dispatched  to  England 
from  the  continent. — Protestant  persecution  of  Jesuits  and  Seminary  priests  in  England. — War  of 
the  Lovers,  reopening  the  civil  conflict  in  France;  suspended  by  the  Treaty  of  Fleix. — Outlawr_v  of 
tbe  Prince  of  Orange  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  inviting  his  assassination. — Seizure  of  the  crown  of  Por- 
tugal by  Philip  II.  of  Spain. — Publication  of  the  first  two  books  of  Montaigne's  Essays. 

1581.  Formal  declaration  of  independence  by  the  Dutch  provinces  of  the  Netherlands. — The 
Second  Covenant,  or  first  National  Covenant,  in  Scotland. — Publication  of  Tasso's  "  Gerusalemme 
Liberata." 

1582.  Sovereignty  of  Brabant  and  other  Netherland  provinces  conferred  on  the  French  duke 
of  Anjou. — Raid  of  Ruthven  and  confinement  of  King  James,  in  Scotland. — Founding  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh. 

1583.  Colonizing  expedition  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  to  Newfoundland,  returning  from  which 
he  perished. — Treacherous  attempt  of  Anjou  to  seize  Antwerp. — lutroduction  of  the  Gregorian  Cal- 
endar in  most  Catholic  countries  of  Europe. — Birth  of  Grotius  (d.  1645). — Birth  of  Oxenstiem 
(d.  1654).— Birth  of  Wallenstein  (d.  1634). 

44 


1584.  Assassination  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  by  instigation  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

1585.  First  colonizing  attempt  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  America,  at  Roanoke.— Alliance  of 
the  Catholic  League  of  France  with  Philip  II,  of  Spain,  and  renewal  of  war  with  the  Huguenots; 
the  War  of  the  Three  Henrys.— Siege  and  capture  of  Antwerp  by  Parma.— Practical  recovery  of 
Flanders  and  Brabant  by  the  Spaniards.  —  Arrival  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester  in  the  Netherlands  with 
delusive  aid  from  England. —  Election  of  Pope  Sixtus  V. —  Birth  of  Cardinal  Richelieu  (d.  1642). 

1586.  Battle  of  Zutphen  in  the  Netherlands  and  deatli  of  Sir  P)nlip  Sidney. —  Beginning  of 
the  reign  in  Persia  of  Shah  Abbass,  called  the  Great. — Election  of  Sigismund  of  Sweden  to  the  Po- 
lish throne. —  Publication  of  Camden's  "  Britannia." 

1587.  Second  colony  planted  by  Raleigh  on  Roanoke  island. —  Execution  of  Mary  Stuart, 
queen  of  Scots,  in  England. —  Defeat  of  the  Catholic  League  by  Henry  of  Navarre  at  Coutras. 

1588.  Destruction  of  the  Spanish  Armada. —  Insurrection  in  Paris  in  favor  of  the  duke  of 
Guise;  escape  of  the  king  (Henry  III.)  from  Paris;  assassination  of  the  duke  of  Guise  at  Blois  by 
order  of  the  king;  alliance  of  Henry  III.  with  Henry  of  Navarre  against  the  League.  —  Birth  of 
Hobbes  (d.  1679). 

1589.  Death  of  Catherine  de' Medici;  siege  of  Paris  by  Henry  III.  and  Henry  of  Navarre; 
assassination  of  Henry  III.,  the  last  of  the  Valois,  leaving  Henry  of  Navarre  (first  of  the  Bourbons) 
the  nearest  heir  to  the  French  crown. —  Publication  of  the  first  volume  of  Hakluyt'a  "Voyages  and 
Discoveries. " 

1500.  Continued  war  of  the  League,  in  France,  against  Henry  of  Navarre;  his  victory  at 
Ivry  and  siege  of  Paris ;  summons  of  the  duke  of  Parma  from  the  Netherlands  to  save  Paris  from 
Henry. — Pul]licaliou  of  tlie  tirst  three  books  of  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  Sidney's  "Arcadia," 
and  part  of  JIarlowe's  "Tamburlane. " 

1591.  Siege  of  Rouen  b}'  Henry  of  Navarre  and  second  interference  by  the  Spaniards  in  aid 
of  the  League. — Death  of  the  duke  of  Parma. 

1592.  Election  of  Pope  Clement  VIII.  —  Birth  of  Sir  John  Eliot*  (d.  1632). 

1593.  Abjuration  of  the  Protestant  religion  by  Henry  of  Navarre. —  Publication  of  Shakes- 
peare's "Venus  and  Adonis." 

1594.  Coronation  of  Henry  of  Navarre  as  Henry  IV.,  king  of  France,  and  his  reception  in 
Paris. —  Publication  of  four  books  of  Hooker's  "Ecclesiastical  Polity  "and  Shakespeare's  "Lucrece." 

1595.  E.xpulsion  of  .Jesuits  from  Paris. — ^War  of  the  French  king  with  Spain.  —  First  expedi- 
tion of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  search  of  El  Dorado. 

1596.  Frightful  defeat  of  the  Austrians  and  Transylvanians  by  the  Turks,  on  the  plain  of 
Cerestes,  in  Hungary. —  Capture  of  Cadiz  by  the  Dutch  and  English.— Birth  of  Descartes  (d.  1650). 

1597.  Abolition  of  the  privileges  of  the  Hansa  merchants  in  England. —  Irish  rebellion  under 
Hugh  O'Neill,  Earl  of  Tyrone. —  Anue.xation  of  Ferrara  to  the  States  of  the  Church.  —  Publication 
of  Bacon's  Essays,  also  of  a  pirated  copy  of  Sliakespeare's  "Romeo  and  Juliet,"  and  of  the  first  edi- 
tions of  "  King  Richard  11."  and  "  King  Ricliurd  HI." 

1598.  Tlie  Edict  of  Nantes,  issued  by  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  securing  religious  freedom  to 
the  Huguenots;  peace  with  Spain  by  the  Treaty  of  Vervins.  —  Publication  of  Sliakespeare's  "Love's 
Labor  Lost,"  of  Stowe's  "Survey  of  London,"  and  of  Drayton's  "  Englanil's  Heroical  Epistles." 

1599.  Birth  of  Oliver  Cromwell  (d.  1658).— Birth  of  Van  Dyck(d.  1641).— Birth  of  Velasquez 
(d.  1660). 

1600.  First  charter  granted  to  the  English  East  India  companies.  —  Qowrie  Plot  in  Scotland. 

—  Publication  of  Shakespeare's  "  King  Henry  V."  (pirated  and  imperfect),  "King  Henry  IV.,"  part 
2,  "  Much  Ado  about  Notliiug,"  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  and  "Merchant  of  Venice." — Death 
of  Giordano  Bruno  at  the  stake.  —  Birth  of  Calderon  de  la  Barca  (d.  1683*). —  Birth  of  Claude 
Lorraine  (d.  1682). 

Seventeenth   Century. 

1601.  Suppression  of  the  rebellion  in  Ireland. —  Enactment  of  the  first  English  Poor  Law. 

1602.  Chartering  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.  —  Beginning  of  the  long  imprisonment 
of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  the  Tower  on  charge  of  treason.  — First  acting  of  Shakespeare's  "  Hamlet." 

—  Founding  of  the  Bodleian  Library.  —  Birth  of  Cardinal  JIazarin  (d.  1661). 

1603.  Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England  and  accession  of  the  Scottish  king,  James  I.  of 
England  and  VI.  of  Scotland.  —  First  publication  of  "Hamlet." 

1604.  Founding  of  a  French  colony  at  Port  Royal  in  Acadia  (Nova  Scotia).  —  The  Hampton 
Court  Conference  of  King  James  with  the  English  Puritans. 

1605.  Gunpowder  plot  of  English  Catholics  against  King  and  Parliament.  —  Election  of  Popo 
Paul  V.  —  Death  of  Akbar,  fouuder  of  the  Mogul  empire  in  India,  and  accession  of  Jahanglr.  —  Pub- 
lication of  Bacon's  "  Advancement  of  Learning,"  and  part  1  of  Cervantes'  "  Don  Qui.xote." 

1006.  Charter  granted  by  King  James  I.  of  England  to  the  London  and  Plymouth  companies, 
for  American  colonization.  —  Venice  placed  under  interdict  by  the  Pope;  beginning  of  the  public 
service  of  Fra  Paolo  Sarpi.  —  Peace  of  Sitvatoiok,  ending  the  war  with  the  Turks  in  Hungary. — 
Deposition  of  the  Emperor  Rudolph  from  the  headship  of  the  House  of  Austria,  by  a  family  conclave, 
in  favor  of  his  brother  Matthias. —  Surrender  of  Austria  and  Hungary  to  Matthias  by  Rudolph. — 
Organization  of  the  Independent  church  of  Brownists  at  Scrooby,  England. —  Birth  of  Corneille  (d. 
1684).— Birth  of  Rembrandt  (d.  1660). 

1007.  Settlement  of  Jamestown,  Virginia. —  Migration  of  the  Independents  of  Scrooby  to 
Holland.— Birth  of  Roger  Williiims*  (d.  1683). 

1608.  Formation  of  the  Evangelical  Union  among  the  Protestant  princes  of  Germany. — 
First  French  settlement,  by  Champlain,  at  Quebec. —  Publication  of  Shakespeare's  "King  Lear." — 

•  Uncertain  date. 


Birth  of  Milton  (d.  1674).—  Birth  of  Thomas  Fuller  (d.  168:).—  Birth  of  Edward  Hyde,  earl  of 
Clarendon  (d.  1674). 

1609.  Discovery  of  the  Hudson  River  by  Henry  Hudson. —  Arrangement  of  a  twelve 
years  truce  between  Spain  and  the  United  Provinces. —  Final  expulsion  of  the  Moriscoes  from 
Spain. —  Opening  of  the  Julich-Cleve  contest  in  Germany. —  Settlement  of  the  exiled  Pilgrims  of 
Scrooby  at  Leyden.  — Publication  of  the  Douay  translation  of  the  Bible. — The  royal  charter  called 
the  Letter  of  Majesty  granted  to  Bohemia  by  Rudolph. —  Founding  of  the  Bank  of  Amsterdam. — 
Discovery  by  Champlain  of  the  lake  which  bears  his  name. —  Construction  of  the  telescope  by 
Galileo  and  discovery  of  Jupiter's  moons.* 

1610.  Assassination  of  Henry  IV.  of  France  and  accession  of  Louis  XIIL,  under  the  regency 
of  Marie  de  Medici.  —  Formation  of  the  Catholic  League  in  Germany.  —  Beginning  of  trade  with  the 
Indians  on  the  Hudson  by  the  Dutch. —  First  acting  of  Shakespeare's  "Macbeth";  publication  of 
twelve  books  of  Chapman's  translation  of  the  Iliad. 

1611.  Founding  of  Montreal  by  Champlain. — Death  of  Charles  IX.,  king  of  Sweden,  and 
accession  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.  —  Publication  in  England  of  the  King  James  or  Authorized  version 
of  the  Bible. —  Plantation  of  Ulster  by  English  courtiers  and  London  livery  companies.  —  Birth  of 
Turenne  (d.  1675). 

1612. — Death  of  the  Emperor  Rudolph  and  coronation  of  Matthias. — Birth  of  Samuel  Butler 
(d.  1680). 

1613.  Destruction  of  the  French  colony  at  Port  Royal,  Acadia,  by  Argall  of  Virginia. — Elec- 
tion to  the  throne  of  Russia  of  Michael  Romanoff,  founder  of  the  reigning  dynasty. — Birth  of  Jeremy 
Taylor  (d.  1667).— Birth  of  Gerard  Dow  (d.  1680*). 

1614.  Last  meeting  of  the  States  General  of  France  before  the  Revolution. — Beginning  of  the 
extermination  of  Christianity  in  Japan. — Publication  of  Raleigh's  "  History  of  the  World." — Birth 
of  Cardinal  de  Retz  (d.  1679). 

1615.  Visit  of  the  first  English  ambassador  to  the  court  of  the  Great  Mogul. — Appearance  at 
Frankfort-on-the-JIain  of  the  first  known  weekly  newspaper,  regularly  printed  and  published. — 
Birth  of  Salvator  Rosa  (d.  1673). 

1616.  Opening  of  war  between  Sweden  and  Poland. — Death  of  Shakespeare  and  Cervantes. 

1617.  Election  of  Ferdinand,  duke  of  Styria,  to  the  thrones  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary. — 
Cession  of  territory  on  the  Baltic  to  Sweden  by  Russia. — Second  expedition  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
In  search  of  El  Dorado. — Opening  of  the  famous  reunions  at  the  Hotel  de  Rambouillet. 

1618.  Rising  of  Protestants  in  Bohemia,  beginning  the  Thirty  Years  War. — Union  of  Prussia 
with  the  electorate  of  Brandenburg. — Execution  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. — Adoption  of  the  Five 
Articles  of  Perth  by  the  Assembly  of  the  Scottish  Church. — Birth  of  Murillo  (d.  1682). 

1619.  Death  of  the  Emperor  JIatthias,  and  succession  in  the  Empire  of  his  cousin,  Ferdinand 
II.,  already  for  several  years  his  imperial  colleague,  and  also  king  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary. — 
Deposition  of  Ferdinand  in  Bohemia  and  election  of  Frederick,  elector  palatine,  to  the  Bohemian 
throne. — Meeting  of  the  Synod  of  Dort  and  condemnation  of  Arminianism  in  the  United  Provinces. 
— Trial  and  execution  of  John  of  Barneveldt. — Introduction  of  slavery  in  Virginia. — Birth  of 
Colbert  (d.  1683). 

1620.  Decisive  defeat  of  the  Protestants  of  Bohemia  in  the  battle  of  the  White  Mountain, 
and  flight  of  Frederick,  the  newly  elected  king. — Annexation  of  Navarre  and  Beam  to  France. — 
Rising  of  the  French  Huguenots  at  Rochelle.— Final  migration  of  the  Pilgrims  from  Leyden  to 
America,  landing  at  Plymouth  in  New  England. — Incorporation  by  King  James  I.  of  England  of 
the  Council  for  New  England,  successor  to  the  Plymouth  Company  of  1606. — Publication  of  Bacon's 
"  Novum  Organum." 

1621.  The  Elector  Palatine  under  the  ban  of  the  Empire. — Invasion  and  subjugation  of  the 
Palatinate. —  Dissolution  of  the  Evangelical  Union. — Peace  of  Montauban  between  the  French  king 
and  the  Huguenots. — Renewed  war  of  the  United  Provinces  with  Spain. — Grant  of  Nova  Scotia  to 
Sir  William  Alexander. — Formation  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. — The  first  Thanksgiving 
Day  in  New  England. 

1622.  Founding  of  the  College  of  the  Propaganda  at  Rome. — Grant  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
and  Capt.  John  Mason  of  a  province  embracing  parts  of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine.  — Appearance  of 
the  first  known  printed  newspaper  in  England — "  The  Weekly  Newes." — Birth  of  Moli^re  (d.  1673). 

1623.  Conquest  and  transfer  of  the  Palatine  electorate  to  Maximilian,  duke  of  Bavaria. — 
Erection  of  a  fort  on  Manhattan  Island  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. — Publication  of  "The 
First  Folio"  edition  of  Shakespeare's  plays.— Birth  of  Pascal  (d.  166'3). 

1624.  Alliance  of  England,  Holland  and  Denmark,  to  support  the  Protestants  of  Germany. — 
Beginning  of  Richelieu's  ministry,  in  France. — Birth  of  George  Fox  (d.  1690). 

1625.  First  Jesuit  mission  to  Canada. — Death  of  James  I.,  of  England,  and  accession  of 
Charles  I. — Beginning  of  the  English  struggle  between  King  and  Parliament. — Opening  of  the  Val- 
telline  War  by  Richelieu,  to  expel  the  Austrians  and  Spaniards  from  the  Valtelline  passes. — Fresh 
insurrection  of  the  French  Huguenots. — Engagement  of  Wallenstein  and  his  army  in  the  service  of 
the  Emperor  against  the  Protestants. 

1626.  Peace  of  Jlonzon  between  France  and  Spain. — End  of  the  Valtelline  War. — Purchase 
of  Manhattan  Island  from  the  Indians  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. 

1627.  Seizure  of  a  part  of  Brazil  by  the  Dutch. — Death  of  the  Mogul  Emperor  Jahangir  and 
accession  of  Shah  Jahan,  builder  of  the  Taj  Mahal,  at  Agra. — Alliance  of  England  with  the  French 
Huguenots. — Siege  of  Rochelle  by  Richelieu. — Birth  of  Bossuet  (d.  1704). 

1628.  Unsucces.sful  siege  of  Stralsund  by  Wallenstein. — Passage  by  the  English  Parliament 
of  the  act  called  the  Petition  of  Right. — Assassination  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham. — Surrender  of 

•  Uncertain  date. 

46 


Rochelle  to  Richelieu. — Outbrealc  of  the  war  of  the  Mantuan  succession  between  France,  Spain, 
Savoy  and  the  Emperor. — Publication  of  Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood. — Birth 
of  Banyan  (d.  1688). 

1629.  The  Emperor's  Edict  of  Restitution,  requiring  the  Protestant  princes  of  Germany  to 
3urrender  sequestrated  church  property. — Tumult  in  the  English  Parliament  and  forcible  detention 
of  the  Speaker;  dissolution  by  the  kiuc  and  arrest  of  Eliot  and  others. — Division  of  the  grant  made 
in  New  England  to  Gorges  and  Mason,  giving  New  "Hampshire  to  the  latter. — Introduction  of  the 
Patroon  system  in  New  Netherland  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. — First  conquest  of  Canada 
by  the  English. 

1630.  Dismissal  of  Wallenstein  by  the  Emperor. — Appearance  in  Germany  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  as  the  champion  of  Protestantism. — Settlement  of  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts Ba}',  in  New  England,  and  founding  of  Boston. — The  Day  of  the  Dupes  in  France  and 
triumph  of  Richelieu. 

1<531.  Siege,  capture  and  sack  of  Magdeburg  by  the  imperial  general,  Tilly. — Treaty  of  Bflr- 
walde  between  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  the  king  of  France. — Defeat  of  Tilly  on  the  Breitenfeld,  at 
Leipzig,  by  Gustavus  Adolphus. — End  of  the  war  concerning  Mantua. — Appearance  of  the  first 
printed  newspaper  in  France. — Birth  of  Dryden  (d.  1700). 

1632.  Defeat  and  death  of  Tilly,  in  battle  with  the  Swedish  king  on  the  Lech. — Victory  and 
death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  battle  with  Wallenstein  at  Liltzen;  accession  in  Sweden  of  Queen 
Christina;  Chancellor  Oxenstiern  invested  with  the  supreme  direction  of  Swedish  affairs  in  Ger- 
many.— Patent  to  Lord  Baltimore  by  James  I.,  king  of  England,  granting  him  as  a  palatine 
principality  the  territory  in  America  called  Maryland. — Restoration  of  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  by 
England  to  France. — First  Jesuit  mission  to  Canada. — Birth  of  John  Locke  (d.  1704). — Birth  of 
Spinoza  (d.  1677).— Birth  of  Bourdaloue  (d.  1704).— Birth  of  Christopher  Wren  (d.  1723). 

1633.  Union  of  Heilbronn  formed  by  Oxenstiern,  consolidating  Protestant  interests. —  Ap- 
pointment of  Wentworth  to  be  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

1634.  Conspiracy  against  Wallenstein,  resulting  in  his  assassination. —  Defeat  of  the  Swedish 
army  in  Germany,  by  imperialists  and  Spaniards,  at  N5rdlingen. —  Terms  of  peace  with  the  Emperor 
made  by  Saxony  and  Brandenburg. —  Levy  of  Ship-money  in  England. —  Naming  the  town  on  Man- 
hattan island  New  Amsterdam. —  Acting  of  Milton's  "Comus." 

1635.  Active  interference  of  Richelieu  in  the  Thirty  Years  War. — Unsuccessful  French  expe- 
dition into  Italy  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Spaniards  from  Milan. —  First  settlements  in  the  Connecti- 
cut valley. —  Dissolution  of  the  Council  for  New  England  and  partitioning  of  its  territorv. 

1636.  Banishment  of  Roger  Williams  from  Massachusetts,  and  his  founding  of  Providence. 
—  Migration  of  the  Newtown  congregation  from  Massachusetts  to  the  Connecticut  valley,  founding 
Hartford.  —  Founding  of  Harvard  College  in  Massachusetts. — Campaign  of  Duke  Bernhard  of 
Weimar  in  Alsace  and  Lorraine,  in  the  pay  of  France. —  Success  of  the  Swedish  general,  Baner,  at 
Wittstock,  over  Saxons  and  imperialists. —  Birth  of  Boileau  (d.  1711). 

1637.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  II.  and  accession  of  his  son  Ferdinand  III.— The 
Pequot  War  in  New  England. —  Introduction  of  Laud's  Service-book  in  Scotland;  tumult  in  St. 
Giles'  church. —  Publication  of  Descartes'  "  Discours  de  la  Methode." 

1638.  Planting  of  the  Swedish  colony  on  the  Delaware  river  in  America. —  Banishment  of 
Anne  Hutchinson  from  Massachusetts.  —  Settlement  and  naming  of  Rhode  Island. —  Opening  of 
New  Netherland  to  free  colonization  and  trade. —  Rising  in  Scotland  against  the  Service-book; 
organization  of  the  Tables;  signing  of  the  National  Covenant. —  Planting  of  New  Haven  colony  in 
New  England. — Turkish  siege  and  capture  of  Bagdad  and  horrible  massacre  of  its  people. 

1639.  Adoption  of  the  Fundamental  Orders  of  Connecticut  and  the  Fundamental  Agree- 
ment of  New  Haven. — Grant  of  Maine  as  a  palatine  principality  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges. —  The 
First  Bishops'  War  of  the  Scotch  with  King  Charies  I.— Birth  of  Racine  (d.  1C99). 

1640.  Meeting  of  the  Long  Parliament  in  England.—  English  settlement  of  Madras  in  India.— 
Recovery  of  national  independence  by  Portugal,  with  the  House  of  Braganza  on  the  throne. — Extra- 
ordinary double  siege  of  Turin. — Introduction  in  Europe  of  Peruvian  bark  (cinchona). 

1641.  Impeachment  and  execution  of  Strafford  and  adoption  of  the  Grand  Remonstrance  by 
the  English  Parliament. — Catholic  rising  in  Ireland  and  alleged  massacres  of  Protestants. 

1642.  King  Cliarles'  attempt,  in  England,  to  arrest  the  Five  Members,  and  opening  of  the 
Civil  AVar  at  Edgehill.— Conspiracy  of  Cinq  Mars  in  France.— Death  of  Cardinal  Richelieu.— 
Second  battle  of  Breitenfeld  in  Germany,  won  by  the  Swedes  under  Torsteusou.— Birth  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  (d.  1727). 

1643.  Confederation  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England.— Meeting  of  the  Westmmster 
Assembly  of  Divines.- Subscription  of  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  between  the  Scotch  and 
English  nations.— Siege  of  Gloucester  and  first  battle  of  Newbury.— Death  of  Louis  XIIL  of 
France  and  accession  of  Louis  XIV.  under  the  regency  of  his  mother,  Anne  of  Austria,  and  the 
ministry  of  Cardinal  Mazarin— Victory  of  the  Diikc  d'  Engliien  (afterwards  called  the  Great 
Condo)  over  the  Spaniards  at  Rocroi.— Alliance  of  Denmark  with  the  Emperor  and  disastrous  war 
with  Sweden. 

1644.  Battles  of  Marston  Moor  and  the  second  Newbury,  and  siege  of  Lathom  House,  in  the 
English  civil  war.— Charter  granted  to  the  colony  of  Providence  Plantations.— Invention  of  the  barom 
ctcr  bv  Torricolli. — Birth  of  William  Penn  (d.  1718). 

1645.  Oliver  Cromwell  placed  second  in  command  of  the  English  Pariiamentary  army.— HlB 
victory  at  Na.seby.— The  storming  of  Bridgewater  and  Bristol.— Exploits  of  Montrose  in  Scotland.— 
Victory  of  Torst'cnson  and  the  Swedes  over  the  imperialists  at  Jankowitz  in  Bohemia.- Defeat  of 
the  imperialists  by  the  French  near  AUerheim.— Peace  of  BrOmsebro  between  Sweden  and  Denmark. 
--Beginning  of  the  War  of  Candia  (Crete). 

47 


1646.  Adoption  of  Presbyterianism  by  the  English  Parliament. — Surrender  of  King  Charles 
to  the  Scottisli  army. — Capture  of  Dunkirk  from  the  Spaniards  by  the  French  and  Dutch. — Birth  of 
Leibnitz  (d.  1716). 

1647.  Surrender  of  King  Charles  by  the  Scots  to  the  English,  his  imprisonment  at  Holdenby 
House  and  his  seizure  by  the  Army. — Insurrection  of  Masaniello  at  Naples. — Truce  of  the  Elector  of 
Bavaria  with  the  Swedes  and  French. — Election  of  Ferdinand,  son  of  the  Emperor,  to  the  throne  of 
Hungary. — Beginning  of  the  administration  of  Peter  Stuyvesant  in  New  Netherland. 

1648.  The  second  Civil  War  in  England. — Cromwell's  victory  at  Preston. — Treaty  of  New- 
port with  the  king.  Grand  Army  Remonstrance,  and  Pride's  Purge  of  Parliament,  reducing  it  to 
"  the  Rump." — Conflict  of  the  French  crown  with  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  and  defeat  of  the  crown. 
— Last  campaigns  of  the  Thirty  Years  War. — Peace  of  Westphalia:  cession  of  Alsace  to  France; 
separation  of  Switzerland  from  the  Empire;  division  of  the  Palatinate;  acknowledgment  of  the 
independence  of  the  United  Provinces  by  Spain. — Election  of  John  Casimir  king  of  Poland. 

1649.  Trial  and  execution  of  King  Charles  L,  of  England,  and  establishment  of  the  Common- 
wealth.— Mutinj'  of  the  Levellers  in  the  Parliamentary  Army. — Campaign  of  Cromwell  in  Ireland. — 
First  civil  war  of  the  Fronde  in  France,  ended  by  the  treaty  of  Reuil. — Passage  of  the  Act  of  Tolera- 
tion in  Jlaryland. 

1650.  Charles  II.  in  Scotland. — War  between  the  English  and  the  Scotch. — Victory  of  Crom- 
well at  Dunbar. — The  new  Fronde  In  France,  in  alliance  with  Spain. — Its  defeat  by  Mazarin  at 
Rethel. — Suspension  of  the  Stadtholdership  in  the  United  Provinces. — Publication  of  Baxter's 
"Saints'  Everlasting  Rest."  and  Jeremy  Taylor's  "Holy  Living." — Birth  of  Marlborough  (d.  1722). 

1651.  Invasion  of  England  by  Charles  II.  and  "the  Scots;  Cromwell's  victory  at  Worcester;- 
complete  conquest  of  Scotland. —  Passage  of  the  Navigation  Act  by  the  English  Parliament.  —  Ban- 
ishment of  Mazarin  from  France  and  restoration  of  peace. —  Renewal  of  civil  war  by  Conde. — Adop- 
tion of  the  Cambridge  Platform  in  Slassachusetts. —  Beginning  of  the  rule,  in  the  United  Provinces, 
of  John  DeWitt,  Grand  Pensionarv  of  Holland. —  Publication  of  Hobbes'  "  Leviathan, "  and  Jeremy 
Taylor's  "Holy  Dying."— Birth  of  Fenelon  (d.  1715). 

1652.  Victorious  naval  war  of  the  English  with  the  Dutch. — Battle  of  Porte  St.  Antoine,  Paris, 
between  the  armies  of  Conde  and  Turenne.  —  End  of  the  Fronde,  and  departure  of  Conde  to 
enter  the  service  of  Spain. —  Recovery  of  Dunkirk  by  the  Spaniards.— Institution  of  the  Liberum 
Veto  in  Poland. — Transfer  of  the  allegiance  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  Ukraine  from  Poland  to  Russia. — 
Legislation  to  restrict  and  diminish  slavery  in  Rhode  Island. —  Settlement  of  a  Dutch  colony  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

1653.  Expulsion  of  "the  Rump"  by  Cromwell,  and  establishment  of  the  Protectorate  in 
England. —  Adoption  of  the  Instrument  of  Government. —  Return  of  Mazarin  to  power  in  France. — 
The  Cromwellian  settlement  of  Ireland. —  Concession  of  municipal  government  to  New  Amsterdam 
(New  York). —  Establishment  of  a  penny  post  in  Paris  by  M.  de  Velayer. —  Publication  of  Walton's 
"Complete  Angler." 

1654.  Incorporation  of  Scotland  with  the  English  Commonwealth,  under  Cromwell. — Peace 
between  the  English  and  Dutch. —  Conquest  of  Nova  Scotia  by  the  New  England  colonists. — 
Death  of  Ferdinand,  king  of  Hungary,  and  election  of  his  brother  Leopold. —  Abdication  of  Queen 
Christina  of  Sweden ;  accession  of  Charles  X. 

1655.  Conquest  of  the  Swedish  colony  on  the  Delaware  by  the  Dutch  of  New  Netherland. — 
Alliance  of  England  and  France  against  Spain.  —  English  conquest  of  Jamaica  from  Spain. —  Occur- 
rence in  the  Russian  Church  of  the  great  schism  called  the  Raskol. —  Publication  of  the  first  of 
Pascal's  "Provincial  Letters." 

1656.  Beginning  of  the  Persecution  of  the  Quakers  in  Massachusetts. 

1657.  Death  of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  III. — Intrigues  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France  to  secure  the 
imperial  crown. 

1658.  Siege  and  capture  of  Dunkirk  from  the  Spaniards  and  possession  given  by  the  French 
to  the  English. —  Death  of  Cromwell  and  succession  of  his  son  Richard  as  Protector.  —  Election  of 
Leopold  I.,  son  of  the  late  emperor,  to  the  imperial  throne. —  Seizure  of  the  Mogul  throne  in  India 
by  Aurungzebe. 

1659.  Meeting  of  a  new  Parliament  in  England ;  its  dissolution ;  resuscitation  and  re-expulsion 
of  the  Rump,  and  formation  of  a  provisional  government  by  the  Army.  —  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees 
between  France  and  Spain,  and  marriage  of  Louis  XIV.  to  the  Spanish  infanta. —  Production  of 
MoliSre's  "  Les  Precieuses  Ridicules." 

1660.  March  of  the  English  army  under  Monk  from  Scotland  to  London. — Call  of  a  new  Par- 
liament by  Slonk,  and  restoration  of  tlie  monarchy,  in  the  person  of  Charles  II. — Abrogation  of  the 
incorporated  union  with  Scotland. — Renewed  war  of  Austria  with  the  Turks. — Closing  of  the  schools 
of  Port  Royal  through  Jesuit  influence. — Death  of  Charles  X.  of  Sweden  and  accession  of  Charles 
XI. — Publication  of  Dryden's  "  Astroca  Redux." 

1661.  Restoration  of  the  Church  of  England  and  passage  of  a  new  Act  of  Uniformity,  eject- 
ing '2,000  nonconformist  ministers. — Personal  assumption  of  government  by  Louis  XIV.  in  France. 
— IJcginning  of  the  ministry  of  Colbert. — Cession  of  Bombay  by  the  Portuguese  to  the  English. — 
Birtir<)f  Defoe  (d.  1731). 

1662.  Royal  charter  to  Connecticut  colony,  annexing  New  Haven. — Sale  of  Dunkirk  to  France 
by  Charles  II. — Beginning  of  the  attacks  of  the  Mahrattas  on  the  Mogul  empire. — Restoration  of 
episcopacy- in  Scotland  and  persecution  of  the  Covenanters. — Publication  of  Fuller's  "  Worthies  of 
England." 

1663.  Grant  of  the  Carolinas  by  Charles  IT.  of  England  to  Clarendon  and  others. — Erection 
of  New  France  (Canada)  into  a  royal  province. — Publication  of  the  first  part  of  Butler's  "Hudibras. " 
—Birth  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  (d.  1736). 

48 


1664.  Passage  of  the  Conventicle  Act  in  England,  for  suppression  of  the  nonconformists. — 
SeizuTL-  of  New  Netherland  (henceforth  New  York)  by  the  English  from  the  Dutch  and  grant  of  the 
province  to  the  duke  of  York. — Grant  of  New  Jersey  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  by  the  duke  of 
York, — War  by  France  upon  the  piratical  Barbary  states. — Great  defeat  of  the  Turks  by  the  Austri- 
ans  and  French,  in  the  battle  of  St.  Gothard. — Publication  of  the  first  Tariff  of  Colbert,  in  France. 

1665.  Passage  of  the  Five  Mile  Act,  in  continued  persecution  of  the  English  nonconformists. 
— Outbreak  of  the  great  Plague  in  London. — Formal  declarations  of  war  between  the  English  and 
the  Dutch. 

1666.  The  great  fire  in  London. — Tremendous  naval  battles  between  Dutch  and  English  and 
defeat  of  the  former. — Production  of  Molidre's  "  Le  Misanthrope." 

1667.  Ravages  by  a  Dutch  fleet  in  the  Thames. — Peace  treaties  of  Breda,  between  England, 
Holland,  France  and  Denmark. — War  of  Louis  XIV.,  called  the  War  of  the  Queen's  Rights,  in  the 
Spanish  Netherlands. — Restoration  of  Nova  Scotia  to  France. — Augmentation  of  Colbert's  Protective 
Tariff  in  France. — Publication  of  .Milton's  "Paradise  Lost,"  and  Dryden's  "Annus  Mirabilis. " — Pro- 
duction of  Rjicine's  "  Andromaque." — Birth  of  Swift  (d.  1745). 

1668.  Triple  alliance  of  England,  Holland  and  Sweden  against  France. — Abdication  of  John 
Casimir,  king  of  Poland.— Birth  of  Vico  (d.  1744).— Birth  of  Boerhaave  (d.  1738). 

1660.  First  exploring  journey  of  La  Salle  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  West. — Adoption  of  the 
fundamental  constitutions  framed  by  John  Locke  for  the  Carolinas. — Surrender  of  Candia  to  the  Turks. 

1670.  Treaty  of  the  king  of  England  with  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  betraying  his  allies,  the 
Dutch,  and  engaging  to  profess  himself  a  Catholic. — Publication  of  Spinoza's  "'Tractatus  Theo- 
logico-politicus." 

167 1.  Publication  of  Milton's  "  Paradise  Regained."— Birth  of  Steele  (d.  1729). 

1673.  Declaration  of  Indulgence  by  Charles  II.  of  England. — Alliance  of  England  and 
France  against  the  Dutch. — Restoration  of  the  Stadtholdership  in  Holland  to  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
and  murder  of  the  DeWitts.— Birth  of  Joseph  Addison  (d.  1719).— Birth  of  Peter  the  Great  (d.  1725). 

1673.  Discovery  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  by  Joliet  and  Marquette. — Recovery  of  New 
Netherland  by  the  Dutch  from  the  English. — Sale  of  West  Jersey  by  Lord  Berkeley  to  Quakers. 

1674.  Treaty  of  Westminster,  restoring  peace  between  the  Dutch  and  English  and  ceding  New 
Netherland  to  the  latter. — Purchase  of  Pondicherry,  on  the  Carnatic  coast  of  India,  by  the  French. 
— Election  of  John  Sobieski  to  the  throne  of  Poland. — Birth  of  Isaac  Watts  (d.  1748). 

1675.  War  with  the  Indians  in  New  England,  known  as  King  Philip's  War. — Defeat  of  the 
Swedes  l)y  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg  at  the  battle  of  Fehrbellin. 

1676.  Bacon's  rebellion  in  Virginia.  —  Birth  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  (d.  1745). 

1677.  Tekeli's  rising  in  Hungary  against  oppression  and  religious  persecution. — Production 
of  Racine's  "Phidre." 

1678.  The  pretended  Popish  Plot  in  England.  —  Treaties  of  Nimeguen  between  France,  Hol- 
land and  Spain.  —  Publication  of  the  first  part  of  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress." —  Birth  of  Boling- 
broke  (d.  1751). 

1679.  Passage  of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  in  England.  —  Oppression  of  Scotland  and  persecu- 
tion of  the  Covenanters. — Murder  of  Archbishop  Sharp. —  Defeat  of  Claverhouse  by  the  Covenanters 
at  Drumclog.  —  Defeat  of  Covenanters  by  Monnioutli  at  Bothwell  Bridge.  —  Treaty  of  Nimeguen 
between  France  and  the  Emperor. —  Building  of  the  Griffon  on  Niagara  river  by  La  Salle. 

1680.  First  naming  of  the  Whig  and  Tory  parties  in  England.  —  Complete  incorporation  of 
Alsace  and  Les  Trois  fiveches,  and  seizure  of  Strasburg,  by  France. —  Imprisonment  of  the  Man  with 
the  Iron  Alask.  —  Founding  of  Charleston,  S.  C. 

1681.  Merciless  despotism  of  the  duke  of  York  in  Scotland. —  Beginning  of  "dragonnade" 
persecution  of  Protestants  in  France. — Alliance  of  Tekeli  and  the  Hungarian  insurgents  with  the 
Turlis  anil  the  French.  —  Proprietary  grant  of  Pennsylvania  by  Charles  it.  to  William  Penn.  Pub- 
lication of  Dryden's  "  Absalom  and  Achilophel." 

1681i.  E.xploration  of  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth  by  La  Salle. — Purchase  of  East  Jersey  by 
Penn  and  other  Quakers. — Penn's  treaty  with  the  Indians. — Accession  of  Peter  the  Groat  in  associa- 
tion witli  his  brotlier  Ivan. 

1683.  The  Rye-house  Plot,  and  execution  of  Lord  Russell  and  Algernon  Sidney,  in  England. 
— Great  invasion  of  Hungary  and  Austria  by  the  Turks;  their  siege  of  'Vienna,  and  the  deliverance 
of  the  city  by  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland. — Establishment  of  a  penny  post  in  London  by  Robert 
Murray. — Founding  of  Philadelphia  by  William  Penn. 

1684.  Forfeiture  of  the  Mas.sachusetts  cliarter. — Holy  League  of  Venice,  Poland,  the  Emperor 
and  the  Pope  against  the  Turks.— Birth  of  Bishop  Berkeley  (d.  1753).— Birth  of  Hilndel  (d.  1759). 

1685.  Death  of  Charles  II.,  king  of  England,  and  accession  of  his  brother  James  II.,  an 
avowed  Catholic. — Rebellion  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  crushed  at  Sedgemoor  and  in  the  Bloody 
Assizes  of  Judge  Jeffreys. — Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  by  Louis  XIV.  of  France. — First 
lighting  of  the  streets  of  London. — Demand  upon  Connecticut  for  the  surrender  of  its  charter  ; 
concealment  of  the  instrument  in  the  Cliarter  Oak. — Birtli  of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach  (d.  1750). 

1686.  Revival  of  the  Court  of  High  Commission  in  England.— Consolidation  of  New  England 
under  a  royal  governor-general. — League  of  Augsburg  against  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  formed  by 
the  Prince  of  Orange  and  including  Holland,  Spain,  Sweden,  the  Emperor,  and  several  German 
princes. — Recovery  of  Bu<ia  by  the  Austrians  from  the  Turks  and  end  of  the  Hungarian  insurrec- 
tion.— Introduction  of  Bradford's  Printing  Press  in  Pennsylvania. 

1687.  Action  of  the  Hungarian  diet  making  the  crown  of  Hungary  hereditary  in  the  Haps- 
burg  family. —  Second  battle  of  Mohacs,  disastrous  to  the  Turks. —  Siege  of  Athens  by  the 
Venetians;  bombardment  of  the  Acropolis  and  partial  destruction  of  the  Parthenon. — Rule  in  Ireland 
of  Kichar  1  Talbot,  carl  of  Tyrconnel.— Publication  of  Newton's  "  Principia." 

49 


1688.  Declaration  of  Indulgence  by  James  11.  of  England,  and  imprisonment  and  trial  of  the 
seven  bishops  for  refusing  to  publish  it.  —  Invitation  to  William  and  Mary  of  Orange  to  accept  the 
English  crown. —  Arrival  in  England  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  flight  of  James.  —  Battle  of  Ennis- 
killen  in  Ireland. —  Recovery  of  Belgrade  from  the  Turks  by  the  Austrians. —  Union  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  with  New  England  under  Governor-general  Sir  Edmund  Andros. — Birth  of  Sweden- 
borg  (d.  1773).— Birth  of  Pope  (d.  1744). 

1689.  Completion  of  the  English  Revolution.  —  Settlement  of  the  crown  on  William  and  Mary. 
—  Passage  of  the  Toleration  Act  and  the  Bill  of  Rights. —  Landing  of  James  II.  in  Ireland  and  war 
in  that  island;  siege  and  successful  defense  of  Londonderry;  battle  of  Newton  Butler. —  Battle  of 
Killiecrankie,  in  Scotland,  and  death  of  Claverhouse. — -Revolution  in  New  York  led  by  Jacob 
Leisler. — Birth  of  Montesquieu  (d.  1755). 

1690.  Destruction  of  Schenectady,  New  York,  by  French  and  Indians.  —  The  first  congress  of 
the  American  colonies.- — The  League  of  Augsburg  against  Louis  XIV.  of  France  developed  into  the 
Grand  Alliance  of  England,  Holland,  Spain,  Savoy  and  the  Emperor. —  Second  devastation  of  the 
Palatinate  by  the  French. —  Reconquest  of  Belgrade  by  the  Turks. ^English  conquest  of  Acadia 
and  unsuccessful  attempt  against  Quebec. —  French  naval  victory  off  Beachy  Head,  over  the  English 
and  Dutch  fleets. —  Battle  of  the  Boyne  in  Ireland;  defeat  and  flight  of  James  II. —  Publication  of 
Locke's  "Essay  concerning  Human  Understanding." 

1691.  Battle  of  Aughrim  and  surrender  of  Limerick,  completing  the  Orange  conquest  of 
Ireland.  —  The  violated  Treaty  of  Limerick. — Execution  of  Jacob  Leisler  in  New  York. 

1693.  Ernst  Augustus,  duke  of  Hanover  and  of  Brunswick,  raised  to  the  rank  of  Elector. — 
New  Hampshire  settlements,  in  New  England,  separated  from  Massachusetts.  —  Defeat  of  King 
William  by  the  French  at  Steinkirk. —  Beginning  of  the  Salem  Witchcraft  madness  in  Massachu- 
setts.—  Massacre  of  Glencoe  in  Scotland.  —  Attempted  invasion  of  England  from  France  defeated 
by  the  English  and  Dutch  fleets  at  the  battle  of  La  Hogue.  —  Destructive  earthquake  in  Jamaica. 

1693.  Pounding  of  the  College  of  William  and  Mary  in  Virginia. — Removal  of  Bradford's 
Press  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York. — French  victories  at  Neerwinden  and  Marsaglia. — Absolut- 
ism established  in  Sweden  by  Charles  XI. — Discovery  of  the  fixed  temperature  of  boiling  water. 

1694.  The  founding  of  the  Bank  of  England.— Birth  of  Voltaire  (d.  1778). 

1695.  Passage  of  the  first  of  the  Penal  Laws,  oppressing  Catholics  in  Ireland. — Expiration  of 
the  Press-censorship  law  in  England. 

1696.  Death  of  John  Sobieski  and  purchase  of  the  Polish  crown  by  Frederick  Augustus, 
elector  of  Saxony. 

1697.  Peace  of  Ryswick,  ending  the  war  of  the  Grand  Alliance. — Cession  of  Strasburg  and 
restoration  of  Acadia  to  Prance. — Campaign  of  Prince  Eugene  against  the  Turks  and  his  decisive 
victory  at  Zenta. — Death  of  Charles  XI.  of  Sweden  and  accession  of  Charles  XII. — Sojourn  of  Peter 
the  Great  in  Holland. — Publication  of  Bayle's  Dictionary. — Birth  of  Hogarth  (d.  1764). 

1698.  Grant  to  the  English  by  the  Mogul  of  the  site  on  which  Calcutta  grew  up. — Undertak- 
ing, in  Scotland,  of  the  Darien  scheme  of  colonization  and  commerce. — Visit  of  Peter  the  Great  to 
England. — Publication  of  Algernon  Sidney's  "Discourse  on  Government." — Birth  of  Metastasio 
(d.  1782). 

1699.  Peace  of  Carlowitz,  between  Turkey,  Rulsia,  Poland,  Venice,  and  the  Emperor,  which 
reduced  the  European  dominions  of  the  Sultan  nearly  half. — Settlement  of  Iberville's  French  colony 
in  Louisiana. — Publication  of  Penelon's  "Telemaque." 

1700.  Prussia  raised  in  rank  to  a  kingdom. — First  campaigns  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden, 
against  the  Danes  and  the  Russians. — Death  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain,  bequeathing  his  crown  to 
Philip,  duke  of  Anjou,  second  son  of  the  Dauphin  of  France. 

Eighteenth  Century. 

1701.  English  Act  of  Settlement,  fixing  the  succession  to  the  throne  in  the  Electress  Sophia 
of  Hanover  and  her  heirs. —  Death  of  James  II.,  of  England,  at  St.  Germains. —  Possession  of  the 
crown  of  Spain  taken  by  Philip  of  Anjou,  as  Philip  V. — Founding  of  Yale  College  at  New  Haven, 
Connecticut. 

1702.  Death  of  William  III.,  king  of  England  and  stadtholder  of  Holland. —  Accession  in 
England  of  Queen  Anne. — The  Camisard  rising  in  France.  —  Beginning  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession  (called  in  America  Queen  Anne's  War). —  Battle  of  Priedlingen  in  Germany. —  Dutch  and 
English  expedition  against  Cadiz. — Attack  on  the  treasure  fleet  in  Vigo  Bay. — Victories  of  Prince 
Eugene  in  Italy,  followed  by  reverses  and  retreat  into  the  Tyrol. — Savoy  overrun  by  the  French. — 
Union  of  rival  English  East  India  Companies. —  Publication  of  the  first  daily  newspaper  in 
England,  the  "Courant." — Legislative  separation  of  Delaware  from  Pennsylvania. — Union  of  East 
and  AVest  Jersey  in  one  royal  province. 

1703.  The  Methueu  Treaty  between  England  and  Portugal. —  The  Aylesbury  Election  case 
in  England.  — Birth  of  Jonathan  Edwards  (d.  1'758).— Birth  of  John  Wesley  (d.  1791). 

I'(r04.  Campaigu  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene  on  the  Danube. — Victory  of  Blenheim. 
— Capture  of  Gibraltar  by  the  English  from  Spain.— Insurrection  in  Hungary  under  Rakoczy. — 
Publication  (at  Boston)  of  the  first  newspaper  in  the  English  American  colonies.  —  Completed  subju- 
gation of  Poland  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. —  Publication  of  Swift's  "Tale  of  a  Tub,"  and  of  the 
first  part  of  Clarendon's  "  History  of  the  Great  Rebellion"  (England). 

1705.  Capture  of  Barcelona  by  the  Earl  of  Peterborough. 

1706.  Marlborough's  victory  at  Ramillies  over  the  French  under  Villeroy. — Expulsion  of  the 
French  from  Antwerp,  Ghent,  and  other  strong  places  of  Flanders. — Madrid  lost  and  regained  by 
the  Bourbon  king  of  Spain. — French  siege  of  'Turin. — Deliverance  of  the  city  by  Prince  Eugene. — 
Birth  of  B<'njaniin  Friinklin  (d.  1790), 

50 


1707.  Union  of  the  kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland.— Victories  of  Marlborough  and 
Prince  Eugene  at  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet,  over  Vcndome  and  Villars. — Victory  of  Berwick,  for 
the  French  and  Spaniards,  at  Almanza. — Disastrous  expedition  of  Prince  Eugene  against  Toulon. — 
Death  of  Auruni;zebe,  tlie  last  important  Alogul  emperor. — Subjugation  of  Saxony  by  Charles  XIL 
—Birth  of  Buffoh  (d.  17S8).— Birth  of  Fielding  (d.  1754). 

1708.  English  coiujuest  of  Majorca  and  Minorca,  by  General  Stanhope. — Renewed  persecu- 
tion of  tlie  Jansenists. — Dispersion  of  the  nuns  of  Port  Royal  of  the  Fields. — Invasion  of  Russia  by 
Charles  XII.— Birth  of  Charles  Wesley  (d.  1788).— Birth  of  William  Pitt,  Lord  Chatham  (d.  1778). 

1705>.  The  first  Barrier  Treaty  between  Holland  and  Great  Britain. — Dispersion  of  the  nuns 
of  Port  Royal. — Defeat  of  Charles  XII.  at  Pultowa  by  the  Russians  and  his  escape  into  Turkish 
territory. — Publication  of  the  first  numbers  of  Steele  and  Addison's  "Tatler,"  and  of  Berkeley's 
"New  Theory  of  Vision." — Birth  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  (d.  1784). 

1710.  Trial  of  Dr.  Sacheverell  in  England. — Peace  conferences  at  Gertruydenberg  between 
France,  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Spain  and  Austria. — Madrid  again  lost  and  recovered  by  Philip  V. 
— Franco-Spanish  victories  of  Villa  Vicio.sa  and  Brihuega. — Capture  of  Port  Royal,  Acadia,  by  the 
New  Englanders ;  final  English  conquest  of  Acadia  and  change  of  name  to  Nova  Scotia. 

1711.  Fall  of  the  Whigs  from  power,  in  England. — Passage  of  the  Occasional  Conformity 
Act. — Death,  in  Austria,  of  the  Emperor  Joseph  I. — Election  and  coronation  of  Charles  VI. — 
Opening  of  negotiations  for  peace  between  England  and  France. — -Peace  of  Szathmar,  ending  the 
revolt  in  Hungary — Publication  of  the  first  numbers  of  "The  Spectator,"  by  Addison,  Steele,  and 
others;  also  of  Pope's  "  Essay  on  Criticism." — Birth  of  David  Hume  (d.  1776). 

1712.  Dismissal  of  Marlborough  from  his  command,  by  the  British  Government. — Peace  con- 
ference at  Utrecht. — Imposition  of  the  Stamp  Tax  on  newspapers  in  England. — Birth  of  Frederick 
the  Great  (d.  1786).— Birth  of  Jeantlacques  Rousseau  (d.  1778). 

1713.  The  Peace  of  Utreclit,  ending  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  except  as  between 
JVance  and  the  Emperor;  cession  of  Sicily  by  Spain  to  the  duke  of  Savoy,  with  the  title  of  king; 
restoration  of  Savoy  and  Nice  to  the  same  prince,  by  France,  with  cessions  of  certain  valleys  and 
forts;  exchange  by  the  king  of  Prussia  of  the  principality  of  Orange  and  the  lordship  of  ChSlons 
for  Spanish  Guclderlaud  and  the  sovereignty  of  Neufchatel  and  Valengin;  cession  by  Spain  to  the 
House  of  Austria  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  the  duchy  of  Milan,  the  Spanish  Tuscan  territories,  and 
the  sovereignty  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  reserving  certain  rights  of  the  elector  of  Bavaria; 
agreement  for  the  destruction  of  the  fortifications  and  liarbor  of  Dunkirk ;  relinquishment  to  Great 
Britain  of  Newfoundland,  Nova  Scotia,  Gibraltar,  Minorca,  Hudson  Bay,  and  the  island  of  St. 
Christopher;  concession  of  tlie  Assiento  or  Spanish  slave-trading  contract  to  Great  Britain  for  thirty 
years. — Second  Barrier  Treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  Holland. — The  papal  Bull  Unigenitus 
against  the  doctrines  of  the  Jansenists. — Production  of  Addison's  "  Cato." — Birth  of  Sterne  (d.  1768). 
—Birth  of  Diderot  (d.  1784). 

1714.  Death  of  Queen  Anne  of  England;  accession  of  George  I. — Treaty  of  Rastadt  or 
Baden,  establishing  peace  between  France  and  the  Emperor;  relinquishment  of  Sardinia  by  the 
Elector  of  Bavaria  to  the  Emperor,  in  return  for  the  Upper  Palatinate. — Opening  of  war  with  the 
Turks  by  the  Emperor,  Charles  VI. — Return  of  Charles  XII.  to  Sweden. — Invention  of  Fahren- 
heit's Thermometer.— Birth  of  Condillac  (d.  1780).— Birth  of  Helvetius  (d.  1771).— Birth  of  Vauve- 
nargues  (d.  1747). 

1715.  Jacobite  rising  in  Great  Britain. — Death  of  Louis  XIV.  in  France;  accession  of  Louis 
XV.,  under  the  regency  of  the  duke  of  Orleans. — Barrier  treaty  of  Holland  with  the  Emperor. — 
Publication  of  the  first  books  of  Pope's  translation  of  the  "  Iliad,"  and  the  first  books  of  Le  Sage's 
"Gil  Bias." 

1716.  Passage  of  the  Septennial  Act,  extending  the  terra  of  the  British  Parliament  to  seven 
years. — Victory  of  Prince  Eugene  over  the  Turks,  at  Petervardein. 

1717.  Launching  of  the  Mississippi  scheme  of  John  Law,  in  France. — Triple  Alliance  of 
France,  Great  Britain  and  Holland  to  oppose  the  projects  of  Alberoni  and  Queen  Elizabeth  Farncse, 
in  Spain. —  Spanish  capture  of  Sardinia. —  Final  recovery  of  Belgrade  from  the  Turks  by  the  Aus 
trians.— Birth  of  D'Alembert  (d.  1783). 

1718.  Promulgation  of  the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI. ,  defining  the  Austrian  succes 
sion  in  favor  of  his  daughter,  Maria  Theresa. —  Spanish  conquest  of  Sicily  from  the  duke  of  Savoy. 
—  Quadruple  Alliance  of  France,  Great  Britain,  Holland  and  the  Emperor  against  Spain.  —  Peace 
of  Passarowitz  between  the  Emperor  and  the  Porte. —  Removal  of  the  capital  of  Russia  to  St 
Petersburg. —  Death  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. — Founding  of  the  city  of  New  Orleans  by  Bien 
ville. 

1719.  French  and  English  attacks  on  Spain. —  Submission  of  Philip  V.  to  the  Quadruple 
Alliance.  —  Banishment  of  Alberoni. —  Spani.sh  evacuation  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia. —  Restoration  of 
the  oligarchical  constitution  of  Sweden. —  Publication  of  the  first  part  of  De  Foe's  "Robinson 
Crusoe,"  and  of  Watts'  "  Psalms  and  Hymns." 

1720.  The  South  .Sea  Bubble  in  England.—  Forced  exchange  by  the  duke  of  Savoy,  with  the 
Emperor,  of  Sicily  for  Sardinia,  the  latter  being  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom.  —  Reversion  of  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia  and  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany  to  Don  Carlos,  son  of  the  king 
of  Spain. —  Publication  of  Vico's  "  Jus  Universale." 

17121.  Rise  of  Walpole  to  ascendancy  in  the  British  Government.  — Introduction  of  preventive 
inoculation  against  smallpox  in  England  by  Lady  Montague.  —  Election  of  Pope  Innocent  XIII. 

1722.  Grant  of  Wood's  patent  for  supplying  Ireland  with  a  copper  coinage.— Conquest  of 
Persia  by  the  Afghans.  — Birth  of  Samuel  Adams  (d.  1803).         t" 

1723.  Majority  of  Louis  XV.,  king  of  France.- Termination  of  the  Regency.— Publication  of 
Ramsay's  "  Gentle  Shepherd."—  Birth  of  Adam  Smith  (d.  1790). 

51 


1724.  Election  of  Pope  Benedict  XIII.  —  Publication  of  Swift's  "  Drapier's  Letters"  against 
Wood's  halfpence,  in  Ireland. —  Birth  of  Kant  (d.  1804). 

1735.  Treaty  of  Spain  with  Austria  guaranteeing  the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI. — 
Alliance  of  Hanover  between  France,  Great  Britain  and  Holland. — Death  of  Peter  the  Great,  of 
Russia,  and  accession  of  his  empress,  Catherine  I. —  Birth  of  Clive  (d.  1774). 

1736.  Treaty  of  Russia  with  Austria  guaranteeing  the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI. — 
Publication  of  Swift's  "  Gulliver's  Travels." 

1737.  Death  of  George  I.  of  England. — Accession  of  George  II. — Hostilities  without  formal 
war  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain. — Siege  of  Gibraltar  by  the  Spaniards. — Deliverance  of  Persia 
from  the  Afghans  by  Nadir  Kuli.— Birth  of  Turgot  (d.  1781). 

1728.  Treaty  of  Prussia  with  Austria  guaranteeing  the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI. — 
Birth  of  Goldsmith  (d.  1774). 

1729.  End  of  proprietary  government  in  the  Carolinas. — Birth  of  Edmund  Burke  (d.  1797). — 
Birth  of  Lessing  (d.  1781).— Birth  of  Moses  Mendelssohn  (d.  1786). 

1730.  Election  of  Pope  Clement  XII. — Founding  of  Baltimore  in  Maryland. — Opening  of  the 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway ;  accidental  death  of  Mr.  Huskisson,  prime  minister  of  England. 
—Birth  of  Edmund  Burke*  (d.  1797). 

1731.  Treaty  of  Seville  between  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Spain. — Don  Carlos  established  in 
the  duchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia. — Treaties  of  England  and  Holland  with  Austria,  guaranteeing 
the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI. — Founding  of  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine." — Birth  of  Wil- 
liam Cowper  (d.  1800). 

1732.  Usurpation  of  the  Persian  throne  by  Nadir  Kuli,  thenceforward  entitled  Nadir  KuU 
Khan,  or  Nadir  Shah. — Grant  of  Georgia  in  America  to  General  Oglethorpe  by  George  II.,  of  Eng- 
land.—Founding,  at  Philadelphia,  of  the  first  Subscription  Library  in  the  United  States,  by  Frank- 
lin.— Publication  of  the  first  part  of  Pope's  "Essay  on  Man." — Birth  of  Washington  (d.  1799). — 
Birth  of  Haydn  (d.  1809). 

1733.  The  first  Bourbon  Family  Compact  between  the  French  and  Spanish  sovereigns. — 
Death  of  Augustus  II.  of  Poland  and  War  of  the  Polish  Succession  between  France  and  Austria. — 
John  Kay's  invention  of  the  fly-shuttle  for  weaving. — Founding  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  by  General 
Oglethorpe.— Birth  of  Wielaud  (d.  1813),— Birth  of  Joseph  Priestley  (d.  1804). 

1734.  Conquest  of  Naples  and  Sicilj-  by  Don  Carlos,  son  of  the  king  of  Spain,  and  assumption 
by  him  of  the  kingship  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  under  the  name  and  style  of  Charles  III. — Zenger's 
trial  in  New  York  and  vindication  of  the  freedom  of  the  English  colonial  press. 

1735.  Treaty  of  Vienna  between  France,  Austria  and  Spain,  confirming  Charles  III.  in  posses- 
sion of  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies ;  ceding  Lorraine  to  France  and  Tuscany  in  reversion  to  the 
former  duke  of  Lorraine. — First  Moravian  (Unitas  Fratrum)  settlement  in  America  planted  in 
Georgia.— Birth  of  John  Adams  (d.  1826). 

1736.  Founding  of  the  shortlived  realm  of  King  Theodore  in  Corsica. — Publication  of  But- 
ler's "Analogy  of  Religion." — Porteous  riots  in  Edinburgh. — Birth  of  Lagrange  (d.  1813). 

1737.  Birth  of  Edward  Gibbon  (d.  1794). 

1738.  Treaty  of  France  with  Austria  guaranteeing  the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI. 

1739.  War  of  Jenkins'  Ear,  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain. — Capture  of  Delhi,  in  India, 
with  sack  and  massacre,  by  Nadir  Shah,  the  Persian  conqueror. 

1740.  Accession  of  Frederick  the  Great  in  Prussia.— Death  of  the  Emperor  Charles  VI. — 
Treachery  of  the  Powers  which  had  guaranteed  the  Austrian  succession  to  Maria  Theresa. — Opening 
of  the  War  of  the  Succession. — Invasion  of  Silesia  by  Frederick  of  Prussia — Election  of  Pope  Benedict 
XIV. —  Settlement  of  the  Moravians  (Unitas  Fratrum)  in  Pennsylvania,  at  Bethlehem. —  First 
performance  of  Hiindel's  "Messiah." 

1741.  Battle  of  MoUwitz. — Alliance  of  Prussia,  France  and  Bavaria. — Appeal  of  Maria 
Theresa  to  the  Hungarians. — Franco-Bavarian  invasion  of  Bohemia  and  Austrian  invasion  of 
Bavaria.  — Secret  bargain  of  Frederick  with  Maria  Theresa,  and  abandonment  of  his  allies. — Pre- 
tended Negro  Plot  in  New  York,- Publication  of  the  first  volume  of  Hume's  "Essays  Moral  and 
Political." 

1742.  Resignation  of  Walpole  from  the  British  Ministry. — Imperial  election  and  coronation  of 
the  elector  of  Bavaria  as  Charles  VII. —Reversing  of  the  treachery  of  Frederick  and  renewal  of  his  war 
with  Austria. — Battle  of  Chotusitz. — Treaty  of  Breslau  between  Austria  and  Prussia.— Cession  of 
Silesia  and  Glatz  to  Frederick. — Continuation  of  the  war  of  Austria  and  France.— Expulsion  of  the 
French  from  Bohemia. — Birth  of  Scheele  (d.  1786). 

1743.  The  second  Bourbon  Family  Compact  between  the  sovereigns  of  France  and  Spain. — 
Great  Britain  involved  iu  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  supporting  the  cause  of  Maria 
Theresa.- Victory  of  the  "Pragmatic  Army  "  (English  and  Hanoverian)  at  Dettincen.— Birth  of 
Thomas  Jefferson  (d.  1826).— Birth  of  ToussaintL'  Ouverture  (d.  1803).— Birth  of  Lavoisier  (d.  1794). 

1744.  Renewal  of  war  with  Austria  by  Frederick  of  Prussia. — His  invasion  of  Bohemia,  his 
capture  of  Prague  and  his  forced  retreat.- Birth  of  Herder  (d.  1803). 

1745.  The  last  Jacobite  rebellion  in  Great  Britain.— Death  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole.— Capture 
of  Louisburg  and  the  island  of  Cape  Breton  from  France  by  the  New  England  colonists.— Death  of 
the  Emperor  Charles  VII.— Defeat  of  the  British  and  Dutch  by  the  French  at  Fontenoy. — Peace 
made  by  Austria  with  Bavaria,  and  alliance  with  Saxony  against  the  king  of  Prussia.— Prussian 
victories  at  Hohenfriedberg,  Sohr,  Hennersdorf,  and  Kesselsdorf.— Election  of  the  husband  of  Maria 
Theresa  to  the  Imperial  throne,  as  Francis  I. — Peace  between  Austria  and  Prussia. — Success  of  the 
French,  Spaniards,  and  Genoese  in  Lombardy,  expelling  the  Austrians  from  every  part  except  the 
citadel  of  Milan  and  the  fortiess  of  Mantua.— Invention  of  the  Leyden  jar. 

•  Uncertain  date. 

52 


I 


1746.  French  conquest  of  the  Austrian  Netherlands. —  Retreat  of  Spaniards  and  French  from 
North  Italy. —  Surrender  of  Genoa  to  the  Austrians,  and  their  e.tpulsion  by  a  popular  rising. — 
Capture  of  Madras  by  the  French. — Birth  of  Pestalozzi  (d.  1837). —  Birth  of  Henry  Grattan  (d.  1820). 

1747.  French  invasion  of  the  United  Provinces  (Holland);  risings  of  the  Orange  party; 
restoration  of  the  Stadtholdership,  in  the  person  of  William  IV. —  Unsuccessful  siege  of  Genoa  by 
the  Austrians  and  Sardinians. —  Franklin's  identification  of  lightning  with  electricity. —  Murder  of 
Nadir  Shah,  the  Persian  conqueror. 

1748.  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  ending  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession;  general 
restoration  of  conquests  made  during  the  war;  confirmation  of  Silesia  and  Glatz  to  Frederick  of 
Prussia;  general  guarantee  of  the  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI.  —  Beginning  of  cxcavationa 
at  Pompeii.  — Birth  of  Jeremy  Bcntham  (d.  1832). 

1749.  Formation  of  the  Ohio  Company,  with  a  royal  grant  of  lands  in  the  Ohio  Valley. — 
Founding  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. —  Publication  of  Montesquieu's  "  Esprit  des  Lois";  of  Fielding's 
"Tom  Jones,"  and  of  John  Wesle}''s  "Plain  account  of  the  people  called  Methodists." — Birth  of 
Charles  James  Fox  (d.  1806).— Birth  of  Goethe  (d.  1832).— Birth  of  Mirabeau  (d.  1791).— Birth  of 
Vittorio  Alfieri  (d.  1803).— Birth  of  Laplace  (d.  1827).— Birth  of  Jenner  (d.  1823). 

1751.  Beginning  of  the  military  career  of  Clive  in  India  by  the  taking  of  Arcot  from  the 
French. —  Introduction  of  the  Gregorian  Calendar,  or  change  from  Old  Style  to  New,  in  England. — 
Publication  of  Gray's  "  Elegy  in  a  Country  Churchyard,"  and  of  the  first  volume  of  "  L'  Encyclo- 
pedic."— Birth  of  H.  B.  Sheridan  (d.  1816).— Birth  of  James  Madison  (d.  1836). 

1754.  Founding  of  King's  College  (now  Columbia)  at  New  York. — Congress  of  the  American 
Colonies  at  Albany  and  plans  of  Union. — Building  of  Fort  Duquesne  by  the  French  and  Washing- 
ton's expedition  against  them. — Publication  of  the  first  volume  of  Hume's  "  History  of  England." — 
Birth  of  Talleyrand  (d.  1838). 

1755.  Beginning  of  the  Seven  Years  War,  called  in  America  the  French  and  Indian  War; 
Braddock's  defeat  by  the  French  and  Indians  in  America ;  battle  of  Lake  George  and  defeat  of  the 
French ;  dispersion  in  exile  of  the  French  Acadians  from  Nova  Scotia. — Birth  of  Hahnemann,  the 
originator  of  Hotnceopathy. — Great  earthquake  at  Lisbon. — Birth  of  John  Marshall  (d.  1835). 

175G.  Formal  declarations  of  war  by  Great  Britain  and  France;  conquest  of  Minorca  by 
the  French  from  the  English. — Invasion  and  occupation  of  Saxony  by  Frederick  of  Prussia. — 
Frederick  under  the  Ban  of  the  Empire. — Capture  of  Delhi  by  the  Afghan  Duranees;  capture  of 
Calcutta  by  Surajah  Dowlah,  and  tragedy  of  the  Black  Hole.— Birth  of  Mozart  (d.  1791*). 

1757.  Execution  in  England  of  Admiral  Byng. — Beginning  of  the  administration  of  the  elder 
Pitt. — Invasion  of  Bohemia  b.v  Frederick;  his  victory  at  Prague,  his  defeat  at  Kolin,  convention  of 
Closter-Seven,  battles  of  Rossbach  and  Leutheu. — Capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  in  America,  by 
the  French. — Franklin's  mission  to  England  for  the  Pennsylvanians. — Clive's  overthrow  of  Surajah 
Dowlah  at  the  battle  of  Plassey,  in  India. — Birth  of  Canova  (d.  1822). — Birth  of  Alexander  Hamilton 
(d.  1804).— Birth  of  Lafayette  (d.  1834).— Birth  of  Baron  von  Stein  (d.  1831). 

1758.  Siege  of  Olmutz  by  Frederick;  his  victory  over  the  Russians  at  Zorndorf;  his  defeat 
by  the  Austrians  at  Iloclikirch. — Election  of  Pope  Clement  XIII. — Repulse  of  the  British  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  in  America;  capture  of  Louisburg  and  Fort  Du  Quesue  (afterwards  Pittsburg)  by  the 
English  from  the  Frencli.— Beginning  of  the  publication  of  Dr.  Johnson's  "  Idler. "^Birth  of  Lord 
Nelson  (d.  180.5).— Birth  of  Robespierre  (d.  1794). 

1751>.  Naval  battles  of  the  English  and  French  off  Lagos  and  in  Quiberon  Bay. — Battles  of 
Bergen  and  Minden  in  Germany;  defeat  of  Frederick  at  Kuneredorf;  loss  of  Dresden;  capitu- 
lation of  Maxen. —  Expidsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  the  Portuguese  dominions.  —  Capture  of  Quebec, 
in  Canada,  from  the  French,  by  General  Wolfe;  British  capture  of  Fort  Niagara,  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point. —  Opening  of  the  British  Museum.  —  Publication  of  Dr.  Johnson's  "  Rasselas," 
Adam  Smith's  "Jloral  Sentiments,"  the  first  volumes  of  Sterne's  "Tristram  Shandy,"  and  the 
first  volume  of  the  "Annual  Register,"  edited  by  Burke. —  Birth  of  Schiller  (d.  1805). —  Birth 
of  Robert  Burns  (d.  1796).— Birth  of  William  Wilberforce  (d.  1833).  — Birth  of  William  Pitt 
(d.  1806). 

1760.  Death  of  George  II.,  king  of  England;  accession  of  George  III. —  Frederick's  bom- 
bardment of  Dresden. —  Battles  of  Liegnitz,  Torgau  and  Warburg. —  Completion  of  the  English 
conquest  of  Canada. —  Defeat  of  the  French  by  the  English,  in  India,  at  Wandiwash. —  Publica- 
tion of  Rousseau's  "  Nouvelle  Heloise,"  and  Goldsmith's  "Citizen  of  the  World." 

1701.  Resignation  of  Pitt  from  the  British  Ministry.— The  third  Bourbon  Family  Compact 
of  the  French  and  Spaidsh  kings. —  Campaigns  in  Saxony  and  Silesia. — Battle  of  Panniput  in  India 
and  defeat  of  the  Mahrattas  by  the  Afghans.— Speech  of  Otis,  at  Boston,  against  the  Writs  of 
Assistance. —  Surrender  of  Pondicherry  to  the  English  by  the  French. 

1702.  Ascendancy  of  Lord  Bute  in  the  British  Jliuistry;  publication  of  Wilkes'  "North 
Briton;"  declaration  of  war  against  Spain;  siege  and  con(|uest  of  Havana. — Death  of  the  Empress 
Elizabeth  of  Russia;  accession,  deposition  and  murder  of  Peter  HI.  ;  elevation  of  Catherine  II.  to  the 
throne.— Decree  of  the  Pariiaraent  of  Paris  for  the  suppression  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.— Publication  of 
Macpherson's  "  Poems  of  Ossian."  and  of  Rousseau's  "  Contrat  Social."— Birth  of  Fichte  (d.  1814). 

17<J3.  Peace  of  Paris  and  Peace  of  Ilubertsburg,  ending  the  Seven  Years  War:  cession 
to  Great  Britain  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  by  France,  and  of  Florida  by  Spain; 
transfer  of  Louisiana  to  Spain  bv  France.- First  English  measure  (the  Sugar  Act)  for  taxing 
the  American  colonies.- Proclan'iat ion  of  King  George  excluding  settlers  from  the  Northwest 
territory  in  America.— Outbreak  in  America  of  the  Indian  war  called  Pontiac's  War.— Resignation 
of  Lord  Bute  from  the  British  Minislrv  and  formation  of  the  Grenvillc  Ministry.— Death  of 
Augustus  IIL  of  Poland.— Birth  of  Jean  Paul  Frederick  Richter  (d.  1825). 

•  Uncertain  date. 


1764.  Expulsion  of  Wilkes  from  the  British  House  of  Commons. — Election  of  Joseph  II., 
King  of  the  Romans. — Election  of  Stanislaus  Poniatowsky  to  the  Polish  throne,  under  the  protection 
of  Russia. — Ordonnance  of  Louis  XV.  forbidding  the  existence  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  France. — 
Beginning  of  the  survey  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  determining  the  boundary  between  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland. — Publication  of  Goldsmith's  "  The  'Traveller,"  and  of  Rousseau's  "  fimile." 

1765.  First  derangement  of  the  English  king,  George  III. — Dismissal  of  Grenville. — Forma- 
tion of  the  Rockingham  Ministry. — Death,  in  Austria,  of  tlie  Emperor  Francis  I. ;  imperial  corona- 
tion of  Joseph  II. — Passage  of  the  English  Stamp  Act  for  the  taxation  of  the  American  colonies;  form- 
ation in  the  colonies  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  and  convening  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress. — Publica- 
tion of  the  first  volume  of  Blackstone's  "  Commentaries." 

1766.  The  Grafton- Chatham  Ministry  in  power  in  Great  Britain. — Repeal  of  the  colonial 
Stamp  Act. —  Discovery  of  hydrogen,  by  Cavendish. — Publication  of  Lessing's  "LaokoSn,"  and  of 
Goldsmith's  "Vicar  ofWakefield."— Birth  of  John  Dalton  (d.  1844). 

1767.  Suppression  of  the  Jesuits  in  Spain. — Beginning  of  the  first  war  of  the  English  in  India 
with  Hyder  Ali. — The  Townshend  measures  of  the  British  Parliament  for  taxation  of  the  colonies. — 
Birth  of  August  Wilhelm  von  Sehlegel  (d.  1845).— Birth  of  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  (d.  1835).— 
Birth  of  Andrew  Jackson  (d.  1845). — Birth  of  John  Quincy  Adams  (d.  1848). 

1 768.  The  Middlesex  elections  in  England ;  repeated  expulsion  and  re-election  of  "Wilkes ;  with- 
drawal of  Chatham  from  the  Ministry.— Religious  disturbances  in  Poland. — Confederation  of  Bar. — 
Turkish  interference  against  Russia. — Circular  letter  of  Massachusetts  to  the  other  American 
colonies. — Cession  of  Corsica  (in  revolt)  b.v  Genoa  to  France. 

1769.  Demand  of  Spain,  France  and  Naples  at  Rome  for  the  abolition  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 

—  Election  of  Pope  Clement  XIV.  —  Patents  issued  in  Great  Britjiin  to  James  Watt  for  his  first 
improvements  in  the  steam  engine,  and  to  Richard  Arkwright  for  his  roller-spinning  "water-frame  " ; 
publication  of  the  first  "Letters  of  Junius." — Migration  of  Daniel  Boone  from  North  Carolina  into 
Kentucky. — Birth  of  Wellington  (d.  1853).- — Birth  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  in  Corsica  (d.  1821). — 
Birth  of  Alexander  von  Humboldt  (d.   1859).— Birth  of   Cuvier  (d.   1832). 

1770.  Patenting  in  Great  Britain  of  Hargreave's  spinning-jenny. —  Beginning  of  the  admin- 
istration of  Lord  North  in  Great  Britain.  —  Publication  of  Burke's  "  Thoughts  on  the  Present 
Discontents,"  of  Goldsmith's  "Deserted  Village,"  and  of  the  first  edition  of  the  "Encyclopsedia 
Britannica."— Birth  of  Thorwaldsen  (d.  1844).— Birth  of  Wordsworth  (d.  1850).— Birth  of  Hegel 
(d.  1831).  — Birth  of  George  Canning  (d.  1837).— Birth  of  Beethoven  (d.  1837). 

1771.  Freedom  of  the  reporting  of  proceedings  conceded  by  the  British  Parliament. — Insur- 
rection of  the  Regulators  in  North  Carolina  and  battle  of  the  Alamance. —  Constitutional  revolution 
in  Sweden  carried  out  by  Gustavns  III.— Birth  of  Bichat  (d.  1803).— Birth  of  Sir  Walter  Scott 
(d.  1833). 

1 7  '7  2.  Treaty  for  the  first  Partitioning  of  Poland  arranged  between  Prussia,  Austria  and  Russia. 
— The  institution  in  the  American  colonies  of  Committees  of  Correspondence.  —  Forming  of  tlie 
Watauga  Association,  from  which  grew  the  State  of  Tennessee. —  Decision  by  Lord  Slansfield,  in 
the  case  of  the  negro  Somersett,  that  a  slave  cannot  be  held  in  England. —  Birth  of  Coleridge 
(d.  1834).— Birth  of  Ricardo  (d.  1823). 

1773.  Papal  decree  of  Pope  Clement  XIV.  abolishing  the  Society  of  Jesus. — Appointment  of 
Warren  Hastings,  the  first  English  Governor-General  in  India. —  Resistance  in  the  English  American 
colonies  to  the  diitv  on  tea ;  the  Boston  tea-party.  —  Publication  of  Goethe's  ' '  G5tz  von  Berlichingen. " 

—  Birth  of  Jletternich  (d.  1859). 

1774.  Death  of  Louis  XV.,  king  of  Fr.ance;  accession  of  Louis  XVI. —  Passage  of  the 
Boston  Port  Bill,  the  Massachusetts  Act,  and  the  Quebec  Act  by  the  British  Parliament. — Meeting 
of  the  first  Continental  Congress  of  the  American  colonies;  organization  of  the  revolutionary  Pro- 
vincial Congress  in  Massachusetts,  and  of  the  Committee  of  Safety. —  Lord  Dunmore's  War  with 
the  Indians;  murder  of  the  family  of  Logan,  the  chief. —  Publication  of  Goethe's  "  Werther."-f 
Discovery  of  oxygen  by  Priestley. — Birth  of  Southey  (d.  1843). 

1775.  Speech  of  Burke  on  "Conciliation  with  America." — Beginning  of  the  War  of  the 
American  Revolution :  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord ;  siege  of  Boston ;  surprising  of  Ticon- 
deroga  and  Crown  Point ;  battle  of  Bunker  Hill ;  creation  of  the  Continental  Army ;  appointment  of 
Washington  Commander-in-Chief;  expedition  to  Canada.— Execution  of  Nuncomar  in  British  India. 
— Election  of  Pope  Pius  VL— Production  of  Sheridan's  "The  Rivals"  and  of  Beaumarchais'  "Bar- 
biere  de  Seville."— Birth  of  Daniel  O'Counell  (d.  1847).— Birth  of  Charles  Lamb  (d.  1834).— Birth  of 
Walter  Savage  Laudor  (d.  1864).— Birth  of  Turner  (d.  1851). 

1776.  Dismissal  of  Turgot  in  France  by  Louis  XVI.,  yielding  to  the  intrigues  of  the  French 
court. — Evacuation  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  by  the  British  army;  repulse  of  the  British  from 
Charleston;  retreat  of  Arnold  from  Canada;  Declaration  of  Independence  by  the  Continental  Con- 
gress; battle  of  Long  Island  and  defeat  of  the  Americans;  retreat  of  Washington  into  New  Jersey 
and  his  success  at  Trenton.— Publication  of  Adam  Smith's  "  Wealth  of  Nations,"  of  Paine's  "Com- 
mon Sense,"  of  Bcntbam's  "Fragment  on  Government,"  and  of  the  first  volume  of  Gibbon's  "Decline 
and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire."- Birth  of  Niebuhr  (d.  1831).— Birth  of  Herbart  (d.  1841). 

1777.  Washington's  victory  over  Cornwallis  at  Princeton ;  British  occupation  of  Philadelphia, 
and  victories  over  the  Americans  at  Brandywine  and  Germantown;  arrival  in  America  of  Lafayette 
and  Steuben;  Burgoyne's  expedition  from  Canada  and  surrender  at  Saratoga;  the  winter  of  Wash- 
ington's armv  at  Valley  Forge ;  the  Conway  Cabal. — Production  of  Sheridan's  "School  for  Scandal." 
—Birth  of  Henry  Clay  (d.  1852). 

1778.  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession  between  Austria  and  Prussia.  — Alliance  of  France  with 
the  American  colonies. — British  evacuation  of  Philadelphia  and  defeat  at  Monmouth;  Tory  and 
Indian  savagery  at  Cherry  Valley  and  Wyoming;   arrival  of  a  French  fleet  and  army  in  America; 

54 


J 


capture  of  Savannah  by  the  British. — Publication  of  Fanny  Burney's  "Evelina." — Birth  of  Humphry 
Davy  (d.  1829).— Birth  of  Guy-Lussac  (d.  1850^ 

1779.  Clark's  conquest  of  the  Northwest  for  Virginia;  storming  of  Stony  Point  on  the  Hud- 
son by  General  Wayne;  expedition  of  General  Sullivan  against  the  Seneca  Indians  in  western  New- 
York;  sea-tight  of  the  Bon  Homme  Richard  (Paul  Jones)  and  the  Serapis;  repulse  of  French  and 
Americans  from  Savannah. — Publication  of  Lessiug's  "  Nathan  der  Weise." — Birth  of  Joseph  Story 
(d.  1845).— Birth  of  Thomas  Moore  (d.  1852).— Birtii  of  Berzelius  (d.  1848). 

1780.  The  Gordon  No-Popery  Riots  in  England. — Death  of  Maria  Theresa  of  Austria. — 
Second  war  of  tlie  British  in  India  with  Hyder  Ali. — British  siege  and  capture  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 
and  defeat  of  the  Americans  at  Camden;  treason  of  Benedict  Arnold ;  American  victory  at  King's 
Mountain. — Insurrection  of  Tupac  Amaru  in  Peru. — Gradual  emancipation  act  passed  in  Pennsyl- 
vania.— Birth  of  Beranger  (d.  1857). 

1781.  Dismissal  of  Neckar  by  the  French  king. — Edict  of  Toleration  in  the  Austrian 
dominions  and  abolition  of  serfdom,  by  Joseph  II. — Reconquest  of  West  Florida  from  the  English 
by  Spain.  —  Defeat  of  British  troops  by  the  Americans  at  the  Cowpens  and  Guilford  Court 
House;  British  victory  at  Hobkirk's  Hill;  drawn  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs;  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis  and  the  British  army  at  Yorktowu ;  final  ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  of  the 
United  States  of  America. — Extinction  of  slavery  in  Massachusetts. — English  and  Dutch  naval 
battle  off  the  Dogger  Banks. — Publication  of  Kant's  "Critique  of  the  Pure  Reason." — Production 
of  Schiller's  "Die  Riluber." — Birth  of  George  Stephenson  (d.  1848). — Birth  of  Sir  David  Brewster 
(d.  1868). 

1782.  English  naval  victory  by  Rodney,  in  the  West  Indies,  over  the  French  fleet. — Fall  of 
Lord  North;  the  Rockingham  Ministry. — Destruction  of  the  Barrier  Fortresses  in  the  Netherlands, 
by  the  Emperor. — The  first  Sunday  School  opened  by  Robert  Raikes,  in  Massachusetts. — Concession 
of  legislative  independence  to  Ireland  by  England. — Peace  overtures  from  the  British  Government 
to  the  United  States,  and  opening  of  negotiations. — Publication  of  Priestley's  "Corruptions  of 
Christianity."— Birth  of  Froebel  (d.  1852).— Birth  of  Lamennais  (d.  1854).— Birth  of  John  C 
Calhoun  (d.  1850).— Birth  of  Daniel  Webster  (d.  1852). 

1 783.  Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Paris,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  of  America ; 
evacuation  of  New  York  by  the  British  arm)'. — Fall  of  the  Coalition  Ministry  in  Great  Britain; 
beginning  of  the  administration  of  the  younger  Pitt. — Seizure  of  the  Crimea  by  Catherine  II.  of 
Russia.— Birth  of  Bolivar  (d.  1830).— Birth  of  Washington  Irving  (d.  1859). 

1784.  The  affair  of  the  Diamond  Necklace,  in  France. — Founding,  at  Philadelphia,  of  the  first 
Daily  Newspaper  in  America. — Appearance  of  the  Peep-o'-Day  Boys  in  Ireland. — Birth  of  Manzonl 
(d.  1873). 

1785.  Negotiation  of  the  United  States  with  Spain  for  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi 
river. — Publication  of  Cowper's  "  Tlie  Task,"  Paley's  "  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy,"  and  Reid's 
"Essays  ou  the  Intellectual  Powers." — Birth  of  De  Quincey  (d.  1859). 

1786.  Electrical  discoveries  of  Galvani. — Publication  of  Burns'  "Poems  chiefly  in  the  Scottish 
Dialect." 

1787.  Meeting  of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  France. — Conflict  of  the  French  Crown  with 
the  Parliament  of  Paris. — Impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings  by  the  British  House  of  Commons. — 
Suppression  of  Shay's  rebellion  in  Massachusetts. — Passage  by  the  American  Congress  of  the  Ordi- 
nance for  the  Government  of  the  Northwest  Territory. — Meeting  of  the  Convention  which  framed 
the  Federal  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America.— Birth  of  Archbishop  Whately  (d.  1863). — 
Birth  of  Guizot  (d.  1874). 

1788.  Second  derangement  of  George  III.  of  England. — Revolt  in  the  Austrian  provinceain  the 
Netherlands. — State  ratification  and  complete  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
pf  America. — Opening  of  the  trial  of  Warren  Hastings. — Establishment  of  an  English  settlement  of 
convicts  at  Botany  Bay. — Publication  of  St.  Pierre's  "Paul  and  Virginia." — Birth  of  Sir  Robert 
Peel  (d.  1850).— Birtli  of  Schopenliauer  (d.  I860).— Birth  of  Lord  Byron  (d.  1824).— Birth  of  Sir 
William  Hamilton  (d.  1856). 

1785).  Meeting  of  the  States-General  of  France;  seizure  of  power  by  the  Third  Estate;  Insur- 
rection of  Paris;  taking  of  the  Bastille;  formation  of  the  National  Guard;  emigration  of  the  nobles; 
rising  of  the  women;  escorting  of  the  king  to  Paris;  appropriation  of  Cliurch  property. — War  of  the 
English  in  India  with  Tippoo  Saib. — Organization  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  of 
America  under  its  new  Constitution,  witli  George  Washington  chosen  President. — Erection,  at  Balti- 
more, of  the  first  Roman  Catholic  episcopal  see  in  the  United  States. — Founding  of  the  Tammany 
Society  in  New  York. — Publication  of  White's  "Natural  History  of  Selborne." — Birth  of  James 
Fenimore  Cooper  (d.  1851). 

1700.  Issue  of  French  Assignats.— Feast  of  the  Federation;  rise  of  the  revolutionary  clubs.— 
Dcatli.  in  Austria,  of  tlie  Emperor  Joseph  II.,  and  accession  of  Leopold  II. 

1791.  Fliglit  and  arrest  of  the  French  king  at  Varennes;  completion  of  the  French  Constitu- 
tion and  its  acceptance  by  the  king;  tumult  in  the  Champs  de  Mars;  dissolution  of  the  Constituent 
National  Assembly ;  meeting  of  the  Legislative  Assembly ;  appearance  of  the  Giroudins;  repeal  In 
France  of  all  enactments  against  the  Jews.— Reformed  Constitution  for  Poland  suppressed  by  Russia. 
—Organization  in  Ireland'of  the  Society  of  United  Irishmen.— Passage  of  the  Canadian  Constitu- 
tional Act,  dividing  tlie  province  into  Upper  and  Lower  Canada.— Incorporation  of  the  first  Bank  of 
the  United  States;  report  of  Hamilton  on  manufactures;  adoption  of  the  first  ten  Amendments  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America.— Insurrection  of  slaves  in  Hayti— Separation  of 
Kentucky  from  Virginia  and  admission  to  the  American  Union  as  a  State.— Puliliciition  of  Boswell's 
"  Life  of  Dr.  Johnson,"  of  Paine's  "  Rights  of  Man,"  of  Burke's  "Thoughts  on  French  Affairs,"  and 
of  Schiller's  "Thirty  Years  War."— Birth  of  Faraday  (d.  1867).— Birth  of  S.  F.  B.  Morse  (d.  1872). 


1792.  Declaration  of  war  by  France  with  Austria  and  Prussia;  dismissal  of  Girondin  min- 
isters; mob  attack  on  the  Tuilleries  and  massacre  of  the  Swiss;  deposition  and  imprisonment  of  the 
king;  seizure  of  power  by  the  insurgent  Commune  of  Paris;  strife  of  Jacobins  and  Girondins;  with- 
drawal of  Lafayette  from  the  country;  the  September  Massacres;  meeting  of  the  National  Conven- 
tion; proclamation  of  the  Republic;  battle  of  Valmy ;  annexation  of  Savoy  and  Nice ;  trial  of  the 
king. — Death,  in  Austria,  of  the  Emperor  Leopold  IL — Accession  of  Francis  IL — Beginning  of 
Pinel's  reform  in  the  treatment  of  the  insane. — Re-election  of  George  Washington,  President  of  the 
United  States.— Birth  of  Shelley  (d.  1822).— Birth  of  Cousin  (d.  1867). 

1793.  Execution  of  Louis  XVL  ;  declaration  of  war  with  England;  invasion  of  Holland ;  for- 
mation of  the  Revolutionary  Tribunal  and  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety ;  fall  of  the  Girondins ; 
formation  of  the  Bnropean  Coalition ;  revolt  in  La  Vendee,  and  in  Lyons,  Toulon,  and  other  cities : 
assassination  of  Marat;  beginning  of  the  Reign  of  Terror;  execution  of  the  queen,  and  the  Giron- 
dins; institution  of  the  "worship  of  Reason";  the  "Noyades"at  Nantes. — Partial  concession  of 
rights  to  Catholics  in  Ireland. — Second  Partition  of  Poland. — Passage  of  the  first  Fugitive  Slave  Law 
by  the  United  States  Congress. — Invention  of  the  cotton-gin  by  Eli  Whitney. — Emancipation  of 
slaves  proclaimed  by  the  French  in  Hayti,  and  alliance  formed  with  the  blacks,  under  Toussaint 
L'Ouverture,  against  Spaniards  and  English. — Publication  of  Wordsworth's  "An  Evening  Walk" 
and  "Descriptive  Sketches." 

1794.  Destruction  of  the  Hebertists  in  France;  fall  and  death  of  Danton;  Feast  of  the 
Supreme  Being;  conquest  of  the  Austrian  Netherlands;  climax  of  the  Terror;  downfall  and  end  of 
Robespierre  and  of  the  Jacobin  Club;  reaction;  the  White  Terror;  subjugation  of  Holland;  Chou- 
annerie  in  Brittany.— Whisky  Insurrection  in  Pennsylvania. — Negotiation  of  the  Jay  Treat)'  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. — Decisive  victory  of  General  Wayne  over  the  Indians  on  the 
Maumee. — Publication  of  Fichte's  "  Wissenschaf  tslehre  "  and  of  Goethe's  "Reinecke  Fuchs." — Birth 
of  William  Cullen  Bryant  (d.  1878).— Birth  of  Meyerbeer  (d.  1864). 

1795.  Suppression  of  insurrection  by  the  Paris  bourgeois;  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
Year  III. ;  peace  with  Spain ;  acquisition  of  Spanish  San  Domingo ;  Austrian  victory  at  Loano ;  insur- 
rection of  the  13th  Vendemiare  put  down  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte;  dissolution  of  the  National  Con- 
vention; government  of  the  Directory.- — Formation  of  the  Orange  Society,  in  Ireland. — Third  Parti- 
tion of  Poland. — Sale  of  the  Western  Reserve  of  Connecticut  (in  Ohio). — Publication  of  the  first  part 
of  Goethe's  "  Wilhelra  Meister's  Lehrjahre"  and  of  Richter's  "Hesperus." — Birth  of  Keats  (d.  1821). 
—Birth  of  Carlyle  (d.  1881).— Birth  of  Dr.  Arnold  (d.  1842). 

1796.  Bonaparte  sent  to  command  in  Italy;  submission  of  Sardinia;  expulsion  of  the  Aus- 
trians  from  Lombardy;  formation  of  the  Cispadane  Republic. — Unsuccessful  French  expedition 
under  Hoche  to  Ireland. — Death  of  Catherine  II.  of  Russia  and  accession  of  Paul. — Publication  of 
Washington's  Farewell  Address;  election  of  John  Adams  to  the  Presidency  of  the  United  States. — 
Publication  of  Southey's  "Joan  of  Arc  "  and  of  Coleridge's  first  volume  of  "  Poems." 

1797.  Bonaparte's  Treaty  of  Tolentino  with  the  Pope;  his  invasion  of  Austria;  peace  prelim- 
inaries of  Leoben ;  overthrow  and  enslavement  of  Venice,  delivered  to  Austria ;  creation  of  the 
Ligurian  and  Cisalpine  Republics. — Peace  of  Campo  Forniio;  revolutionary  Coup  d'fltat  at  Paris. 
— Difficulties  between  the  American  and  the  French  republics. — Suspension  of  specie  payments  in 
England. — Mutiny  of  the  British  fleet. — British  naval  victories,  of  Cape  Vincent,  over  the  fleet  of 
Spain,  and  of  Camperdown  over  that  of  Holland. — Birth  of  Schubert  (d.  1828). — Birth  of  Joseph 
Henry*  (d.  1878). 

1798.  French  intrigues  at  Rome;  imprisonment  of  the  Pope  and  formation  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public.— Subjugation  of  Switzerland  by  the  French,  and  formation  of  the  Helvetian  Republic. — Ex- 
pedition of  Bonaparte  to  Egypt;  liis  seizure  of  Jlalta  and  expulsion  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John. — 
Destruction  of  the  French  fleet  by  Lord  Nelson  in  the  battle  of  the  Nile ;  siege  and  conquest  of  Malta 
by  Nelson. — Declaration  of  war  against  France  by  Turkey. — Expulsion  of  the  king  from  Naples  and 
creation  of  the  Parthenopeian  Republic. — Suppressed  rebellion  in  Ireland  and  imprisonment  and 
suicide  of  Wolfe  Tone. — Publication  in  England  of  Jenner's  work  on  Vaccination. — Passage  of  the 
Alien  and  Sedition  Laws  in  the  United  States,  and  adoption  of  the  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Resolu- 
tions.— Publication  of  the  "  Lyrical  Ballads  "  of  Wordsworth  and  Coleridge,  of  Landor's  "Gebir," 
of  Schiller's  "Wallenstein's  Lager,"  and  of  Malthus'  "Principles  of  Population." — Discovery  that 
Heat  is  a  mode  of  Motion,  by  Count  Rumford. — Birth  of  Thomas  Hood  (d.  1845). — Birth  of  Comte 
(d.  1857). 

1799.  Bonaparte's  advance  into  Syria  and  repulse  from  Acre;  his  victory  at  Aboukir. — The 
armies  of  Austria  and  Russia  in  Italy  and  Switzerland. — Expedition  from  England  against  Holland; 
capture  of  the  Dutch  fleet. — Fall  of  the  new  republics  in  Italy. — Return  of  Bonaparte  from  Egypt; 
overthrow  of  the  Directory;  creation  of  the  Consulate;  Bonaparte  First  Consul. — Gradual  emancipa- 
tion enacted  in  New  York. — Invention  of  Volta's  Pile. — Birth  of  Balzac  (d.  1850). — Birth  of  Pushkin 
(d.  1837). 

1800.  Legislative  Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. — Creation  of  the  United  Kingdom. — 
Bonaparte's  Marengo  campaign  in  Italy. — Moreau's  victory  at  Hohenlinden. — Assassination  of  Kleber 
in  Egypt. — Retrocession  of  Louisiana  to  France  by  Spain. — Convention  of  the  United  States  with 
France  from  which  arose  the  French  Spoliation  Claims. — Election  of  Thomas  Jefferson  President 
of  the  United  States. — Beginning  of  Robert  Owen's  social  experiments  at  New  Lanark. — Decomposi- 
tion of  water  with  the  Voltaic  pile,  by  Nicholson  and  Carlisle.— Publication  of  Richter's  "  Titan." — 
Birth  of  Moltke  (d.  1891).— Birth  of  Macaulay  (d.  1859).— Birth  of  Heine  (d.  1856). 


•  Uncertain  dat«. 

56 


Nineteenth  Century. 

1801.  Defection  of  the  Russian  czar,  Paul,  from  tlie  European  coalition,  and  his  alliance  with 
Napoleon. —  Treaty  of  Luneville  between  Napoleou  and  Emperor  Francis,  and  Truce  of  Foligno 
between  France  and  Naples. —  Formation  of  the  northern  league  of  neutrals. —  English  bombifrd- 
ment  of  Copenhagen.  — Murder  of  the  czar,  Paul,  and  accession,  in  Russia,  of  Alexander  I.  —  Sur- 
render of  the  French  army  in  Egypt  to  the  English,— Concordat  between  Napoleon  and  the 
Pope,  — Imposition  by  Napoleon  of  new  constitutions  on  the  Dutch  and  Cisalpine  republics.— 
Cession  of  Louisiana  to  France  by  Spain.— Resignation  of  Pitt  from  the  British  premiership  ; 
formation  of  the  Addington  Ministry.- Passage  of  the  lirst  English  Factory  Act.  — Appointment  of 
John  ilarshall  to  be  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. —  Inauguration  of  Jef- 
ferson as  President  of  the  United  States. —  Opening  of  war  by  the  United  States  with  the  pirates 
of  Tripoli. —  Independence  of  Hayti  proclaimed  by  Toussaint  L' Ouverture. — Birth  of  Farraeut 
(d,  1870). 

1803.  Peace  of  Amiens  between  England  and  France. — Voting  of  the  First  Consulate  for 
life  to  Napoleon  by  the  French  people;    his  election  to  the  presidency  of  the  Cisalpine  republic. 

—  Subjection  of  Switzerland,  and  anne.'catiou  of  Pieilraont,  Parma  and  Elba  to  France. —  Com- 
plaints of  Napoleon  against  the  English  press;  the  Peltier  trial. —  Founding  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point. —  Subjection  of  Hayti  by  the  French  and  treacherous  capture 
of  Tcmssaint  L'Ouverture. —  Founding  of  the  Edinburgh  Review. —  Birth  of  Victor  Hugo  (d.  1885). 
—Birth  of  Kossuth  (d.  1894).— Birth  of  Harriet  Martineau  (d.  1876).  — Birth  of  Father  Lacordaire 
(d.  1861). 

1803.  Renewal  of  war  between  Great  Britain  and  France;  detention  of  English  in  France. 

—  Secularization  of  the  spiritual  principalities  in  Germany  and  absorption  of  free  cities. —  Pur- 
chase of  Louisiana  by  the  United  States  from  France.  —  Report  to  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  on  the  British  impressment  of  seamen  from  American  ships.  — Introduction  of  sheep-farm- 
ing in  Australia. — Defeat  of  the  Mahrattas  at  Assaye  and  Argaum  by  Wellesley  (afterward  Welling- 
ton).—  The  Emmet  insurrection  in  Ireland. —  Birth  of  Emerson  (d.  1882). —  Birth  of  Francis  Dealt 
(d.  1876).— Birth  of  Ericsson  (d.  1889). 

1804.  Napoleon's  abduction  and  execution  of  the  Duo  d'Enghien. — His  elevation  to  the  throne 
as  emperor;  his  coronation  by  the  Pope. —  Completion  of  the  civil  Code  for  France. —  Return  of 
Pitt  to  the  head  of  government  in  England. — Federalist  secession  movement  in  the  United  States; 
re-election  of  President  Jefferson;  undertaking  of  the  exploring  journey  of  Lewis  and  Clark  across 
the  American  continent. —  Death  of  Hamilton  in  duel  with  Burr. —  Birth  of  Hawthorne  (d.  1864). — 
Birth  of  Richard  Cobden  (d.  1865).  — Birth  of  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beaconsfield  (d.  1881).— 
Birth  of  George  Sand  (d.  1876).—  Birth  of  Sainte-Beuve  (d.  1869). 

1805.  Bestowal  of  the  crown  of  Italy  on  Napoleon;  formation  of  the  third  European  Coali- 
tion against  him;  his  abortive  plans  for  the  invasion  of  England;  his  extraordinary  march  to  the 
Danube;  his  capture  of  the  army  of  Mack;  his  occupation  of  Vienna;  his  victory  at  Austerlitz. — 
Nelson's  victory  and  death  at  Trafalgar.  —  Treaty  of  Presburg  between  France  and  Austria. — 
Creation  of  the  kingdoms  of  Bavaria  and  Wllrtemberg  and  the  grand  dtichy  of  Baden.— Impeach- 
ment trial  of  Judge  Chase  in  the  United  States. — Treaty  of  the  United  Stales  with  Tripoli,  ending 
the  payment  of  tribute. — Publication  of  Scott's  "Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel." — Birth  of  Hans 
Christian  Andersen  (d.  1875). 

1806.  Death  of  Pitt;  formation  of  the  British  Ministry  of  All  the  Talents;  death  of  Fox. — 
British  Order  in  Council  declaring  a  blockade  of  the  continental  coast  from  Brest  to  the  Elbe; 
Napoleon's  Berlin  Decree  declaring  the  British  islands  under  blockade  and  interdicting  all  intercourse 
with  them. — Formation  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. — Dissolution  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire; 
resignation  of  its  sovereignty  by  Francis  II.,  and  his  assumption  thenceforth  of  the  title  of  "Em- 
peror of  Austria. " — Humiliation  and  oppression  of  Prussia  by  the  French  emperor;  the  nation 
driven  to  war  and  subjugated  at  Jena. — .Vdvance  of  the  French  into  Poland;  war  with  Russia. — 
Dethronement  of  the  Bourbon  dynasty  in  Naples  and  bestowal  of  the  crown  on  Joseph  Bonaparte. — 
Creation  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  with  Louis  Bonaparte  on  the  throne. — Acquisition  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  by  England  from  the  Dutch. — Filibustering  scheme  of  Aaron  Burr  in  the  United 
States.- Publication  oif  Coleridge's  "  Christabel."— Birth  of  John  Stuart  Mill  (d.  1873). 

1807.  British  Order  in  Council,  retaliating  the  Berlin  Decree,  followed  by  the  Milan  Decree 
of  Napoleon. — Battles  of  Eylau  and  Pricdland  between  the  French  and  the  Russians. — Meeting  of 
Napoleon  and  Alexander  I.  of  Russia  on  the  raft  at  Tilsit;  their  public  treaty  and  their  secret  agree- 
ments.— British  bombardment  of  Copenhagen  and  seizure  of  the  Danish  fleet. — Creation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Westphalia  for  Jerome  Bonajiarte. — Baron  von  Stein  placed  at  the  head  of  affairs  in 
Prussia. — Delusive  arrangement  of  Napoleon  with  the  king  of  Spain  for  the  partition  of  Portugal; 
occupation  of  liisbon  by  the  French;  flight  of  the  royal  family  of  Portugal  to  Brazil. — Passage  of 
an  Act  of  the  British  Pafliament  for  the  suppression  of  the  Slave-trade;  fall  of  the  Ministry  of  All 
the  Talents;  formation  of  the  Portland  Ministry. — Arrest  and  trial  of  Burr  in  the  United  States. — 
British  outrage  on  the  U.  S.  frigate  Chesapeake;  passage  of  Embargo  Act  by  the  American  Con- 
gress.—Abolition  of  the  Slave-trade  in  the  United  States.— Deposition  of  the  reforming  sultan, 
Selim  HI.,  by  the  Turkish  Janis.saries;  elevation  of  his  nephew  Mustapha  to  the  throne. — First  pub- 
lication of  Dalton's  Atomic  theory  of  Chemistry.— First  trips  of  Fulton's  steamboat  "Clermont." — 
Birth  of  Longfellow  (d.  1882).— Birth  of  Garibaldi  (d.  1882). 

1 808.  Erfurt  conference  and  treaty  of  Napoleon  and  the  Czar.— Formation  of  the  Tugendbund 
in  Germany;  Fichte's  addresses  on  the  state  of  that  country. — Napoleon's  crime  against  Spain; 
knavish  acquisition  of  the  throne  for  his  brolher  Joseph;  the  Spanish  national  revolt;  English 
troops    in    the   peninsula;    Napoleon's    crushing    campaign,— Opening  of    the    French  siege  of 

67 


Saragossa. — Transfer  of  the  crown  of  Naples  from  Joseph  Bonaparte  to  Murat;  appearance  of  the 
Carbonari. — Conquest  of  Finland  by  Russia  from  Sweden. — llurder  of  the  deposed  TurUish  sultan, 
Selim  III.,  and  repeated  revolutions  at  Constantinople. — Election  of  James  Madison  President  of 
the  United  States. — Founding  of  the  Quarterly  Review. — Birth  of  Mazzini  (d.  1873). — Birth  of  Gen. 
Robert  E.  Lee  (d.  1870). 

1 809.  Renewal  of  war  between  Austria  and  France ;  revolt  in  the  Tyrol ;  Napoleon  again  in 
Vienna ;  his  defeat  at  Aspern  and  victory  at  Wagram ;  arrangement  of  peace  by  the  Treaty  of 
SchOnbrunn,  taking  an  enormous  territory  from  the  Austrian  empire. — Sir  John  Moore's  advance  in 
Spain ;  his  retreat  and  death ;  fall  of  Saragossa. — Wellington  (then  Sir  Arthur  TVellesley)  in  command 
of  the  British  forces  in  the  Peninsula ;  his  passage  of  the  Douro  and  battle  of  Talavera ;  his  retreat 
into  Portugal  and  construction  of  the  Lines  of  Torres  Vedras. — The  British  Walcheren  expedition. — 
Inauguration  of  President  Madison,  in  the  United  States;  substitution  of  Non-intercourse  for  the 
Embargo. — Publication  of  Byron's  "English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers." — Birth  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  (d.  1865).— Birth  of  Gladstone.— Birth  of  Charles  Darwin  (d.  1882).— Birth  of  Tennyson  (d. 
1893).— Birth  of  Elizabeth  Barrett  (Mrs.  Browning)  (d.  1861).— Birth  of  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
(d.  1894).— Birth  of  Mendelssohn  (d.  1847). 

18 10.  Abdication  of  the  throne  of  Holland  by  Louis  Bonaparte. — Annexation  of  Holland,  the 
Hansa  towns  and  the  Swiss  Valais  to  France. — Suppression  of  the  Tyrolese  revolt  and  execution  of 
Andrew  Hofer, — Napoleon's  divorce  from  Josephine  and  marriage  to  the  arch-duchess  Maria  Louisa 
of  Austria. — Massena's  defeat  at  Busaco;  his  recoil  from  the  Lines  of  Torres  Vedras. — Unceasing 
guerilla  war  in  Spain. — Final  insanity  of  George  III.  of  England. — Revolution  in  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Chile,  establishing  complete  separation  from  Spain. —  Election  of  Bernadotte  to  be  Crown  Prince  of 
Sweden  and  successor  to  the  throne. — Founding  of  the  University  of  Berlin. — Birth  of  Cavour  (d. 
1861).— Birth  of  Freiligrath  (d.  1876).— Birth  of  William  Henry  Channing  (d.  1883). 

1811.  Defeat  of  Massena  at  Fuentes  de  Onoro. — Regency  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  instituted  in 
Great  Britain. — War  in  the  United  States  against  the  Indian  chief  Tecumseh  and  his  league. —  Dec- 
laration of  the  Independence  of  Venezuela. — Treacherous  destruction  of  the  Mamelukes  in  Egypt 
by  Mehemet  Ali.— Birth  of  Thackeray  (d.  1863).— Birth  of  John  Bright  (d.  1889).— Birth  of  Lord 
Lawrence  (d.  1879).— Birth  of  Edgar  A.  Poe  (d.  1849). 

1812.  Rupture  of  Napoleon  with  the  czar;  his  invasion  of  Russia;  battles  of  Smolensk  and 
Borodino ;  advance  to  Moscow  and  occupation  of  the  city ;  burning  of  Moscow  and  disastrous  retreat 
of  the  French. — Wellington's  victory  at  Salamanca  and  entry  into  Madrid ;  his  retreat  into  Portugal. 

—  Establishment  of  a  Constitution  in  Spain. — Assassination  of  Mr.  Perceval,  prime  minister  of  Eng- 
land; formation  of  the  Ministry  of  Lord  Liverpool.  —  Declaration  of  war  by  the  United  States 
against  Great  Britain;  opposition  of  Federalists;  surrender  of  Hull  at  Detroit;  battle  of  Queenstowu 
Heights;  naval  victories  by  the  U.  S.  frigates  Constitution  and  United  States.— Re-election  of 
President  Madison. — Admission  of  the  state  of  Louisiana  to  the  American  Union. — Appalling  earth- 
quake at  Caraccas. —  Publication  of  the  first  and  second  cantos  of  Byron's  "  Childe  Harold." — Pub- 
lication of  "Kinder  und  Haus-Marchen"  by  the  brothers  Grimm. —  Birth  of  Dickens  (d.  1870). — 
Birth  of  Robert  Browning  (d.  1889). 

1813.  The  War  of  Liberation  in  Germany;  Austria  and  Great  Britain  in  a  renewed  Coalition; 
battles  of  Lutzen,  Bautzen,  Kulm,  Gross-Beeren,  the  Katzbach,  Dennewitz,  Leipsic  (Battle  of  the 
Nations),  Hanau;  retreat  of  Napoleon  beyond  the  Rhine.  —  Fall  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia. — 
Wellington's  victory  at  Vittoria ;  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Spain ;  restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
to  the  throne.  —  Recovery  of  independence  by  Holland. —  Luddite  riots  in  England.  —  Naval  battle 
of  Lake  Erie  in  the  war  between  England  and  the  United  States ;  defeat  and  death  of  Tecumseh ; 
burning  of  Toronto ;  American  expedition  against  Montreal ;  British  surprise  of  Fort  Niagara  and 
burning  of  Buffalo;  outbreak  of  the  Creek  Indians.  —  Publication  of  Shelley's  "Queen  Mab." — Birth 
of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  (d.  1887).— Birth  of  Richard  Wagner  (d.  1883). 

1814.  Desertion  of  Napoleon  by  Murat. — Invasion  of  France  by  the  Allies;  Napoleon's  un- 
successful campaign  of  defense;  surrender  of  Paris;  abdication  of  the  fallen  emperor;  treaty  of 
Fontainebleau ;  retirement  of  Napoleon  to  Elba ;  return  of  the  Bourbons  to  the  throne  of  France,  in 
the  person  of  Louis  XVIII. — Treaty  of  Paris.  —  Battle  of  Toulouse,  ending  the  Peninsular  War. — 
Meeting  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  —  Return  of  Pope  Pius  VII.  to  Rome;  restoration  of  the  Jesuits. 
— Union  of  Belgium  and  Holland  in  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. —  Union  of  Norway  and 
Sweden. — Abrogation  in  Spain  of  the  Constitution  of  1813  by  Ferdinand;  aboHtion  of  the  Cortfis; 
re-establishment  of  the  Inquisition. —  Restoration  of  Austrian  despotism  in  Northern  Italy. —  Battles 
of  Chippewa  and  Lundy's  Lane,  siege  of  Fort  Erie,  British  capture  of  Washington,  and  naval  flght 
on  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  war  between  England  and  the  United  States;  Hartford  Convention  of 
Federalists  opposed  to  the  war;  treaty  of  peace  negotiated  at  Ghent. — Temporary  recovery  of  Chile 
by  the  Spaniards. —  Dictatorship  of  Dr.  Francia  established  in  Paraguay. — Building  of  the  first  loco- 
motive of  George  Stephenson. — Publication  of  Scott's  "Waverley." — Birth  of  Motley  (d.  1877). — 
Birth  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton  (d.  1869). 

1815.  Return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba;  flight  of  Louis  XVIII;  the  Hundred  Days  of  restored 
Empire;  the  Waterloo  campaign  and  end  of  the  Corsican's  career;  his  final  abdication,  surrender  to 
the  English,  and  captivity  at  St.  Helena.  —  Second  Bourbon  restoration  and  second  Treaty  of  Paris. 

—  Execution  of  Marshal  Ney. —  Formation  of  the  Holy  Alliance. —  Reconstruction  of  Germany; 
formation  of  the  Germanic  Confederation. —  Fall  and  death  of  Murat. —  Establishment  of  the  protec- 
torate of  Great  Britain  over  the  Ionian  Islands. —  Enactment  of  the  British  Corn  Law,  to  maintain 
high  prices  for  bread-stuffs. —  Repulse  of  the  British  at  New  Orleans  by  General  Jackson. — War  of 
the  United  States  with  the  Dey  of  Algiers.  —  Birth  of  Bismarck. 

1816.  Agitation  for  Parliamentary  Reform ;  multiplication  of  Hampden  Clubs. — Admission 
of  Indiana  into  the  American  Union. — Charter  granted  to  the  second  Bank  of  the  United  States. — 

58 


Election  of    James  !5Ionroe  President  of   tlie  United   States. — Bombardment  of  Algiers  by  Lord 
Exmouth. — First  Seminole  War. — Publication  of  Bryant's  "  Tlianatopsis." 

1817.  Rioting  in  England;  march  of  the  Blanketeers  from  Manchester. — Inauguration  of 
James  Monroe,  President  of  the  United  States. — Admission  of  Mississippi  to  the  American  Union. — 
Formation  of  the  Burschenschaft  in  Germany. — Birth  of  Theodor  Mommsen. 

1818.  Complete  establishment  of  Chilean  independence. —  General  Jackson's  invasion  of 
Floridii. — Publication  of  Irving's  "Sketch  Book." 

1819.  "  Peterloo  Massacre"  at  Manchester,  England. — Assassination  of  Kotzebue  by  the 
student,  Sand. — Admission  of  Alabama  to  the  American  Union  as  a  state. — First  voyage  across  the 
4.tlantic  by  a  vessel  (the  "Savannah")  using  steam. —  Discovery  of  Electro-magnetism,  by  Oersted. 
— Complete  attainment  of  independence  in  Venezuela  and  New  Granada,  under  the  lead  of  Bolivar. 
— Publication  of  Schopenhauer's  "Die  Welt  als  Wille  und  Vorstellung." — Birth  of  Marian  Evans 
(George  Eliot)  (d.  1880).— Birth  of  Charles  Kingsley  (d.  1875).— Birth  of  James  Russell  Lowell 
(d.  1891). 

1820.  Death  of  George  III.  of  England;  accession  of  George  TV.;  trial  of  Queen  Caroline. 
— Adoption  in  the  United  States  of  the  Jlissouri  Compromise,  excluding  slavery  from  the  territories 
north  of  latitude  36°  30';  admission  of  Maine  to  the  Union. — Re-election  of  Monroe  to  the  American 
presidency. — Assassination  of  the  duke  of  Berry  in  France. — Revolution  in  Spain,  restoring  the 
constitution  of  1812. — Revolution  in  Portugal,  instituting  a  constitutional  government. — Revolution 
in  Naples  and  Sicilj',  extorting  a  constitution  from  the  king. — Congress  of  sovereigns  of  the  Holy 
Alliance  at  Lay  bach. — Publication  of  Keats'  "Lamia,"  "Isabella,"  "Eve  of  St.  Agnes,"  "Hype- 
rion."—Birth  of  General  Sherman  (d.  1891).— Birth  of  Professor  Tyndall  (d.  1893). 

1821.  Revolution  iu  Mexico,  establishing  independence. — Liberation  of  Peru  by  San  Martin 
and  the  Chileans. — Return  of  King  John  VI.  from  Brazil  to  Portugal. — Union  of  Venezuela,  New 
Granada  and  Ecuador  in  the  Republic  of  Colombia. — Cession  of  Florida  to  the  United  States  by 
Spain. — Admission  of  Missouri  to  the  American  Union. — Revolt  in  Greece  against  the  rule  of  the 
Turks. — Suppression  of  the  constitutional  movement  in  the  Two  Sicilies  by  Austrian  arms  acting 
for  the  Holy  Alliance. — Constitutional  rising  in  Piedmont ;  abdication  of  Victor  Emmanuel  I.  in  favor 
of  his  brother  Charles  Felix  ;  interference  of  Austria;  suppression  of  the  revolution. — Publication 
of  De  Quincey's  "Confessions  of  an  Opium  Eater,"  and  Cooper's  "The  Spy." — Birth  of  Jenny 
Llnd  (d.  1887). 

1822.  Meeting  of  the  Congress  of  Verona. — Canning  made  foreign  Secretary  in  the  British 
Government. — Proclamation  of  the  independence  of  Brazil;  Dom  Pedro  crowned  emperor. — Pro- 
nunciamento  in  Mexico,  making  Iturbide  emperor. — Turkish  massacre  of  the  Greeks  of  Chios. — 
Publication  of  Lamb's  "  Essays  of  Elia, "  Heine's  "  Gedichte,"  and  Wilson's  "  Noctes  Ambrosianse." 
—Birth  of  General  Grant  (d.  1885).— Birth  of  Matthew  Arnold  (d.  1888).— Birth  of  Pasteur.— Birth 
of  Rosa  Bonheur. 

1823.  Enunciation  of  the  "Monroe  Doctrine,"  in  the  annual  message  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States. — Death  of  Marco  Bozzaris,  hero  of  the  Greek  insurrection. — Fall  of  Iturbide  in 
Mexico;  establishment  of  a  republic. — Intervention  of  France  in  Spain  and  overthrow  of  the  Con- 
stitution.—Birth  of  Renan  (d.  1892). 

1824.  Presidential  election  in  the  United  States,  resulting  in  no  choice  by  the  popular  vote; 
election  of  John  Quincy  Adams  by  the  House  of  Representatives. — Visit  of  Lafayette  to  the  United 
States. —  Death  of  Louis  XVIII.,  the  restored  king  of  France,  and  accession  of  Charles  X. —  Death 
of  Lord  Byron  in  Greece. — The  first  Anglo-Burmese  war.  —  Formation  of  the  Catholic  Association 
in  Ireland. —  Decisive  battle  of  Ayacuclio,  securing  the  independence  of  Peru.  —  Founding  of  tho 
Westminster  Review.  — Birth  of  Stonewall  Jackson  (d.  1863).  — Birth  of  George  W.  Curtis "(d.  1892). 

1825.  Opening  of  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway  in  England  —  the  first  undertaking 
for  the  conveyance  of  passengers  and  goods  by  steam  locomotion.  —  Opening  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson  River. —  Publication  of  De  Vigny's  "Cinq  Mars,"  Cooper's  "  Last 
of  the  Alohicans,"  and  Heine's  "  Reisebilder. " — Birth  of  Huxley. 

1826.  Abduction  of  William  Morgan  and  Anti-Masonic  excitement  in  New  York. —  Meeting 
of  the  Congress  of  Panama. —  Creation  of  the  republic  of  Bolivia  in  Upper  Peru. —  Insurrection 
and  destruction  of  the  Turkish  Janissaries. 

1827.  Canning's  brief  premiership  in  England  and  sudden  death. —  Intervention  of  Russia, 
England  and  France  in  favor  of  the  Greeks;  battle  of  Navarino  and  destruction  of  the  Turkisli 
fleet;  national  independence  of  Greece  established.  —  Extinction  of  slavery  in  the  state  of  New 
York. —  Publication  of  Hallam's  "Constitutional  Histor5'  of  England,"  Keble's  "Christian  Year," 
and  Alfred  and  Charles  Tennyson's  "Poems  by  Two  Brothers." 

1828.  Formation  of  the  Ministry  of  the  duke  of  Wellington  in  Great  Britain.  — Removal  of 
political  disabilities  from  Dissenters  in  England. —  Election  of  General  Andrew  Jackson  President  of 
the  United  States. —  Beginning  of  tlie  construction  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. —  Russo- 
Turkish  war;  siege  and  capture  of  Varna  by  the  Russians.  —  Birth  of  Taine  (d.  1893). 

1829.  Inauguration  of  President  .lackson ;  introduction  of  the  "Spoils  System"  in  American 
national  politics. — Acknowledgment  of  Greek  independence  by  the  Porte. — Passage  by  the  British 
Parliament  of  tho  Catholic  Kmancipution  Act. — Abolition  of  Slavery  in  Mexico. —  Ending  of  the 
Russo-Turkisli  war  bv  the  Treaty  of  lladriunoplo. 

1830.  Death,  in  England,"  of  George  IV.;  accession  of  William  IV.;  opening  of  the  final 
agitation  for  Parliamentary  Reform;  resignation  of  the  Wellington  Ministry,  succeeded  by  that 
of  Earl  Grey. —  Debate  between  Webster  and  Hayne  in  the  United  States  Senate.— French  con- 
quest of  Algiers  —  Revolution  in  Paris;  flight  of  Charles  X.;  elevation  of  Louis  Philippe,  duke 
of  Orleans,  to  the  throne. —  Revolt  in  Poland.— Recognition  of  the  autonomy  of  Servia  by  the 
Ottoman  Porte. —  Constitution  of  the  Kingdom  of  Greece,  with  Prince  Otho  of  Bavaria  on  the 

59 


throne. —  Belgian  revolt  and  separation  from  Holland. —  Publication  of  the  "Book  of  Mormon"  at 
Palmyra,  N.  Y. — Publication  of  the  first  part  of  Comte's  "Cours  de  Philosophic." 

1831.  Introduction  in  the  British  Parliament  and  defeat  of  the  first  ministerial  bill  for 
Parliamentary  Reform;  dissolution  of  Parliament  and  appeal  to  the  people.  —  Assumption  of 
the  name  Conservatives  by  tlie  Enghsh  Tories. —  Nat.  Turner's  slave-rising  in  Virginia. —  First  pub- 
lication of  William  Lloyd  Garrison's  anti-slavery  paper,  "The  Liberator." — Forced  abdication  of 
Dom  Pedro  I.  in  Brazil;  accession  of  Dom  Pedro  II. —  Founding  of  the  system  of  National 
Schools  in  Ireland. — Revolt  in  the  Papal  States  and  in  Modena  and  Parma  suppressed  by  Aus- 
trian troops;  exile  of  Mazzini  from  Italy. —  Creation  of  the  Kingdom  of  Belgium,  Prince  Leo- 
pold of  Saxe  Coburg  king. — Rebellion  of  Mehemet  Ali,  Pasha  of  Egypt,  against  the  Porte. —  Dis- 
covery of  JIacneto-electricity,  by  Faraday. —  Publication  of  Poe's  "  The  Raven." — Birth  of  General 
Sheridan  (d.  1888). 

1832.  Passage  by  the  British  Parliament  of  the  bill  to  Reform  the  Representation. — Passage 
of  the  Nullification  Ordinance  of  South  Carolina ;  proclamation  of  President  Jackson  against  the 
nullification  movement;  re-election  of  President  Jackson. — The  Indian  war  in  America,  called  the 
Black  Hawk  War.- — Resistance  of  Holland  to  the  separation  of  Belgium;  bombardment  of  Antwerp 
by  the  French  and  English. — Merciless  suppression  of  the  Polish  rebellion. — Civil  war  in  Portugal. 
— Birth  of  Castelar. 

1833.  Compensated  emancipation  of  slaves  in  the  British  West  Indies. — Passage  of  the  Com- 
promise Tariff  Bill  in  the  United  States ;  removal  of  government  deposits  from  the  United  States 
Bank  by  President  Jackson. — Beginning  of  the  revolt  of  Abd-el-Kader  against  the  French  in  Algiers. 
— Election  of  Santa  Anna  to  the  Presidency  of  Mexico. — Death  of  Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain;  regency 
of  Maria  Christina;  insurgent  proclamation  of  Don  Carlos;  beginning  of  the  civil  war  between 
Carlists  and  Christinos. — First  Prussian  treaty  which  formed  tlie  German  Zollverein. — Treaty  of 
Unkiar  Skelessi  between  Russia  and  Turkey. — Publication  of  Carlyle's  "  Sartus  Resartus,"  and 
Faraday's  "Experimental  Researches  in  Electricity." — Birth  of  General  Gordon  (d.  1885). 

1834.  Resignation  of  Earl  Grey  from  the  premiership  in  the  English  Ministry,  succeeded  first 
by  Lord  Melbourne  and  after  a  brief  interval  by  Sir  Robert  Peel. — Abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
British  colonies. — Organization  of  the  Whig  party  in  the  United  States. — End  of  civil  war  in 
Portugal. — Publication  of  Dickens'  "  Sketclies  by  Boz,"  and  Balzac's  "Pfire  Goriot." 

1835.  Recall  of  Lord  Melbourne  to  the  English  Ministry,  and  retirement  of  Peel. — Exclusion 
of  anti-slavery  literature  from  the  United  States  mails ;  passage  of  the  act  against  anti-slavery  peti- 
tions called  the  "  Atherton  Gag." — Beginning  of  the  second  Seminole  War. — Death  of  the  Emperor 
Francis  of  Austria  and  accession  of  Ferdinand  I. — Publication  of  Browning's  "  Paracelsus,"  Thirl- 
wall's  "  History  of  Greece,"  Strauss's  "  Das  Leben  Jesu,"  and  De  Tocqueville's  "  La  Democratie  en 
Amerique." 

1836.  Election  of  Martin  Van  Buren  President  of  the  United  States. —  Admission  of  Arkansas 
to  the  American  Union. —  Texan  independence  of  Mexico  declared  and  won  at  San  Jacinto. — First 
futile  attempt  of  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte  to  effect  a  revolution  in  France.  —  Publication  of 
Dickens'  "Pickwick." 

1837.  Death  of  William  IV.  of  England,  and  accession  of  Queen  Victoria. —  Great  commercial 
collapse  in  the  United  States;  introduction  of  the  sub-treasury  system. —  Founding  of  Melbourne  in 
Australia. —  Outbreak  of  the  rebeUion  in  Canada  called  "the  Patriot  War." — Publication  of  Car- 
lyle's "  French  Revolution,"  and  Thackeray's  "  Yellowplush  Papers." — Birth  of  Grover  Cleveland. 

—  Birth  of  Swinburne. 

1838.  Beginning  of  the  Chartist  agitation  in  England. —  Interference  of  England  in  affairs  of 
Afghanistan.  —  The  burning  of  the  "  Caroline  "  in  Niagara  river ;  suppression  of  tlie  Canadian  rebel- 
lion.—  Beginning  of  practically  successful  steam  navigation  on  the  ocean. —  Beginning  of  Cobden's 
agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the  English  Corn  Laws. 

1839.  Resignation  of  Lord  Melbourne  from  the  Government  in  England;  wreck  of  Peel's 
Ministry  on  the  "Bedchamber  Question  ";  return  of  Melbourne  to  office. —  Invasion  of  Afghanistan 
by  British  forces  and  dethronement  of  Dost  Mahomed. — Daguerre's  discoveries  in  photography. 

1840.  Marriage  of  Queen  Victoria  of  England  to  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe  Coburg. —  Adoption 
of  Penny  Postage  in  England.  — Election  of  General  William  Henry  Harrison  President  of  the 
United  States;  the  "  Log-cabin  and  Hard-cider  camp.aign. '' — Settlement  of  the  Mormons  at  Nauvoo. 

—  Second  revolutionary  attempt  of  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte  in  France ;  his  imprisonment  at  Ham. 

—  Reunion  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. —  Opium  War  of  England  with  China.  — Quadruple  alli- 
ance for  the  settlement  of  the  Egyptian  question;  British  bombardment  of  Alexandria;  hereditary 
possession  of  the  pashalik  of  Egypt  secured  to  Mehemet  Ali. 

1841.  Fall  of  the  Melbourne  Ministry  in  England;  Peel  made  Prime  Minister. — Death  of 
President  Harrison ;  advancement  of  Vice  President  John  Tyler  to  the  Presidency  of  the  United 
States;  his  breach  with  the  Whig  party.— Revolt  in  Afghanistan;  frightful  retreat  and  destruction 
of  the  British. — Founding  of  the  Brook  Farm  Association  in  Massachusetts. — Birth  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

1842.  Negotiation  of  the  Ashburton  Treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
settling  the  northeastern  boundary  question. — Return  of  British  forces  to  Cabul,  .'Afghanistan. — End 
of  the  Opium  War;  treaty  of  peace  between  England  and  China. — The  Dorr  Rebellion  in  Rhode 
Island. 

1843.  Disruption  of  the  Church  of  Scotland.— Publication  of  Ruskin's  "  Modern  Painters." 

1844.  Election  of  James  K.  Polk  President  of  the  United  States.— Completion,  between 
Washington  and  Baltimore,  of  the  first  line  of  electric  telegraph,  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
Morse. — Passage  of  the  English  Bank  Charter  Act. — Murder  of  Joe  Smith,  the  founder  of  Mormon 
Ism,  by  a  mob.— Publication  of  Dumas'  "  Trois  Mousquetaires." 

60 


1845.  Annexation  of  Texas  to  the  American  Union ;  splitting  of  tlie  Democratic  party  of  the 
United  States  into  Hunkers  and  Barnburners,  or  Hard-Shells  and  Soft-Shells. — Beginning  of  the  war 
of  the  English  with  the  Sikhs. — Arctic  expedition  of  Sir  John  Franklin  from  which  he  never 
returned. — Publication  of  Carlyle's  "Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches,"  and  Hawthorne's  "Mosses 
from  an  Old  Manse." 

1846.  Repeal  of  the  British  Corn  Laws. — The  Potato  Famine  in  Ireland. — "War  of  the  United 
States  with  Mexico;  defeat  in  the  United  States  Senate  of  the  "Wilmot  Proviso,"  to  exclude 
slavery  from  territory  about  to  be  acquired  from  Mexico;  American  conquest  of  California;  migra- 
tion of  the  Mormons  from  Nauvoo  to  Great  Salt  Lake. —Settlement  of  the  Oregon  boundary  dispute. 
— Adams'  and  Le  Verrier's  discovery  of  the  planet  Neptune  by  mathematical  calculation. — Patent- 
ing of  the  Sewing-machine  by  Elias  Howe. — End  of  resistance  to  the  French  in  Algiers;  surrender 
and  imprisonment  of  Abd-el-Kader. — Publication  of  the  first  volume  of  Grote's  "  History  of  Greece." 

1847.  Successful  campaign  of  General  Scott  in  Mexico. — Civil  war  in  Switzerland;  suppres- 
sion of  the  Sonderbund. —  Death  of  Daniel  O'Connell. —  Publication  of  Charlotte  Bronte's  "Jane 
Eyre,"  the  first  part  of  Thackeray's  "Vanity  Fair,"  and  Longfellow's  "Evangeline." — Birth  of 
Edison. 

1848.  Revolution  in  France  :  abdication  and  flight  of  the  king;  creation  of  the  National 
Workshops;  insurrection  of  the  workmen,  suppressed  by  General  Cavaignac;  organization  of  the 
Second  Republic,  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte  President. —  Revolutionary  movement  in  Germany: 
rioting  in  Berlin;  meeting  of  National  Assembly  at  Frankfort;  election  of  Archduke  John  of  Austria 
to  be  Administrator  of  Germany;  forcible  dispersion  of  the  Prussian  National  Assembly.  —  Revolu- 
tionary risings  in  Austria  and  Hungary :  bombardment  of  Prague  and  Vienna ;  abdication  of  the 
Emperor  Ferdinand  and  accession  of  Francis  Joseph. —  Revolutionary  movements  in  Italy  :  Nea- 
politan insurrection  crushed  by  King  Ferdinand  II. ;  expulsion  of  Austrians  from  Milan  and  Venice; 
undertaking  of  Charles  Albert,  king  of  Sardinia,  to  support  and  head  the  revolution,  and  his  defeat 
by  the  Austrian  general  Radctzky ;  ineffectual  concessions  of  Pope  Pius  IX.  to  the  Romans ;  his 
flight  to  Gacta;  expulsion  of  the  dukes  of  Modena  and  Parma  and  extortion  of  a  constitution  from 
the  grand-duke  of  Tuscany.  —  Suppression  of  the  "  Young  Ireland  "  rebellion. —  Schleswig-Holstein 
war  in  Denmark. —  Revision  of  the  constitution  of  the  Swiss  Confederation. —  Last  demonstration  of 
the  Chartists  in  England.— Organization  of  the  Free  Soil  party  of  the  United  States  in  convention 
at  Buffalo;  election,  by  the  Whigs,  of  General  Zachary  Taylor  President  of  the  United  States. — 
Treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico;  purchase  and  cession  of 
New  Mexico  and  California  to  the  United  States;  discovery  of  gold  in  California;  admission  of 
Wisconsin  to  the  American  Union. —  Publication  of  the  first  two  volumes  of  Macaulay's  "  History 
of  England." — Birth  of  Arthur  J.  Balfour. 

1 840.  Framing  of  a  constitution  for  a  new  Empire  of  Germany  by  the  National  Assembly 
at  Frankfort;  offer  of  the  Imperial  crown  to  the  king  of  Prussia  and  its  refusal;  failure  of  the 
work  of  the  Assembly  and  end  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Germany.  —  Declaration  of 
Hungarian  independence  and  formation  of  the  Hungarian  Republic,  with  Louis  Kossuth  for  its  Presi- 
dent; interference  of  Russia  to  aid  the  Austrians  in  suppressing  the  Magyar  revolt;  surrender 
of  GOrgei;  escape  of  Kossuth  and  other  leaders  into  Turkey. —  Renewed  attempt  of  Charles  Albert 
of  Sardinia  against  the  Austrians  in  Lombardy  and  his  crushing  defeat  at  Mortara  and  Novara; 
his  resignation  of  the  crown  in  favor  of  his  son,  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  ;  siege  and  subjugation 
of  Venice  by  Haynau.  —  End  of  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war. —  Annexation  of  the  Punjab  to 
British  India.— Repeal  of  the  English  Navigation  Laws.  — First  explorations  of  Dr.  Livingstone 
in  Africa. —  Determination  of  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat,  by  Joule. — Publication  of  the 
first  part  of  Dickens'  "  David  Copperfield,"  Kingsley'a  "Alton  Locke,"  and  Emerson's  "Representa- 
tive Men." — Sainte-Beuve's  "  Causerie  du  Lundi"  begun  in  the  "  Coustitutionel." 

1850.  Death  of  General  Taylor,  President  of  the  United  States,  and  succession  of  the 
Vice  President,  Millard  Fillmore ;  slavery  agitation  on  the  question  of  the  admission  of  Califor- 
nia; Clay's  Compromise  measures;  Webster's  Seventh  of  March  Speech;  Seward's  Higher  Law 
Speech;  the  Omnibus  Bill;  passage  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law.— Negotiation  of  the  Clayton- 
Bulwer  Treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.— Restoration  of  the  Roman  episcopate 
In  England. — Publication  of  Mrs.  Browning's  "  Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese,"  and  Tennyson's  "In 
Mcmoriam." 

1851.  The  Coup  d'  Etat  of  Louis  Napoleon,  destroying  the  French  Republic  and  making 
himself  dictator.— Dismissal  of  Lord  Palmerston  from  the  British  cabinet.— Discovery  of  gold  In 
Australia;  separation  of  the  colony  of  Victoria  from  New  South  Wales.— Outbreak  of  the  Taiping 
Ret)cllion  in  China.— The  Lopez  filibustering  expedition  to  Cuba.— Passage  of  the  Massachusetts 
Free  Public  Library  Act.— The  first  Worid's  Fair,  in  London.— Visit  of  Kossuth  to  America.— Pub- 
lication of  Spencer's  "  Social  Statics. " 

1853.  Defeat  and  resignation  of  the  Russell  Ministry;  the  first  Derby-Dlsraell  Ministry;  the 
Aberdeen  Ministry.- Rise  of  the  Know  Nothing  or  American  party  in  the  United  States;  election  by 
the  Democratic  party  of  Franklin  Pierce  President  of  the  United  States.— PublicatKra  of  "Uncle 
Tom'sCabin."— Promulgation  of  a  new  Constitution  for  France  by  the  dictator,  Louis  Napoleon, 
soon  followed  by  the  revival  of  the  Empire.— Second  Anglo  Burmese  War;  annexation  of  Pegu  to 
British  India.  .mi 

1853.  Expedition  of  Commodore  Perry  to  Japan.— Dispute  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  lead- 
ing to  the  Crimean  War.  *    u     tt 

1854.  Repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  in  the  United  States,  by  the  passage  of  the  Kan- 
flaa-Nebraska  Bill;  rise  of  the  Republican  Party.— Negotiation  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  between 
the  United  States  and  Canada.— Treaties  of  Japan  with  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  opening 
the  former  country  to  trade.— Promulgation  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  of  the  dogma  of  the  Immaculate 

Gl 


Conception  of  the  Virgin  Mary. — Alliance  of  England,  France  and  Sardinia  with  Turkey  against 
Russia  in  the  Crimean  War ;  siege  of  Sebastopol ;  battles  of  the  Alma,  Balaclava,  and  Inkerman ; 
siege  of  Kars. 

1865.  Fall  of  the  Aberdeen  Ministry  in  England ;  rise  of  Palmerston  to  the  head  of  govern- 
ment.— Continued  siege  of  Sebastopol. — Beginning  of  the  struggle  for  Kansas  between  the  sup- 
porters and  the  opponents  of  Slavery  in  the  United  States. — Rise  to  power  in  Abyssinia  of  an 
adventurer  afterwards  known  as  King  Theodore. — Introduction  of  Civil  Service  Reform  in  Great 
Britain.— Walker's  first  filibustering  invasion  of  Nicaragua. — Abolition  of  the  Stamp  tax  on  news- 
papers in  England. 

1856.  Assault  on  Jlr.  Sumner  in  the  United  States  Senate  by  Preston  Brooks  of  South  Caro- 
lina; continued  struggle  in  Kansas;  election  of  James  Buchanan  President  of  the  United  States. — 
Operations  of  the  San  Francisco  Vigilance  Committee. — Quarrel  of  England  with  China  over  the 
affair  of  the  "  Arrow." — Congress  of  Paris  and  treaty  ending  the  Crimean  War. — Publication  of  first 
part  of  Lotze's  "  Mikrokosmos. " 

1857.  Dred  Scott  decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. — Triumphant  appeal 
of  Palmerston  to  English  voters  on  the  question  of  war  with  China;  alliance  with  France  in  the  war; 
capture  of  Canton. — The  Sepoy  Mutiny  in  India:  siege  and  capture  of  Delhi;  massacre  of  Eng- 
lish at  Cawnpore;  siege  and  relief  of  Lucknow. — Mountain  Meadows  JIassacre  and  Mormon  rebellion 
in  Utah. — Publication  of  the  first  volume  of  Buckle's  "  History  of  Civilization." 

1858.  Fall  of  Palmerston,  consequent  on  his  Conspiracy  Bill;  second  Derby-Disraeli  Ministry 
in  England. — Debate  between  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  as  candidates  for  the  United 
States  Senate,  from  Illinois. — Regency  of  Prussia  assumed  by  Prince  William  in  consequence  of  the 
mental  incapacity  of  the  king. — Treaty  of  peace  between  England,  France  and  China.  —  Discovery 
of  gold  in  Colorado. — Laying  of  the  first  Atlantic  Cable,  which  quickly  failed. — Assumption  of  the 
government  of  India  by  the  British  crown. — Beginning  of  the  Fenian  movement  in  Ireland. — Dis- 
covery of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza  by  Captain  Speke.— Publication  of  George  Eliot's  "Scenes  of  Cler- 
ical Life,"  Tennyson's  "Idylls  of  the  King,"  and  Holmes'  "Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table." 

1859.  War  of  Sardinia  and  France  with  Austria;  battles  of  Jlontebello,  Magenta  and  Solfer- 
ino;  defeat  of  Austria;  treaties  of  Villafranca  and  Zurich;  cession  of  Lombardy  to  Sardinia.  —  John 
Brown's  invasion  of  Virginia  and  seizure  of  Harper's  Ferry;  his  capture,  trial  and  execution. —  Ad- 
mission of  Oregon  to  the  American  Union, — Publication  of  Darwin's  "  Origin  of  Species,"  and  George 
Eliot's  "AdamBede." — Return  of  Palmerston  to  the  English  premiership. — Separation  of  the  col- 
ony of  Queensland  from  New  South  Wales. — Renewed  war  of  England  and  France  with  China. — 
Nationalization  of  Church  property  in  Mexico ;  suspension  of  payments  on  foreign  debts. 

1860.  Election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  President  of  the  United  States;  secession  of  South  Caro- 
lina ;  disunion  message  of  President  Buchanan ;  the  Crittenden  Compromise  and  its  failure ;  treach- 
ery of  Floyd,  Secretary  of  War ;  occupation  of  Fort  Sumter  by  Major  Anderson. — Franco-English 
capture  of  Pekin  and  destruction  of  the  summer  palace. — Annexation  of  the  Central  Italian  states 
to  Sardinia  by  popular  vote;  cession  of  Savoy  and  Nice  to  France. — Negotiation  of  the  Cobden- 
Chevalier  commercial  treaty  between  England  and  France. 

1861.  Secession  of  Georgia,  Mississippi,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Alabama  and  Texas  from  the 
American  Union ;  seizure  of  United  States  arsenals,  arms  and  forts  in  the  seceded  States ;  abortive 
Peace  Convention  at  Washington ;  admission  of  Kansas  to  the  Union ;  adoption  of  a  Constitution  for 
the  "Confederate  Statesof  America,  "and  organization  of  a  Confederate  government;  inauguration  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  President  of  the  United  States ;  outbreak  of  civil  war  by  the  attack  of  Confeder- 
ate forces  on  Fort  Sumter;  rising  of  the  North  on  President  Lincoln's  call  to  arms;  attack  on  Massa- 
chusetts Volunteers  in  Baltimore ;  Secession  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina ;  blockade  of  Southern 
ports;  proclamation  of  British  neutrality  by  Queen  Victoria;  declaration  of  General  Butler  that 
slaves  are  Contraband  of  War;  fight  at  Big  Betllel;  Secession  of  West  Tennessee;  campaign  of  Gen- 
eral McClellan  in  West  Virginia ;  Union  advance  from  Washington  and  defeat  at  Bull  Run ;  depre- 
dations by  the  Confederate  cruiser  Sumter;  struggle  with  secession  in  ilissouri,  battles  of  Boon- 
ville  and  Wilson's  Creek ;  appointment  of  General  McClellan  to  the  chief  command  of  the  Union 
forces;  creation  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac;  expedition  against  Fort  Hatteras;  Fremont's  emanci- 
pation proclamation  modified  by  the  President ;  campaign  of  Rosecrans  against  Lee  in  West  Vir- 
ginia; General  Grant's  first  battle  at  Belmont ;  Union  disaster  at  Ball's  Bluff ;  Port  Royal  expedition ; 
the  Trent  affair  (arrest  of  Mason  and  Slidell  on  a  British  steamer)  and  its  settlement. — Death  of  King 
Frederick  William  IV.  of  Prussia  and  accession  of  his  brotlier,  William  I. — Liberation  of  Sicily  and 
Naples  by  Garibaldi;  Sardinian  occupation  of  Umbria  and  the  Marches;  proclamation  of  the  King- 
dom of  Italy;  death  of  Cavour. — Polish  insurrection  at  Warsaw. 

1862.  Stonewall  Jackson  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  battle  of  Kernstown;  capture  of  Forts 
Henry  and  Donelson  by  General  Grant ;  expulsion  of  the  Confederates  from  Missouri,  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge;  expedition  of  Burnside  to  Roanoke  and  capture  of  Newbem;  siege  and  capture  of  Fort 
Pulaski ;  Union  advance  up  the  Tennessee  and  battle  of  Shiloh ;  proposal  of  compensated  emanci- 
pation by  President  Lincoln,  approved  by  Congress;  battle  of  the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac  in 
Hampton  Roads;  capture  of  New  Madrid  on  the  Mississippi  and  Island  No.  10;  movement  of 
McClellan  against  Richmond  by  way  of  the  peninsula,  battles  of  Williamsburg,  Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven 
Pines,  Mechanicsville,  Gaines'  Mill,  Savage  Station,  Glendale  and  Malvern  Hill;  forcing  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  and  capture  of  New  Orleans;  separation  of  West  Virginia  from  the  Old  Dominion; 
abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  passage  of  the  Homestead  Act  and  the  Legal 
Tender  Act ;  arming  of  freed  negroes,  evacuation  of  Norfolk  by  the  Confederates  and  destruction  of 
the  Merrimac;  second  campaign  of  Stonewall  Jackson  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley;  first  undertakings 
against  Vicksburg;  capture  of  Memphis;  Confederate  invasion  of  Kentucky  by  Bragg,  battle  of 
Perry ville;  confiscation  of  the  slave  property  of  rebels;  beginning  of  the  destructive  career  of  the 

62 


Confederate  cruiser  Alabama ;  end  of  the  peninsular  campaign  and  withdrawal  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac;  campaign  under  (Jcneral  Pope,  battles  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Second  Bull  Hun  and  Chan- 
tilly,  Lee's  invasion  of  Maryland  and  check  by  McClellan  at  South  Mountain  and  Antietam;  pre- 
liminary Proclamation  of  Emancipation  by  President  Lincoln;  successes  by  Grant  at  luka  and 
Corinth ;  battle  of  Prairie  Grove  in  Arkansas;  removal  of  McClellan  from  command  of  tlie  Army  of 
the  Potomac  and  appointment  of  Burnside ;  disastrous  attack  on  Fredericksburg ;  second  Union 
attempt  against  Vicksburg;  victory  of  Rosecrans  at  Stone  River. — Land-grant  of  the  United  States 
for  industrial  colleges. — Intervention  of  Louis  Napoleon  in  Mexico;  creation  of  the  empire  under 
Maximilian  of  Austria. — Bismarck  made  chief  minister  of  the  king  of  Prussia. —  Revolution  in 
Greece;  deposition  of  King  Otho;  election  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark  to  the  Greek  throne; 
annexation  of  the  Ionian  Islands.  —  Attempt  of  Garibaldi  against  Rome  checked  by  the  Italian 
government;  his  defeat  and  capture  at  Aspromonte.  —  Publication  of  Spencer's  "First  Principles." 

1863>  President  Lincoln's  final  Proclamation  of  Emancipation  ;  passage  of  the  National  Bank 
Act,  and  the  Conscription  Act;  Hooker's  disaster  at  Chancellorsville;  death  of  Stonewall  Jackson; 
naval  attack  on  Charleston;  Grierson's  raid;  Grant's  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg;  Banks' siege 
and  capture  of  Port  Hudson ;  Lee's  second  invasion  of  the  North ;  battle  of  Gettysburg ;  Draft  riots 
In  the  city  of  New  York;  Morgan's  raid  into  Ohio  and  Indiana;  assault  on  Fort  Wagner;  battles 
of  Bristol  Station  and  Rappahannock  Station;  Burnside's  advance  into  East  Tennessee;  defeat  of 
Rosecrans  at  Chickamauga;  siege  and  reduction  of  FortAVagner;  Grant's  victory  at  Chattanooga; 
siege  of  Knoxville;  President  Lincoln's  Address  at  Gettysburg,  and  Proclamation  of  Amnesty. — 
Death  of  Frederick  VII.  of  Denmark  and  accession  of  Christian  IX. ;  reopening  of  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  question ;  coalition  of  Prussia  and  Austria  against  Denmark.  —  Appointment  of  General 
Gordon  to  command  in  China. —  Confederation  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia.  —  Rebellion  In 
Poland. — Political  organization  of  Socialism  in  Germany  by  Lassalle. — Publication  of  Huxley's 
"Man's  Place  in  Nature,"  and  Renan's  "Vie  de  Jesus." 

18G4.  Reconstruction  in  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  the  President's  plan  and  the  Congressional 
plan;  Sherman's  Meridian  expedition;  Kilpatrick  and  Dahlgren's raid  to  Richmond;  appointment  of 
General  Grant  to  the  chief  command  of  the  arm}';  Banks'  Red  River  expedition;  Price's  invasion  of 
Missouri ;  Forrests'  capture  of  Fort  Pillow  and  massacre  of  colored  soldiers ;  Grant's  movement  on 
Richmond,  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  and  Cold  Harbor;  Sherman's 
movement  on  Atlanta,  battles  of  New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw  and  Peach  Tree  Creek ;  Sheridan's 
raids  to  Richmond  and  Trevelyan  Station ;  Grant's  siege  of  Petersburg,  battle  of  Reams'  station ; 
destruction  of  the  Alabama  by  the  Kearsarge;  Greeley  and  Jaques-Gilmore  peace  rai.ssions;  Early's 
inva.sion  of  Maryland;  Farragut's  great  battle  in  Mobile  Bay;  Slu^ridan's  campaign  against  Early  in 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,  battles  of  Winchester,  Fisher's  Hill  and  Cedar  Creek ;  Sherman's  clearing  of 
Atlanta;  Hood's  movement  into  Tennessee  and  defeat  by  Thomas  at  Franklin  and  Nashville;  re- 
election of  President  Lincoln;  St.  Albans  raid  from  Canada;  Cushing's  destruction  of  the  ram 
Albemarle;  Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea  and  occupation  of  Savannah. — Schleswigllolstein  war: 
Austro-Prussian  conquest  of  the  duchies. — Detention  and  imprisonment  of  foreigners  in  Abyssinia 
by  King  Theodore. —  End  of  the  Taiping  Rebellion  in  China. — Publication  of  the  Encyclical 
"Quanta  cura"  and  the  Syllabus  of  Pope  Pius  IX. —  Organization  at  London  of  the  International. 

18(55.  Adoption  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of  the  Thirteenth  Constitutional 
Amendment,  prohibiting  slavery  forever;  creation  of  the  Frcedman's  Bureau;  Hampton  Roads 
Peace  Conference;  evacuation  of  Charleston  by  the  Confederates;  Sherman's  northward  march  from 
Savannah;  battle  of  Bentonsville;  occupation  of  Wilmington  by  Schofleld ;  battle  of  Kinston; 
second  inauguration  of  President  Lincoln;  battle  of  Five  Forks;  evacuation  of  Petersburg  and 
Richmond  by  the  Confederates;  battle  of  Sailor's  Creek;  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court 
House;  assassination  of  President  Lincoln;  succession  of  Andrew  Johnson,  Vice  President,  to  the 
Presidency;  surrender  of  General  Johnston;  fall  of  Mobile ;  capture  of  Jefferson  Davis;  end  of  the 
Rebellion;  opening  of  the  conflict  between  Congress  and  President  Johnson  on  questions  of  Recon- 
struction.—  Death  of  Lord  Palmerston  in  England  ;  premiership  of  Lord  John  Russell.  —  Transfer  of 
the  capital  of  Italy  to  Florence. —  Ferocious  suppression  of  an  insurrection  in  Jamaica  by  Governor 
Eyre.  —  Beginning  of  war  between  Paraguay  and  Brazil. 

1866.  Quarrel  of  Austria  and  Pi-ussia  over  the  administration  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein; 
alliance  of  Prussia  with  Italy;  outbreak  of  the  Seven  Weeks  War;  decisive  Prussian  victory  at 
Sadowa.  or  Koniggriltz;  treaty  of  Prague;  exclusion  of  Austria  from  the  Germanic  political  sys- 
tem; formation  of  the  North  German  Confederation;  incorporation  of  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  the 
electorate  of  Hesse,  the  duchies  of  Nassau,  Schleswig  and  Holstein,  and  the  free  city  of  Frankfort, 
by  Prussia.— Success  of  Austria  in  the  war  with  Italy,  at  Custozza  on  the  land  and  at  Lissa  on  the 
sea;  success  of  Italy  in  the  settlement  of  peace,  receiving  Venetia,  on  the  demand  of  Prussia. — 
Wreck  of  the  Ministry  of  Lord  John  Russell  on  a  reform  bill;  third  Derby-Disraeli  administration.— 
Fenian  invasion  of  Canada  from  the  United  States.— Laying  of  the  first  successful  Atlantic  Cable. 
—  Beginning  of  the  struggle  of  the  Cretans  for  deliverance  from  the  Turkish  yoke.— Reconstruction 
riot  in  New  Orieans.  — Organization  of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry  in  the  United  States.  — Passage  of 
the  first  Civil  Rights  Bill  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  over  the  President's  vejo;  Congres- 
sional adoption  o"f  the  Fourteenth  Constitutional  Amendment. —  Formation  of  the  Ku-Klux  Khm  in 
the  Southern  States. 

18<>7.  Passage  of  the  Disraeli  Reform  Bill  bv  the  British  Parliament.— Purchase  of  Alaska 
by  the  United  States  from  Russia.— Federation  of  Austria  and  Hungary  in  the  Austro-Hungiirian 
Empire.— Federation  of  the  provinc'cs  of  British  America,  forming  the  Dominion  of  Canada.— Pur- 
cha.se  of  the  title  of  Khedive  from  the  Sidlan  by  Ismail  Pasha  of  Egypt.— Fenian  risings  in  Ireland. 
—Renewed  attempt  by  Garibaldi  to  liberate  Rome  from  the  Papal  government;  his  defeat  by  the 
French  at  Mentaua.— Withdrawal  of  the  French   from   Mexico;  fall  of  the  empire;  execution  of 

G3 


Maximilian. — Passage  of  tlie  Military  Reconstruction  Acts  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States; 
extension  of  suffrage  to  blacks  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

1868.  Withdrawal  of  Lord  Derby  from  the  British  Ministry;  advancement  of  Disraeli  to  the 
premiership ;  passage  of  reform  bills  for  Scotland  and  Ireland ;  defeat  of  the  ministry  on  the  Irish 
Church  question;  resignation  of  Disraeli;  first  administration  of  Mr.  Gladstone. ^ — Revolution  in 
Spain  and  flight  of  Queen  Isabella  to  France. — British  expedition  for  the  rescue  of  captives  in 
Abyssinia;  storming  of  Magdala;  suicide  of  King  Theodore. — Negotiation  of  the  Burlingame 
Treaty  between  China  and  the  United  States. — Revolution  in  Japan;  abolition  of  the  Shogunate; 
restoration  of  the  authority  of  the  Mikado. — Occupation  of  Samarcand  by  the  Russians. — Impeach- 
ment, and  trial  of  President  Johnson  in  the  United  States;  election  of  General  Grant  to  the  American 
Presidency. —  Ratification  by  the  States  of  the  Foui-teenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

1869.  Disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church. — Negotiation  of  the  Johnson-Clarendon  Treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  rejected  by  the  United  States  Senate. — Expiration  of 
the  charter  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  and  incorporation  of  its  territory  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada. — Creation  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education. — Opening  of  the  Suez  Canal. — 
"  Black  Friday  "  in  New  York. — Organization  of  the  Knights  of  Labor. — Congressional  adoption 
of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. — Adoption  of  a  monarchical 
constitution  in  Spain;  regency  of  Marshal  Serrano. — Adoption  of  Woman  Suffrage  at  municipal 
elections  in  England,  and  at  all  elections  in  Wyoming  Territory. — Publication  of  Hartmann's 
"  Philosophic  des  Unbewusstens. " 

1870.  Sudden  occurrence  of  the  Franco-German  War:  invasion  of  France  by  the  Germans; 
victories  at  Worth,  Spichern,  Gravelotte,  and  Sedan;  captivity  of  the  French  emperor;  revolution 
at  Paris;  fall  of  the  Empire;  investment  and  siege  of  Paris  by  the  Germans;  surrender  of  Bazaine 
atMetz;  unsuccessful  resistance  in  the  French  provinces. — Completion  of  the  new  Germanic  Con- 
federation, embracing  the  states  of  South  Germany,  with  the  North  German  Confederation,  and 
having  the  king  of  Prussia  for  its  president. — Passage  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  first  Irish  Land  Bill  by 
the  British  Parliament. — Passage  of  the  Education  Bill  in  England. — Occupation  of  Rome  by  the 
troops  of  the  king  of  Italy ;  plebiscite  for  annexation  to  the  Italian  kingdom ;  end  of  the  temporal 
sovereignty  of  the  Pope.  —  Election  of  Amadeo,  of  Italy,  to  the  Spanish  throne. —  Completed  recon- 
struction of  the  American  Union;  ratification  of  the  Fifteenth  Constitutional  Amendment. 

1871.  Capitulation  of  Paris;  peace  preliminaries  of  Versailles  and  treaty  of  Frankfort;  French 
cession  of  Alsace  and  part  of  Lorraine,  with  five  milliards  of  francs  indemnity;  election  and  meeting 
of  a  National  Assembly  at  Bordeaux ;  organization  of  the  Third  Republic  with  Thiers  as  its  Presi- 
dent; evacuation  of  Paris  by  the  Germans,  followed  by  the  insurrection  of  the  Communists  and 
their  seizure  of  the  city;  siege  and  reduction  of  Paris  by  the  national  government. — Assumption  by 
King  William  of  Prussia  of  the  title  "  German  Emperor  ";  proclamation  of  the  constitution  of  the 
new  Empire. — Negotiation  and  ratification  of  the  Treaty  of  Washington,  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain;  meeting  of  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  at  Geneva,  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Alabama  claims. — Gradual  emancipation  of  slaves  enacted  in  Brazil. — First  attempts  at  Civil  Service 
Reform  in  the  United  States,  made  by  President  Grant. — Exposure  of  the  Tweed  Ring  in  New 
York. — The  Great  Fire  in  Chicago. — Transfer  of  the  capital  of  Italy  from  Florence  to  Rome. — 
Abolition  of  feudalism  in  Japan. — Passage  of  the  Force  Bill  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. — 
The  finding  of  Dr.  Livingstone  in  Africa  by  Henry  M.  Stanley. — Publication  of  Darwin's  "Descent 
of  Man,"  and  Swinburne's  "  Songs  before  Sunrise." 

1872.  Award  of  the  Geneva  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  in  settlement  of  the  Alabama  Claims. — 
Re-election  of  General  Grant,  President  of  the  United  States. — The  Credit  Mobilier  Scandal  in  the 
United  States  Congress. 

1873.  Resignation  of  President  Thiers  in  France  and  election  of  Marshal  MacMahon. — Passage 
of  the  May  Laws  in  the  Prussian  Diet,  opening  the  contest  with  the  Catholic  Church  known  as  the 
Kulturkarapf. — Appearance  of  the  Home  Rule  movement  in  Irish  politics. — Abdication  of  the  throne 
of  Spain  by  Amadeo;  unsuccessful  attempt  at  republican  government. — Financial  panic  in  the 
United  States. 

1874.  Fall  of  the  Gladstone  Government  in  England;  return  of  Disraeli  to  power. —  Gen- 
eral Gordon's  first  appointment  in  the  Sudan. —  Restoration  of  monarchy  in  Spain,  under  Alphonso 
XII.,  son  of  Queen  Isabella. —  Publication  of  the  first  volume  of  Stubb's  "Constitutional  H'story." 

1875.  Adoption  of  a  constitution  in  France. —  Revolt  against  Turkish  rule  in  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina.  —  Passage  of  the  second  Civil  Rights  Bill  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

1876.  Founding  of  the  International  African  Association  by  King  Leopold  of  Belgium. — 
Insurrection  in  Bulgaria,  suppressed  with  atrocious  cruelty  by  the  Turks. —  Holding  of  the  United 
States  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia. —  First  exhibition  of  the  Telephone,  by  Professor 
Graham  Bell. —  Disputed  Presidental  Election  in  the  United  States. 

1877.  War  of  Servia  with  the  Turks;  defeat  of  the  Servians. —  Russo-Turkish  War ;  sieges  of 
Plevna  and  Kars. —  Assumption  by  Queen  Victoria  of  the  title  "Empress  of  India." — First  election 
of  Porfirio  Diaz  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Mexican  republic. —  Creation  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  the  United  States;  award  of  the  Presidential  election  to  Rutherford  B.  Hayes. —  Return  of 
Stanley  from  his  expedition  across  Africa,  exploring  the  Congo. 

1878.  Second  war  of  the  English  in  Afghanistan. — End  of  the  Russo-Turkish  war;  Treaty  of 
San  Stefano,  superseded  by  the  Congress  and  Treaty  of  Berlin;  independence  secured  to  Servia  and 
Roumania;  transfer  of  Bosnia  to  Austria;  division  of  Bulgaria  into  two  states.  —  Election  of  Pope 
Leo  XIII. —  Passage  of  the  Bland  Silver  Bill  in  the  United  States. 

1879.  Resignation  of  the  Presidency  of  the  French  Republic  by  Marshal  MacMahon  and 
election  of  M.  Jules  Qrevy.  —  Massacre  of  English  in  Cabul;  occupation  of  the  Afghan  capital  by 

04: 


British  forces;  deposition  of  the  Ameer. —  Beginning  of  war  between  Chile  and  Peru. —  Organiza- 
tion of  the  Land  League  in  Ireland. — Zulu  War  in  South  Africa. —  Formation  of  the  International 
Congo  Association. 

1880.  Resignation  of  Disraeli  from  the  British  Ministry  and  return  of  Gladstone  to  power; 
passage  of  Gladstone's  Second  Irish  Land  Act. —  Renewed  war  against  the  English  in  Afghanistan. 
— Election  of  James  A.  Garfield  President  of  the  United  States. 

1881.  Occupation  of  Tunis  by  the  French. —  Evacuation  of  Afghanistan  by  the  British  forces. 
— Submission  of  Peru  to  Chile. —  Advent  of  the  Mahdi  in  the  Sudan.  —  Arabi's  revolt  in  Egypt. — 
Suppression  of  the  Irish  Land  League  and  arrest  of  Mr.  Pamell  and  others. —  Institution  of  local 
assemblies  in  Japan. — Assassination  of  the  Czar  Alexander  II.  —  Capture  of  Geok  Tepe  by  Skobeleff, 
the  Russian  general. — War  of  Great  Britain  with  the  Boers. — Assassination  of  President  Garfield ; 
succession  of  Vice  President  Arthur  to  the  Presidency  of  the  United  States. 

1882.  Death  M.  Qambetta,  in  France. —  Elevation  of  Servia  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom. — 
British  bombardment  of  Alexandria. —  Phcenix  Park  murders,  of  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish  and 
Mr.  Burke,  at  Dublin. —  Beginning  of  work  on  De  Lesseps'  Panama  Canal. 

1883.  Death  of  the  Comte  de  Chambord  (called  Henry  V.  by  his  supporters),  claimant  of  the 
crown  of  France  and  last  of  the  elder  line  of  the  Bourbons. —  Passage  in  England  of  the  Act  for 
Prevention  of  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  at  Elections. —  Destruction  of  Hicks  Pasha  and  big 
army  by  the  Mahdists  of  the  Sudan. —  Passage  of  the  Pendleton  Civil  Service  Reform  Bill  in  the 
United  States. —  Suppression  of  Arabi's  rebellion;  British  occupation  of  Egypt. 

1884.  War  of  the  French  in  Tonquin  and  with  China. —  Passage  in  England  of  the  Third 
Reform  Bill. —  Meeting  of  the  Berlin  Conference  to  settle  questions  of  acquisition  In  Africa. — 
Beleaguerment  of  General  Gordon  at  Khartoum  by  the  Mahdists;  British  rescue  expedition. — 
Occupation  of  Merv  by  the  Russians  and  completed  conquest  of  the  Turcomans.  —  Election  of 
Qrover  Cleveland  President  of  the  United  States. 

1885.  Overthrow  of  the  Gladstone  Government  in  Great  Britain  and  brief  reign  of  Lord 
Salisbury. —  Revolutionary  reunion  of  the  two  Bulgarias.  —  Fall  of  Khartoum  and  death  of  Gordon. 
—  Transformation  of  the  Congo  Association  into  the  Independent  State  of  Congo. 

1880.  Banishment  of  the  Bourbon  princes  from  France. —  Recall  of  Gladstone  to  the  head 
of  the  Government  in  England;  his  Home  Rule  Bill  for  Ireland  and  its  defeat;  resignation  of  Glad- 
stone and  return  of  Salisbury;  division  of  the  Liberal  Party. — Anarchist  crime  In  Chicago. — 
Undertaking  of  the  "  Plan  of  Campaign  "  in  Ireland. 

1887.  Forced  resignation  of  President  Grevy,  in  France,  and  election  of  M.  Sadl  Carnot. — 
Revision  of  the  constitution  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. — Tariff  Message  of  President 
Cleveland. — African  expedition  of  Stanley  to  rescue  Emin  Pasha. 

1888.  Threatening  intrigues  of  General  Boulanger  in  France;  his  prosecution  and  flight. — 
Bankruptcy  of  the  Panama  Canal  Company.— Death  of  the  German  Emperor  William  I  ;  accession 
and  death  of  Frederick  III.,  and  accession  of  William  II. — Incorporation  in  the  German  Zollverein 
of  Hamburg  and  Bremen,  the  last  of  the  Free  Cities.— Final  abolition  of  slavery  in  Brazil. 
—Inquiry  into  Irish  matters  by  the  Pamell  Commission.— Defeat  of  the  Mills  Tariff  Bill  in  the 
United  States  Senate. — Election  of  General  Benjamin  Harrison  President  of  the  United  States. 

1889.  Abdication  of  King  Milan  of  Servia  in  favor  of  his  young  son. — Revolution  in  Brazil; 
expulsion  of  the  Emperor  and  royal  family  from  the  country. — Promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of 
Japan. — Opening  of  Oklahoma  to  settlement. — Destruction  of  Johnstown,  Pa.,  by  flood. — Admission 
of  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and  Washington,  to  the  American  Union.— Chartering  of 
the  British  South  Africa  Company. — Publication  of  Bryce's  "American  Commonwealth." 

1890.  Dismissal  of  Bismarck  from  office  by  the  German  Emperor  William  II.— Commercial 
collapse  and  political  revolution  in  the  Argentine  Republic. — Organization  of  the  Republic  of  the 
United  States  of  Brazil.— Expulsion  of  Jews  from  Russia,— Passage  of  the  McKinley  Tariff  Act  In 
the  United  States.— Admission  of  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  the  American  Union.— Passage  of  the 
Sherman  Silver  Act. — Anglo-German  Convention  defining  boundaries  in  Africa. 

1891.  Dictatorship  proclaimed  by  President  Fonseca  of  Brazil,  producing  revolt;  resignation 
of  the  President;  installation  of  Floriano  Peixoto.— Civil  war  in  Chile;  defeat  and  suicide  of  Presi- 
dent Balmaceda. — Establishment  of  free  schools  in  England. — Death  of  Mr.  Parnell. 

1892.  The  Panama  Canal  Scandal  in  France.— Election  in  Great  Britain  of  a  Parliament 
favorable  to  Home  Rule  for  Ireland ;  resignation  of  the  Salisbury  Ministry ;  reascendancy  of  Glad- 
stone ;  passage  of  the  Irish  Home  Rule  Bill  by  the  House  of  Commons  and  its  defeat  by  the  Lords. 
—Evacuation  of  Uganda  by  the  British  East  Africa  Company.— Passage  of  the  Chinese  Exclusion 
Act  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States.- Election  of  Grover  Cleveland  President  of  the  United 
States. — Revolution  in  Venezuela. — Difficulty  between  the  United  States  and  Chile. 

1893.  The  Worid's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago.— Revolution  in  the  Hawaian  Islands. 
—Suspension  of  free  coinage  of  silver  in  India.— Repeal  of  the  Sherman  Silver  Act  by  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States.— Revision  of  the  Belgian  Constitution.— War  of  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany with  the  Matabele.— Popular  vote  in  Colorado  for  the  extension  of  equal  suffrage  to  women. 

1894.  Assassination  of  President  Carnot,  in  France;  election  of  M.  Casimir-Perier.— War 
between  Japan  and  China.— The  strike  at  Pullman,  Illinois,  and  the  "sympathy  strike  of  the 
American  Railway  Union —The  "Coxey  movement"  in  the  United  States. —Passage  of  the  Wilson 
Tariff  Act.— Turkish  atrocities  in  Armenia.— Passage  of  enabling  act  for  the  admission  of  Utah 
to  the  American  Union.— Triumph  of  the  Peixoto  government  over  the  insurgenU  in  Brazil.— Open- 
ing of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Ship  Canal.— Death  of  Alexander  III.,  Czar  of  Russia;  acces- 
sion of  Nicholas  II. 


CHRONOLOGICAL   RECORD   OF   EVENTS. 

1895-1910. 


1895. 

January  l.   Miirder  of  the  reigning  prince  of  Chitral,  on  the  northwestern  Indian  border. 

7.  Independence  of  Korea  proclaimed  at  Seoul. 

13.   Death  of  Sir  John  Seeley  (Professor  John  Robert  Seeley). 

17.  Election  of  M.  Felix  Faure  President  of  the  French  Republic. 

21.   Agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  France  defining  the  boundaries  of  the  hinterland  of 
Sierra  Leone. 

22-23.   Resignation  of  President  Saenz  PeSa  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  election  of  Presi- 
dent Uriburu. 

24.   Death  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill. 

26.   Death  of  Arthur  Cayley,  English  mathematician. — Death  of  Nikolai  Karlovich  de  Giers, 
Russian  statesman. 

28.   Death  of  Franfois  Canrobert,  Marshal  of  France. 
February  7.   Rejection  by  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  of  the  measure  asked  for  by 
President  Cleveland  for  the  relief  of  the  national  treasury. 

8.  Contract  by  the  United  States  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  with  New  York  and  London  bank- 

ing houses  for  supply  of  gold  to  the  treasury. — Death  of  Reginald  Stuart  Poole,  English 
archiEologist. 
12.   Death  of  Charles  Etienne  Gayarre,  historian  of  Louisiana. 

16.  Death  of  Lady  Stanley  of  Alderley. 

18.  Death  of  Archduke  Albrecht  of  Austria. 

20.   Death  of  Frederick  Douglass,  the  most  eminent  colored  man  of  his  day 
24.   Renewal  of  insurrection  in  Cuba  against  Spanish  rule. 
March  1.   Beginning  of  the  siege  of  a  small  force  of  British-Indian  troops  In  the  fort  at  Chitral  by 
surrounding  tribes. 
2.   Death  of  the  Grand  Duke  Alexis,  brother  of  the  Tzar  Alexander  III. — Death  of  Professor 

John  Stuart  Blackie. — Death  of  Ismail  Pasha,  ex-Khedive  of  Egypt. 
5.   Death  of  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  English  archaeologist. 

9.  Death  of  Leopold  von  Sacher-Masoch,  German  novelist. 

II.   Agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  Russia  for  fixing  the  northern  frontier  of  Afghanistan 
from  Zulfikar  on  the  Heri-Rud  to  the  Pamirs. 

17.  Bloody  battle  in  the  streets  of  Lima,  Peru,  ending  in  the  overthrow  of  the  usurping  govern- 

ment of  Caceres. 

18.  Death  of  Captain  Adam  Badeau,  military  biographer  of  General  Grant. 
31.   Death  of  Sir  George  Chesney,  military  writer. 

April  20.   Relief  of  the  beleaguered  British  garrison  at  Chitral. 

30.   Death  of  Gustav  Freytag,  German  novelist. 
May  I.   Proclamation  by  the  British  South  Africa  Company  giving  the  name  "Rhodesia"  to  its 
territories. 

4.  Death  of  Roundell  Palmer,  1st  Earl  of  Selborne. 

5.  Death  of  Karl  Vogt,  German  biologist. 

6.  Re-hearing  granted  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  on  cases  testing  constitution- 

ality of  the  income  tax. 
10.  Relinquishment  by  Japan  of  the  FCng-tien  peninsula  in  China. — Census  of  the  Argentine 

Republic. 
20.   Final  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  against  the  constitutionality  of  the 

income  tax. 

23.  Consolidation  of  the  Astor  and  Lenox  libraries  with  the  "Tilden  Trust,"  to  form  the  New 

York  Public  Library. 

24.  Death  of  Hugh  McCulloch,  American  statesman  and  financier. 

28.  Death  of  Walter  Quinton  Gresham,  United  States  Secretary  of  State. 

30.  Death  of  Frederick  Locker-Lampson,  English  poet. 

31.  Death  of  Emily  Faithfull,  philanthropist  and  author. 
June  14.    Census  of  the  German  Empire. 

17.   Celebration  of  the  opening  of  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  Ship  Canal  between  the  Baltic  and  North 

seas. 
21-22.   Defeat  in  the  British  Parliament  and  resignation  of  the  Ministry  of  Lord  Rosebery; 

Lord  Salisbury  called  to  form  a  new  government. 

29.  Death  of  Professor  Thomas  Henry  Huxley,  English  biologist  and  scientific  man  of  letters. 

66 


July  I.   Final  transfer  of  the  territories  of  the  British  Kast  Africa  Company  to  the  British  govern- 
ment ;  completed  organization  of  the  East  Africa  Protectorate. 
8.   Opening  of  the  railway  from  Delagoa  Bay  to  Pretoria,  in  the  Transvaal. 
13.   Parliamentary  elections  begun  in  Great  Britain,  resulting  in  a  large  majority  for  the  Conser- 
vatives and  Liberal  Unionists. 
15.   Assassinaliim  of  M.  StamboulofE,  late  chief  Minister  In  the  Bulgarian  government,  who 
died  of  his  wounds  on  the  19th. 

20.  Pressing  despatch  of  Mr.  Olney,  United  States  Secretary  of  State,  to  the  American  Ambas- 

sador to  Great  Britain,  on  the  question  of  the  Venezuela  boundary,  asserting  the  Monroe 
Doctrine. 

21.  Death  of  Prof.  Rudolph  von  Gneist,  German  jurist  and  historian. 

24.  Defeat  of  Protectionist  policy  in  the  Parliamentary  election.  New  South  Wales. 

31.  Death  of  Ileinrich  von  Sybel,  historian,  and  Director  of  the  Prussian  State  Archives. — Death 
of  liichard  M.  Hunt,  American  architect. 

August  1.   Massacre  of  English  and  American  missionaries  atHua  Sang  in  China. 

2.  Death  of  Joseph  Thomson,  African  explorer. 

12.  Opening  of  the  first  session  of  the  new  Parliament  in  Great  Britain. 

13.  Death  of  Christian  Bernhard  Tauchnitz,  Leipzig  publisher. 

September  2.   Government  of  a  young  native  prince,  under  British  tutelage  and  protection  estab- 
lished at  Chitral. 
16-18.   Adoption  of  a  constitution  and  organization  of  a  republican  government  by  the  Cuban 

insurgents. 
18.   Opening  of  the  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposition  at  Atlanta. 

20.  Executive  order  by  President  Cleveland  for  the  improvement  of  the  consular  service  of  the 

United  States. 

28.  Death  of  Louis  Pasteur,  the  father  of  bacteriology. 

30.  Attack  by  Turkish  police  in  Constantinople  on  Armenians  who  had  gathered  to  present  their 
grievances  to  the  Sultan. 

October  3.   Death  of  Prof.  Hjalmar  Hjorth  Boyesen,  Norwegian-American  novelist  and  poet. 

7.  Death  of  William  Wetmore  Story,  American  sculptor  and  author. 
8-9.    JIassacre  of  Armenians  at  Trebizond  by  a  Turkish  mob. 

17.  Turkish  imperial  irade  directing  reforms  in  Armenia  which  were  not  carried  out. 

21.  Death  of  Henry  Reeve,  English  author  and  editor. 

November  4.  Revolutionary  installation  of  Aloy  Alfaro  as  executive  chief  of  the  Republic  of  Ecua- 
dor.— Death  of  Eugene  Field,  American  poet  and  journalist. 

8.  Discovery  of  the  X  rays  by  Professor  RiJntgen. 

9.  Death  of  Col.  Benjamin  Wait,  a  leader  of  the  Canadian  rebellion  of  1837. 
20.   Death  of  t^hinielli  do  Marini,  known  as  Rustem  Pasha. 

25.  More  rigorous  anti-slavery  law  instituted  in  Egypt. — Death  of  Jules  Barthelemy  Saint- 

Hilaire,  French  statesman  and  orientalist. 

26.  Reply  of  Lord  Salisbury,  for  the  British  government,  to  the  despatch  of  Mr.  Olney,  on  the 

Venezuela  question. — Death  of  Henry  Seebohm,  English  naturalist. 

27.  Death  of  Alexandre  Dumas,  the  younger. 

29.  Death  of  Count  Edward  Taaffe,  Austrian  statesman. 

December  8.   Death  of  George  Augustus  Sala,  Engli.sh  journalist. 

12.   Death  of  Allen  G.  Tliurnian,  American  political  leader  and  statesman. 

17.  Message  of  President  ('levclund  to  the  Congrcs.'f  of  the  United  States  on  the  boundary  dis- 
pute between  Great  Britain  and  Venezuela. — Death  of  Antonio  Gallenga  (Luigi  Mariotti), 
Italian  revolutionist,  jouinalist,  ami  author. 

18-20.  Passage  l)y  the  two  branch<'s  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of  an  act  authorizing 
the  President  to  appoint  a  commission  to  ascertain  the  true  boundary  of  Venezuela. 

20.  Special  Message  of  President  Cleveland  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  on  the  financial 
situation  of  the  country. 

23.  Death  of  "Stepniak,"  Rus.sian  revolutionist  and  author. — Death  of  John  Russell  Hind, 
English  astronomer. 

27-28.  I'assagc  of  temporary  tariff  bill  and  bill  to  maintain  the  coin  redemption  fund,  by  the 
United  States  House  of  Representatives. 

29.  Raid  by  Dr.  Jameson,  Administrator  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company,  into  the  Trans- 
vaal, with  an  armed  force  of  500  men. 

1896. 

January  1.  Appointment  of  an  United  States  Commission  to  investigate  the  divisional  line  between 
Venezuela  and  British  Guiana. — Surrender  of  Dr.  .Jameson  and  his  raiders  to  the  Boers. — 
New  constitution  for  South  Carolina  brought  into  efTect. 

3.  Congratulatory  telegram  from  tlie  German  Emperor,  William  IL,  to  President  Krugcr,  of  the 

South  African  Republic,  on  the  defeat  of  the  Jameson  I?aid. 
8.   Destructive  earthquake'  shock  in  Persia.— Deatii  of  I'aul  Verlaine,  French  poet. 

10.  Proclamation  of  President  Kruger  to  the  inhabitants  of  Johannesburg,  promising  them  a 

municipal  government. 

11.  Death  of  JoSo  de  Deus,  Portuguese  poet. 

C7 


15.  Declaration  of  agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  France  concerning  Siam. 

17.  Occupation  of  Kumassi,  the  capital  of  Ashanti,  by  British  forces,  and  submission  of  King 

Prempeh. 

18.  Submission  by  the  Queen  of  Madagascar  to  a  French  protectorate  of  the  island. 

20.  Death  of  Prince  Henry  of  Battenberg. 

24.  Death  of  Lord  Leighton,  English  painter. 

29.  Death  of  the  Rt.  Hon.   Hugh  Culling  Eardley  Childers,  ex-Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 

Great  Britain. 

February  i.   Substitution,  by  the  United  States  Senate,  of  a  free  silver  coinage  bill  for  the  House 
bill  to  maintain  the  coin  redemption  fund. 
6.   Death  of  Jean  Auguste  Barre,  French  sculptor. 

8.   Signing  of  treaty  between  United  States  and  Great  Britain  for  the  arbitration  of  British 
claims  for  seizure  of  sealing  vessels. 

10.  Arrival  of  General  Weyler  at  Havana  as  Governor  and  Captain-General  of  Cuba. 

11.  Notification  by  the  French  government  to  the  Powers  that  it  had  taken  final  possession  of 

Madagascar. 
14.   Rejection  by  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Senate  substitute  for  its  bill ' 
to  maintain  the  coin  redemption  fund. 

16.  Promulgation  of  Weyler's  concentration  order  in  Cuba. 

25.  Defeat  of  the  House  tarifl  bill  in  the  United  States  Senate. 

26.  Death  of  Arsene  Houssaye,  French  author. 

27.  Reopening  of  a  discussion  of  the  Venezuela  boundary  question  between  the  governments 

of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

March  i.   Defeat  of  the  Italians  by  the  Abyssinians  at  Adowa. 

5.   Suggestion  by  Lord  Salisbury  of  a  general  treaty  of  arbitration  between  the  United  States 

and  Great  Britain. 
10-12.   Passage  of  the  Raines  Liquor  Law  by  the  two  branches  of  the  New  York  Legislature. 

21.  Beginning  of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  movement  for  the  recovery  of  the  Sudan  from  the  Der- 

vishes. 

22.  Death  of  Thomas  Hughes,  author  of  "  Tom  Brown's  School  Days." 
24.   Death  of  President  Hippolyte  of  the  Haytien  Republic. 

28.  Death  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Charles,  English  author. 

30.  Resumption  of  the  authority  of  the  Pope  over  the  Coptic  Church,  and  re-establishment  of 

the  Catholic  patriarchate  of  Alexandria. 

31.  Reopening  of  the  military  and  naval  service  of  the  United  States  to  persons  who  had  held 

commissions  in  the  Confederate  army  or  navy  during  the  civil  war. 

April  6.   Revival  of  Olympic  games  at  Athens. 

8.   Highest  latitude  reached  by  Dr.  Nansen,  within  261  statute  miles  of  the  north  pole. 
II.   Death  of  Charilaos  Trikoupis,  Greek  statesman. 
21.   Death  of  Jean  Baptiste  Leon  Say,  French  statesman. — Death  of  Baron  Hirsch,  financier  and 

millionaire-philanthropist. 
24.  Promulgation  of  amendments  to  the  constitution  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico. 
26.   Death  of  Sir  Henry  Parkes,  Australian  statesman. 

May  I.   Opening  of  German  industrial  exposition  at  Berlin. — Assassination  of  the  Shah  of  Persia. — 
Promulgation  of  additional  amendments  to  the  Mexican  constitution. 

2.  Opening  of  the  great  national  exposition  and  festival  at  Buda-Pesth  to  celebrate  the  millen- 

nium of  the  kingdom  of  Hungary. 

3.  Death  of  Alfred  William  Hunt,  English  artist. 

4.  Opening  of  the  National  Electrical  Exposition  in  New  York. 

6.  Promulgation  of  civil  service  rules  by  President  Cleveland,  adding  29,000  places  to  the 

classified  service  under  the  government  of  the  United  States. 
II.   The  bill  to  consolidate  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  neighboring  cities,  in  the  "Greater  New 
York,"  made  law  by  the  Governor's  signature. 

19.  Promulgation  of  the  law  of  public  education  in  Mexico,  establishing  a  national  system.  — 

Publication  in  England  of  the  manifesto  of  a  New  Radical  Party,  led  by  Sir  Charles 
Dilke  and  Mr.  Labouchere. — Death  of  the  Archduke  Karl  Ludwig  of  Austria. 

20.  Death  of  Madame  Clara  Schumann,  pianist. 

24.   Outbreak  of  Turks  against  the  Christians  in  Canea,  Crete. — Death  of  Edward  Armitage, 
English  artist. 

26.  Coronation  of  the  Russian   Tzar,  Nicholas  II.  ;  suffocation  of  nearly  8,000  people  at  the 

feasting. 

27.  The  city  of  St.  Louis  struck  by  a  cyclone. 

27-28.    Meeting  of  the  national  convention  of  the  Prohibition  Party,  at  Pittsburgh,  to  nominate 
candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

June  2.  Death  of  Friedrich  Gerhard  Rohlfs,  African  explorer. 

4.  Death  of  Ernesto  Rossi,  Italian  actor  and  author. 

7.  Battle  of  the  British  and  Egyptian  army  with  the  Dervishes  at  Ferket. 

8.  Death  of  Jules  Simon,  Fi-eiich  statesmen  and  philosopher. 

9.  Appointment  of  Commission  to  draft  the  "  Greater  New  York"  charter. 

16-18.   Meeeting,  at  St.  Louis,  of  the  Republican  national  convention,  and  nomination  of  William 
McKinley  and  Garret  A.  Hobart  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

68 


23.  Parliamentary  elections  in  Canada,  and  substantial  victory  of  the  Liberal  Party. — Death  of 
Sir  Joseph  Prestwich,  English  geologist. 

26.  Resignation  of  Cecil  J.  Rhodes  from  the  board  of  directors  of  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany. 

28.   Re-election  of  President  Diaz,  of  Mexico,  for  a  fifth  term. 

July  I.   Abolition  of  inter-state  taxes  in  Alexico. — Death  of  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe. 

4-10.   Meeting,  in  New  York,  of  the  niitional  convention  of  the  Socialist  Labor  Party,  to  nom- 
inate candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 
7-1 1.   Meeting,  at  Chicago,  of  the  Democratic  national  convention,  and  nomination  of  William  J. 
Bryan  and  Arthur  Sewall  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 
8.   Retirement  of  Sir  Charles  Tupper  from  and  succession  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  to  the  Prime 
Ministry  of  the  Canadian  government.  . 

11.  Death  of  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Augustus  Berkeley  Paget,  diplomatist. 

12.  Death  of  Professor  Ernst  Curtius,  German  historian. 

14.  First  international  conference  in  London  to  plan  co-operative  work  in  the  preparation  of  a 

catalogue  of  scientific  literature. 

16.  Death  of  Edmond  Huot  Goncourt,  French  novelist. 

17.  Report  of  an  investigating  committee  of  the  Cape  Colony  House  of  Assembly  declaring  Mr. 

Rhodes  to  be  responsible  for  the  Jameson  Raid. 
20.   Opening  of  the  trial,  in  England,  of  Dr.  Jameson  and  other  leaders  of  the  raid  into  the  Trans- 
vaal.— Death  of  Charles  Dickens,  eldest  son  of  the  novelist. 

22.  Meeting  of  the  convention  of  the  National  Silver  Party,  at  St.  Louis,  to  endorse  the  nom- 

inations of  Bryan  and  Sewall,  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 
22-25.   Sleeting  of  the  People's,  or  Populist  Party  in  national  convention  at  St.  Louis ;  nomina- 
tion of  William  J.  Bryan  and  Thomas  E.  Watson  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the 
United  States. 

23.  Death  of  Mary  Dickens,  eldest  daughter  of  Charles  Dickens. 

26.  Tidal  wave  on  the  coast  of  Kiaugsu,  China,  destroying  several  thousand  people. 

28.  Conviction  of  Dr.  Jameson  and  four  of  his  subordinates. 

30.   Resolution  of  the  British  House  of  Commons  to  investigate  the  administration  of  the  British 
South  Africa  Company. 
August.   Discovery  of  the  Klondike  gold  fields. 

I.   Death  of  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  William  R.  Grove,  jurist  and  man  of  science. 
19.   Death  of  Professor  Josiah  Dwight  Whitney,  American  geologist. 

25.  Revolution  in  the  sultanate  of  Zanzibar  suppressed  by  British  forces. — Arrangement  of 

Turkey  with  the  Powers  for  reforms  in  Crete. 
26-28.   Attiick  of  Armenians  on  the  Ottoman  Bank  at  Constantinople;  horrible  massacre  of 
Armenians  by  the  Turks. 

27.  Appointment  of  Monsignor  Martinelli  to  succeed  Cardinal  Satolli  as  Papal  Delegate  to  the 

United  States. 

30.  Death  of  Prince  Alexis  Borisovicli  Lobanof-Rostof.ski,  Russian  statesman  and  diplomatist. 

31.  Proclamation  establishing  a  British  protectorate  over  the  hinterland  of  Sierra  Leone. 
September  2-3.   Meeting  of  a  convention  of  the  National  Democratic  Party  at  Indianapolis;  nom- 
ination of  General  John  M.  Palmer  and  General  Simon  B.  Buckner  for  President  and  Vice 
President  of  the  United  States. 

15.  Publication  in  the  Paris  "Eclair"  of  the  fact  that  Captain  Alfred  Dreyfus  (degraded  and 

imprisoned  in  1894  for  alleged  betrayal  of  military  secrets  to  a  foreign  power)  was  con- 
victed on  the  evidence  of  a  document  shown  secretly  to  the  court  martial,  and  unknown  to 
the  prisoner  and  his  counsel. 

23.   The  Dervishes  driven  from  Dongola  by  the  Anglo-Egyptian  army. 

27.    Abolition  of  slavery  in  Madagascar  by  decree  of  the  French  Resident-General. 

29.  Official  announcement  of  bubonic  plague  at  Bombay. 

October  3.   Death  of  William  Morris,  English  poet. 

8.  Death  of  Georfje  l)u  Maiirier.  English  artist  and  novelist. 
II.   Death  of  Edward  White  Benson,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

20-22.  Celebration  of  the  one  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  foun<ling  of  The  College 
of  New  Jersey,  which  then  fonnally  assumed  the  name  of  Princeton  University. 

26.  Peace  nuule  between  the  governnient"  of  Italy  and  King  Menelek,  of  Abyssinia. — Death  of 

Paul  Amand  Challemel  Lacour,  French  publicist. 

November  3.    Presidential  election  in  the  United  States. 

9.  Announcement  by  Lord  Salisbury  of  the  settlement  of  the  Venezuela  question  between 

Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 
II.   Death  of  Mrs.  Mary  Frances  Scott-Siddons,  actress. 

16.  First  trnnsniission  "of  electric  power  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Buffalo. 

21.   Death  of  Sir  l^cnJMnnn  Ward  Richardson,  physician,  scientific  investigator,  and  author. 
26.   Death  of  Coventry  I'atniorc,  English  poet.— Death  of  .Mathilde  Blind,  author.— Death  of 
Benjamin  Apthorp  Gould.  American  astronomer. 

December  i.    Death  of  Hcinrich  Gittke,  painter  and  naturalist. 

7.    Death  of  Antonio  Maceo,  leader  of  Cuban  insureents,  killed  In  a  skirmish  with  the  Spaniards. 
10.    Death  of  Alfred  Nobel,  Swedish  engineer  and  founder  of  a  great  fund  for  annually  reward- 
ing benefactors  of  humanity. 

G9 


IX.  Political  suffrage  extended  to  women  in  Idaho  by  an  amendment  of  the  constitution. 
15.  Death  of  femile  Franfois  Chatrousse,  French  sculptor. 

1897. 

January  3.   Death  of  Vivien  St.  Martin,  French  geographer. 

3-4.   Outbreak  of  conflict  between  Christians  and  Moslems  at  Canea  in  Crete. 
5.   Death  of  George  Whiting  Flagg,  American  painter. 

11.  Signing,  at  Wasliington,  of  a  general  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  for 

the  arbitration  of  all  matters  of  difference. 

12.  Meeting,  at  Indianapolis,  of  a  national  convention  of  delegates  from  commercial  organiza- 

tions to  take  measures  for  promoting  monetary  reform  in  the  United  States. 

15.  Death  of  Sir  Travers  Twiss,  English  jurist. 

16.  Death  of  Joel  Tyler  Headley,  American  man  of  letters. 

27.   Overthrow  of  the  slave-raiding  Emir  of  Nupe  by  forces  of  the  Royal  Niger  Company. 
February  2.   Signing,  at  Washington,  of  the  treaty  of  arbitration  between  Great  Britain  and  Vene- 
zuela. 
7.   Union  of  Crete  with  Greece  proclaimed  by  insurgent  Christians  at  Halepa. 
9.   The  taking  of  the  first  general  census  of  the  Russian  Empire. — Death  of  Eliza  Greatorex, 
American  painter. 

11.  Announcement  by  the  government  of  Greece  to  the  Powers  that  it  had  determined  to  inter- 

vene by  force  in  behalf  of  the  Christians  of  Crete. 

12.  Death  of  Homer  Dodge  Martin,  American  artist. 

14.  Landing  of  a  Greek  expedition  of  2,000  men  in  Crete,  under  Colonel  Vassos. 

15.  Landing  of  a  mixed  force  at  Canea,  Crete,  by  the  Powers  of  the  "European  Concert,"  to 

protect  the  town ;  proclamation  by  the  Greek  commander.  Colonel  Vassos,  that  he  had 
occupied  the  island  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  the  Greeks. 

16.  Beginning  of  the  British  parliamentary  investigation  of  the  Jameson  Raid. — Presentation  by 

the  South  African  Republic  of  its  claim  for  indemnity  on  account  of  the  Jameson  Raid. 

17.  Attack  by  the  Greeks  on  the  Turkish  forces  at  Canea. 

18.  Capture  of  Benin  by  British  forces. 

22.   Death  of  Jean  Fran9ois  Gravelet  Blondin,  French  acrobat. 
March  2.   Veto  of  Immigration  Bill  by  President  Cleveland. — Joint  note  by  the  Powers  of  the 
"  Concert  "  to  Greece  and  Turkey,  declaring  that  Crete  cannot  be  annexed  to  Greece,  but 
that  the  island  will  be  endowed  by  the  Powers  with  an  autonomous  administration. 

4.  Inauguration  of  William  McKinley  in  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 
o.   Death  of  Rev.  Ebenezer  Cobham  Brewer,  English  author. 

11.  Death  of  Prof.  Henry  Drummond,  Scottish  religious  writer. 
15.   Meeting  of  Congress  in  extra  session  called  by  tlie  President. 

21.    "Pacific  blockade"  of  the  coast  of  Crete  established  by  the  Powers  of  the  European  Con- 
cert. 
25.   Passage  of  the  Elementary  Education  Act  by  the  British  House  of  Commons. 
27.   Death  of  William  Taylor  Adams  (Oliver  Optic),  American  writer  of  fiction  for  young  readers. 

30.  Opening  of  debate  in  the  British  Parliament  on  the  report  of  a  Royal  Commission  on  the 

financial  relations  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

31.  Passage  of  the  Dingley  tariff  bill  by  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives. 
April.   Unprecedented  floods  along  the  Mississippi  river. 

3.  Death  of  Johannes  Brahms,  German  composer. 

5.  Publication  in  Austria  of  the  language  decrees  for  Bohemia. 

6.  Edict  of  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  terminating  the  legal  status  of  slavery. 
9.  Incursion  of  irregular  Greek  troops  into  Turkish  temtory. 

10.   Death  of  Daniel  Wolsey  Voorhees,  United  States  Senator. 

12.  Appointment  of  commissioners  from  the  United  States  to  negotiate  in  Europe  for  an  interna- 

tional bimetallic  agreement.— Formal  delivery  to  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts  of  the 
manuscript  of  Bradford's  History  of  Plymouth  Colony  (called  "the  Log  of  the  May- 
flower ")  as  a  gift  from  England. — Death  of  Edward  Drinker  Cope,  American  naturalist. 

17.   Turkish  declaration  of  a  state  of  war  with  Greece;  beginning  of  hostilities  between  regular 
troops,  at  Milouna  Pass. 

22-24.   Retreat  of  the  Greek  army  in  panic  rout  from  Tymavo. 

27.   Resignation  of  the  Greek  Ministry  of  M.  Delyannis. 

30.   Repulse  by  the  Greeks  of  a  Turkish  attack  on  positions  near  Velestino. — Formation  of  a 
new  Ministry  in  Greece,  under  Demetrius  Ralli. 
May  I.   Opening  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Nashville.  Tennessee. 

2-7.   Continued  attacks  by  the  Turks  on  the  line  held  by  the  Greeks  between  Pharsala  and 
Volo ;  withdrawal  of  the  Greeks  to  Domoko. 

4.  Fire  in  a  charity  bazaar  at  Paris  which  was  horribly  destructive  of  life. — The  "Greater 

New  York  "  charter  becomes  law. 

5.  Rejection  by  the  United  States  Senate  of  the  arbitration  treaty  negotiated  between  the 

United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

6.  Death  of  Henri  Eugfine  Philippe  Louis,  Due  d'Aumale,  French  prince  of  the  Bourbon-Or- 

leans family,  soldier  and  author. — Death  of  James  Theodore  Bent,  English  traveler  and 
writer. 

70 


8.  Announcement  by  the  Greek  government  to  the  Powers  that  Colonel  Vassos  and  his  forces 

would  be  withdrawn  from  Crete. 
II.   Proffer  by  the  Powers  of  the  European  Concert  of  mediation  between  Turkey  and  Greece. 
17.   Defeat  of  the  Greeks  by  the  Turks  at  Domoko. 
20.   Arrangi'mcnt  of  an  armistice  between  the  Turks  and  the  Greeks. 

23.  Withdrawal  of  the  last  of  the  Greek  troops  from  Crete.  . 

June  I.   Census  taken  in  Egypt. 

2.  Opening  of  the  Commercial  Museum  in  Philadelphia. 

3.  Opening  of  negotiations  for  peace  between  Turkey  and  Greece  at  Constantinople. 

10.  Effect  given  to  a  new  constitution  for  the  State  of  Delaware,  establishing  an  educational 
qualification  of  the  suffrage. — Rising  of  tribes  on  the  Afghan  frontier  of  India  against  the 
British. 

14.  Convention  between  Prance  and  Great  Britain,  establishing  the  boundaries  of  their  respec- 
tive claims  in  the  Niger  region  of  West  Africa. 

16.  Transmission  to  Congress  of  a  new  treaty  for  the  annexation  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  to 
the  United  States. 

20-22.  Celebration  in  London  of  the  sixtieth  anniversary — the  "Diamond  Jubilee" — of  the 
accession  of  Queen  Victoria  to  the  throne  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

24.  Conference  at  London  of  the  Premiers  of  British  colonies  with  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the 

Colonies. 

25.  Death  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Oliphant  (Wilson)  Oliphant,  Scottish  novelist  and  writer  in  many 

fields. 

July  2.   Death  of  Adjutant-General  FYancis  Amasa  Walker,  American  economist. 

7.  Passage  of  the  Dingley  tariff  bill  by  the  United  States  Senate,  with  many  amendments. 

8.  Death  of  Isliam  Green  Harris,  United  States  Senator. 

10.  Death  of  Daniel  Greenleaf  Tliompson,  American  author. 

11.  Adoption  of  constitutioual  amendments  in  Switzerland  by  popular  vote. — The  starting  of 

Andrue  from  Spitzbergen  on  his  attempted  balloon  voyage  to  the  north  pole. 
12-15,   Conference  of  American  commissioners  with  Lord  Salisbury  and  other  British  ministers, 
on  the  subject  of  an  international  bimetallic  agreement. 

13.  Report  of  the  British  parliamentary  committee  which  investigated  the  Jameson  Raid. — Deatli 

of  Alfred  Marshall  Mayer,  American  pliysicist. 

14.  Death  of  Anthony  John  Mundella,  English  statesman. 

15.  Death  of  Brigadier-General  Philippe  Regis  de  Trobriand,  French  officer  in  the  American 

civil  war,  and  writer. 
20.   Death  of  Sir  John  Skelton,  Scottish  historian. — Death  of  Sir  John  Charles  Bucknill,  English 
alienist. 

24.  Final  passage  of  the  Dingley  tariff  bill  by  both  branches  of  the  United  States  Congress. 

20.  Attack  on  British  garrisons  in  the  Swat  Valley  (Afghan  frontier  of  India),  excited  by  "the 
mad  mullah." 

30.  Death  of  fetienne  Vacherot,  French  philosopher. 

Ang;ust  2.   Death  of  Adam  Asnyk,  Polish  poet. 

5.   Death  of  James  Hammond  Trumbull,  American  philologist. 

8.   Assassination  of  Senor  Canovas  del  Castillo,  Prime  Minister  of  Spain. 

25.  Assassination  of  President  Borda,  of  Uruguay. 

29731.   Meeting  of  the  first  oongress  of  the  Zionists  at  Basle. 

31.  Speech  by  the  German  Emperor  at  Coblenz,  asserting  "kingship  by  the  grace  of  God," 

with  "responsibility  to  the  Creator  alone." — Death  of  Mrs.  Louisa  Lane  Drew,  actress. 

September  10.   Death  of  Theodore  Lyman,  American  naturalist. 

11.  Death  of  Rev.  Abel  Stevens,  American  historian  of  the  Methodist  church. 

12.  Ending  of  a  great  strike  of  coal  miners  in  the  United  States,  which  began  in  July. 

16.  Death  of  Edward  Austin  Sheldon,  American  educator. 

17.  Death  of  Henry  Williams  Sage,  American  philanthropist. 

18.  Signing  of  a  preliminary  treaty  of  peace  between  Turkey  and  Greece. 

20.  Death  of  Willielm  Wattenbach,  German  historian. 

22.   Meeting  at  Washington  of  a  commission  on  monetary  reform,  appointed  by  the  Indianapolis 

Convention  of  January  12.— Deatli  of  Charies  Denis  Sauter  Bourbaki,  French  general. 
28.   Vote  on  proposed  con.stitutional  amendments  in  New  Jersej'. 

October  i.    Introduction  of  the  gold  monetary  standard  in  Japan. 
2.    Death  of  Ncal  Dow,  American  temperance  reformer. 

4.  Death  of  Professor  Francis  William  Newman,  English  scholar  and  philosopher. 

0.   The  Philijiiiine  Islands  swept  by  a  typhoon,  destroying  over  6,000  lives. — Death  of  Sir  John 
Gilbert,  English  artist. 

18.  Death  of  Rear- Admiral  John  Lorimer  Worden,  U.  S.  N. 

19.  Death  of  George  5Iortimer  I'ullman.  American  inventor. 

21.  Opening  and  dedication  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory,  at  Williams  Bay,  Wisconsin. 

22.  Death  of  Justin  Winsor,  American  historian  and  bibliognvpher. 

24.  Death  of  Francis  Turner  Palgrave,  English  poet. 

25.  Death  of  John  Sartain,  American  artist.— Death  of  John  Stoughton,  English  church  his- 

torian. 
ay.  Death  of  Mary,  Duchess  of  Teck.— Death  of  Alexander  Milton  Ross,  Canadian  naturalist. 

71 


28.  Stormy  session  of  the  Austrian  Reichsrath;  twelve-hours'  speech  of  Dr.  Lecher. — Death  of 

Hercules  George  Robinson,  Baron  Rosmead,  British  colonial  administrator. 

29.  Death  of  Henry  George,  American  economist. 

November  2.   Election  of  the  first  Mayor  of  "  Greater  New  York. " — Death  of  Sir  Rutherford  Al- 
cock,  British  diplomatist. 

4.  Seizure  by  Germany  of  the  port  of  Klao-chau  on  the  northeastern  coast  of  China. 

6.   Signing  of  treaty  between  Russia,  Japan  and  the  United  States,  providing  for  a  suspension 
of  pelagic  sealing. 

10.  Adoption  of  plans  for  a  building  for  the  New  York  Public  Library. 

14.  Death  of  Thomas  Williams  Evans,  American  dentist  in  Paris,  founder  of  the  Red  Cross 

Society  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war. 

15.  Commandant  Esterliazy  denounced  to  the  French  Minister  of  "War,  by  M.  Matthieu  Dreyfus, 

as  the  author  of  the  "bordereau"  on  which  Captain  Alfred  Dreyfus  was  secretly  con- 
victed. 

16.  The  Dreyfus  case  brought  into  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies  by  a  question  to  the  Minis- 

ter of  War. 

19.  Great  fire  in  London,  beginning  in  Aldersgate  and  spreading  over  six  acres,  destroying  prop- 

erty estimated  at  £3,000,000  in  value. — Death  of  Henry  Calderwood,  Scottish  philosopher. 
21.   Death  of  Sir  Charles  Edward  Pollock,  English  jurist. 

23.  Death  of  A.  Bardoux,  French  statesman. 

25.   Promulgation  by  royal  decree  at  Madrid  of  a  constitution  establishing  self-government  in 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 
29.   Death  of  James  Legge,  Scotch  oriental  scholar. 
December.   Annexation  of  Zululand  to  Natal  Colony. 

5.  Death  of  Mrs.  Alice  Wellington  Rollins,  American  author. 

14.   Signing  of  the  treaty  of  Biac-na-bato,  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  insurgent  Filipinos. 
29.  Approval  of  Act  of  Congress  forbidding  the  killing  of  seals  by  citizens  of  the  United  States, 

in  the  Pacific  Ocean  north  of  35°  N.  lat. — Death  of  William  James  Linton,  American  artist 

and  author. 
31.   Imperial  proclamation,  closing  the  sittings  of  the  Austrian  Reichsrath,  and  continuing  the 

Austro-Hungarian  "Ausgleich"  provisionally  for  six  months. 

1898. 

January  2.   Death  of  Sir  Edward  Augustus  Bond,  formerly  principal  librarian  of  the  British  museum. 

12.  Acquittal  of  Commandant  Esterhazy,  after  a  farcical  pretense  of  trial  by  a  military  tribu- 

nal, on  the  charge  of  being  the  author  of  the  "bordereau"  ascribed  to  Dreyfus. 

13.  Publication  in  Paris  of  a  letter  by  M.  Zola,  denouncing  the  conduct  of  the  courts  martial  in 

the  cases  of  Dreyfus  and  Esterhazy. — Death  of  Mrs.  Mary  Victoria  Cowden  Clarke. 
16.   Death  of  Charles  Pelham  Villiers,  English  statesman. 
18.   Death  of  Henry  George  Liddell,  English  historian  and  classical  scholar. 

20.  Second  meeting  of  monetary  convention  at  Indianapolis,  to  consider  the  report  of  its  com- 

mission. 

24.  Declaration  by  Count  von  Billow,  in  the  German  Reichstag,  that  no  relations  or  connections 

of  any  kind  had  ever  existed  between  Captain  Dreyfus  and  any  German  agents. 

25.  Friendly  visit  of  the  United  States  battle  ship  "  JIaine  "  to  Havana,  Cuba. 

28.   End  of  a  great  strike  and  lockout  in  the  British  engineering  trades,  which  began  in  the 

previous  July. 
31.   Disastrous  blizzard  in  New  England. 
February  4.   Re-election  (by  voting  which  began  January  3)  of  President  Kruger  for  a  fourth  term 
of  five  years,  in  the  South  African  Republic. 
7-15.   Prosecution  of  M.  Zola  for  defamation  of  certain  military  officers ;  his  scandalous  trial  and 
conviction. 

14.  Destruction  of  the  United  States  battle  ship  "Maine,"  by  an  explosion,  in  the  harbor  of 

Havana,  Cuba. 
16.   Removal  of  Chief-Justice  Kotze,  of  the  High  Court  of  the  South  African  Republic,  by 
President  Kruger. 

18.  Death  of  Frances  Elizabeth  Willard,  American  social  reformer. 

19.  Death  of  Dr.  Edward  Constant  Seguin,  neurologist.  New  York. 

26.  Death  of  Frederick  Tennyson,  English  poet. — Death  of  Michael  Gregorovich  TchemaiefE, 

Russian  soldier  and  popular  hero  of  the  Panslavists. 

27.  Death  of  Major-General  William  Booth  Taliaferro,  Confederate  army. 

March  i.   Retirement  of  General  Crespo  from  the  Presidency  of  Venezuela ;  succession  of  General 
Andrade  to  the  office. 

6.  Death  of  Felice  Cavalotti,  Italian  statesman  and  dramatist. 

11.  Death  of  Major-General  William  Starke  Rosccrans. 

15.  Death  of  Sir  Henry  Bessemer.  English  inventor. 

16.  Death  of  Aubrey  Bcardsley,  English  artist. 

17.  Speech  of  Senator  Proctor,  of  Vermont,  in  the  United  States  Senate,  describing  the  condi- 

tion of  the  reconcentrados  in  Cuba,  as  he  saw  them  during  a  recent  visit  to  the  island. — 
Death  of  Blanche  K.  Bruce,  register  of  the  United  States  Treasury,  born  a  slave. 

21.  Report  of  the  United  States  naval  court  of  inquiry  on  the  destruction  of  the  battle  ship 

"Maine." — Death  of  Brigadier-General  George  Washington  Rains,  Confederate  army. 

72 


22.  Report  of  Spanish  naval  board  of  inquiry  on  the  destruction  of  the  United  States  battle  ship 

"  Maine." 

23.  Primary  election  law  in  New  York  signed  by  the  Governor. 
25.   Death  of  James  Payn,  English  novelist. 

27.  Proposal  by  the  government  of  the  United  States  to  that  of  Spain  of  an  armistice  and  nego- 

tiation of  peace  with  the  insurgents  in  Cuba.— Cession  by  China  to  Russia  of  Port  Arthur 
and  Talienwan. 

28.  Message  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  Congress  on  the  destruction  of  the  battle 

ship  "Maine." — Death  of  Anton  Seidl,  composer  and  musical  conductor. 
31.   Reply  of  the  Spanish  government  to  the  proposals  of  the  United  States,  for  an  armistice  and 
negotiation  with  the  Cuban  insurgents. — Death  of  Edward  Noyes  Westcott,  American 
novelist. 

April  2.   Quashing  of  the  sentence  pronounced  on  M.  Zola,  upon  his  appeal  to  the  Court  of  Cassa- 
tion.— Lease  by  China  to  Great  Britain  of  the  port  of  Wei-hai  Wei  with  adjacent  territory. 

7.  Death  of  Margaret  Mather,  American  actress. 

8.  Great  victory  of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  army,  under  the  Sirdar,  General  Kitchener,  over  the 

Dervishes,  on  the  Atbara. 

10.  Passage  of  bill  through  the  German  Reichstag  to  greatly  increase  the  German  navy. 

11.  Special  Message  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  Congress  on  the  relations  of  the 

country  to  Spain,  consequent  on  affairs  in  Cuba. — Lease  by  China  to  France  of  Kwang- 
chow  Wan  on  the  southern  coast. 
13.   Adoption  by  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  of  a  joint  resolution  authorizing 
and  directing  the  President  to  "intervene  at  once  to  stop  the  war  in  Cuba." 

16.  Adoption  by  the  United  States  Senate  of  a  joint  resolution  not  only  directing  intervention 

to  stop  the  war  in  Cuba,  but  recognizing  the  insurgent  government  of  "the  Republic  of 
Cuba." — Death  of  ex-President  Crespo,  of  Venezuela,  killed  in  battle. 

17.  Death  of  Jules  Marcou,  French  geologist. 

18.  Arrangement  of  the  disagreement  between  the  two  branches  of  the  United  States  Congress 

respecting  the  recognition  of  "the  Republic  of  Cuba,"  and  passage  of  a  joint  resolution 
to  intervene  for  the  stopping  of  the  war  in  the  island. 

19.  Death  of  George  Parsons  Lathrop,  American  author. — Death  of  Gustave  Moreau,  French 

painter. 

20.  Passports  asked  for  and  received  by  the  Spanish  Minister  at  Washington. 

21.  Appointment  of  Rear- Admiral  Sampson  to  the  command  of  the  U.  S.  naval  force  on  the 

Atlantic  station. 

22.  Proclamation  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  declaring  a  blockade  of  certain  Cuban 

ports. 

23.  Proclamation  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  calling  for  125,000  volunteers. 

24.  Commodore  Dewey,  commanding  the  Asiatic  squadron  of  the  United  States,  ordered  to  pro- 

ceed from  Hong  Kong  to  the  Philippine  Islands,  to  destroy  or  capture  the  Spanish  fleet 
in  those  waters. — Interview,  at  Singapore,  between  the  leader  of  the  Philippine  insurgents, 
Aguinaldo.  and  the  United  States  Consul-General,  Mr.  Spencer  Pratt ;  communication 
from  Mr.  Pnitt  to  Commodore  Dewey,  at  Hong  Kong  ;  request  from  Commodore  Dewey 
that  Aguinaldo  come  to  Hong  Kong. 

25.  Formal  declaration  of  war  with  Spain  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  with  authority 

given  to  the  President  to  call  out  the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  nation. — Removal  of 
the  American  squadron  under  Commodore  Dewey  from  Hong  Kong  to  Mirs  Bay,  China. 
— Signing  of  protocol  between  Russia  and  Japan  relative  to  Korea. 

27.  Sailing  of  the  American  squadron  from  Mirs  Bay  to  Manila. 

29.  Proclamation  of  neutrality  by  the  Portuguese  government,  which  required  the  Spanish  fleet 

under  Admiral  Cervera  to  depart  from  the  Cape  Verde  islands. 

May  I.   Destruction  of  the  Spanish  squadron  in  Manila  Bay  by  the  American  squadron  under  Com- 
modore Dewey. 

2.  Arrival  of  Aguinaldo  at  Hong  Kong. 

3.  Occupation  of  C'avite  arsenal  by  American  naval  forces. 

8.  General  elections  for  a  new  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  France  ;  first  balloting. 

9.  Serious  fighting  in  Milan,  ending  bread  riots  in  tliat  city  and  elsewhere  in  northern  Italy. 

12.  Attack  on  the  Spanish  forts  at  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  by  Admiral  Sampson,  then  searching 

for  Cervera's  tleet. 

13.  Death  of  Rev.  William  Stevens  Perry,  American  church  historian. 

16.   Major-General  Wesley  Merritt,  U.  S.  A,,  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Department  of 

the  Pacific— Conveyance  of  Aguinaldo  from  Hong  Kong  to  Cavite  by  the  United  States 

ship  "McCulloch." 
19.   Death  of  Mr.  Gladstone. — Death  of  Maria  Louise  Pool,  American  novelist. 
22.   Second  balloting  in  French  elections,  where  the  first  had  resulted  in  no  choice. — Death  of 

Spencer  Walpole,  English  historian. — Death  of  Edward  Bellamy,  American  novelist  and 

social  theorist. 
25.   Proclamation  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  calling  for  75,000  additional  volunters. 

— Departure  from  San  Francisco  of  the  first  military  e.xpedition  from  the  United  States  to 

the  Philippine  Islands,  under  General  T.  M.  Anderson. 

28.  Public  funeral  of  Mr.  Gladstone  ;  burial  in  Westminster  Abbey.— Death  of  Mrs.  Madeleine 

Vinton  Duhlgren,  American  author. 

73 


29.  Blockade  of  the  Spanish  squadron  under  Rear- Admiral  Cervera,  in  the  harbor  of  Santiago 

de  Cuba,  by  the  American  flying  squadron  under  Commodore  Schley. 

30.  Agreement  between  Great  Britain,  Canada  and  the  United  States,  creating  a  Joint  High 

Commission  for  the  adjustment  of  all  existing  subjects  of  controversy  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

June  1.  Arrival  of  Admiral  Sampson  and  his  fleet  off  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  of  Santiago  de 
Cuba,  to  perfect  the  blockade  of  the  Spanish  squadron. — Opening  of  the  Trans-Missis- 
sippi Exposition  at  Omaha,  Nebraska. — Enactment  of  law  to  provide  for  the  arbitration 
of  disputes  between  employes  and  companies  engaged  in  interstate  commerce  in  the 
United  States. 

2.  Death  of  George  Eric  Mackay,  English  poet. 

3.  Sinking  of  the  collier  "  Merrimac  "  in  the  channel  of  the  harbor-entrance  at  Santiago  de 

Cuba,  by  Assistant  Naval  Constructor  Hobsou,  U.  S.  N. 
6.  Bombardment  of  Spanish  forts  at  Santiago  de  Cuba  by  the  American  blockading  fleet. 
7-10.   Possession  of  the  lower  bay  at  Guantanamo,  near  Santiago  de  Cuba,  taken  by  vessels  of 

the  American  navy,  and  a  marine  battalion  landed. 
II.   Reform  edict  issued  by  the  young  Emperor  of  China. 

14.  Sailing,  from  Tampa,  Florida,  of  the  military  expedition  under  General  Shaffer  for  the 

capture  of  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

15.  Sailing,  from  San  Francisco,  of  the  second  American  military  expedition  to  the  Philippines. 

— Adoption  by  the  House  of  Representatives  of  a  joint  resolution  to  provide  for  annexing 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  to  the  United  States. 

16.  Second  Tjombardment  of  forts  at  Santiago  de  Cuba  by  the  American  blockading  fleet 
16-24.   Elections  to  the  Reichstag  of  the  German  Empire. 

17.  Resignation  of  the  Ministry  of  Signer  Rudini  in  Italy. — Death  of  Sir  Edward  Bume-Jonea, 

English  painter. 

20.  Arrival,  off  Guantanamo,  of  the  expedition  under  General  Shafter. 

21.  Capture  and  occupation  of  the  island  of  Guam  by  the  U.  S.  S.  "  Charleston." 
22-24.   Landing  of  General  Shaffer's  army  at  Daiquiri  and  Siboney. 

24.  First  engagement  between  American  and  Spanish  troops  in  Cuba,  at  La  Guasima. 

28.  Proclamation  by  Aguinaldo,  assuming  the  administration  of  a  provisional  government  of 
the  Philippine  Islands. — Approval  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  the  "Curtis 
Act,"  relating  to  the  Five  Civilized  Tribes  of  Indians. — Formation  of  a  new  Italian  Min- 
istry by  General  Pelloux. 

July.   Discussion  and  passage  by  the  British  Parliament  of  a  Local  Government  Act  for  Ireland. 

I.  Assault  by  the  American  forces,  at  San  Juan  Hill  and  El  Caney,  on  the  Spanish  lines 
defending  Santiago. 
2-3.   Continued  fighting  on  the  lines  around  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

3.  Demand  of  General  Shafter  for  the  surrender  of  Santiago,  under  the  threat  of  bombardment; 

truce  arranged  by  foreign  consuls  and  negotiations  for  surrender  opened. — Destruction  of 
the  Spanish  fleet  of  Admiral  Cervera  on  its  attempting  to  escape  from  the  blockaded  port 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

4.  Opening  of  communications  between  General  Anderson,  commanding  the  first  expedition  of 

the  L'nitcd  States  forces  landed  neai-  Manila,  and  General  Aguinaldo,  "commanding  the 
Philippine  forces." 

6.  Destruction  of  the  Spanish  cruiser  "  Alphonso  XII.,"  when  attempting  to  escape  from  the 

harbor  of  Havana. — Adoption  by  the  U.  S.  Senate  of  the  joint  resolution  to  provide  for 
the  annexation  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands. — Exchange  of  Lieutenant  Hobson  and  his  fellow 
captives  for  prisoners  taken  from  the  Spanish  forces. 

7.  Declaration  of  M.  Cavaignac,  Minister  of  War,  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  of  his  absolute 

certainty  of  the  guilt  of  Captain  Dreyfus. — Death  of  Francisco  Javier  Cisneros,  Cuban 
patriot. — Death  of  M.  Buffet,  French  statesman. 

10.  Termination  of  truce  at  Santiago ;  resumption  of  hostilities ;  bombardment  of  the  city  by 

the  navy. 

11.  Death  of  Rear-Admiral  Daniel  Ammen,  U.  S.  N. 

12.  Outbreak  of  yellow  fever  in  the  military  hospital  at  Siboney. — Arrival  of  General  Miles  at 

Santiago  with  reinforcements  for  General  Shafter. 

13.  Interview  of  General  Miles  and  General  Shafter  with  General  Toral,  the  Spanish  commander 

at  Santiago. 

14.  Agreement  by  General  Toral  to  surrender  the  city  of  Santiago  and  the  entire  district  of  east- 

em  Cuba  with  24,000  Spanish  troops. — Death  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Lynn  Linton,  English 
author. 

16.  Signing  of  the  terms  of  the  Spanish  surrender  at  Santiago. 

17.  Death  of  Parker  Pillsbury.  American  abolitionist. — Death  of  Karl  Gehrt   German  artist. 

18.  Opening  of  second  trial  of  M.  Zola,  at  Versailles. 

25.  Landing,  at  Guanica,  of  the  expedition  of  United  States  troops,  under  General  Miles,  for  the 

conquest  of  Porto  Rico. 

26.  Overtures  for  peace  addressed  by  the  Spanish  government  to  that  of  the  United  States 

through  the  French  Minister  at  Washington. 

27.  Occupation  of  Ponce,  in  Porto  Rico,  by  the  American  forces  under  General  Miles. 

28.  Death  of  Dr.  William  Pepper,  of  Philadelphia,  physician,  and  extraordinary  leader  in  public 

enterprise. 

74 


30.  Terms  of  peace  proposed  to  Spain  by  the  United  States. — Death  of  Rev.  John  Caird,  Scottish 

divine  and  educator. 

31.  Death  of  Prince  Otto  von  Bismarck,  at  the  age  of  83. 

August  3.  Urgent  message  from  General  Shafter  to  the  U.  S.  War  Department,  asking  for  the  in- 
stant withdrawul  of  liis  forces  from  Santiago,  on  account  of  the  deadly  ravages  of  yellow 
fever,  typhoid  and  dysentery. 
4.   Orders  given  for  the  removal  of  the  American  army  from  Santiago  de  Cuba  to  Montauk 
Point,  Long  Island. 

7.  Acceptance  by   Spain  of  the  terms  of  peace  offered  by  the  United  States. — Demand  of 

Admiral  Dewey  and  General  MeiTitt  for  the  surrender  of  Manila. — Death  of  James  Hall, 
American  geologist. 

8.  Death  of  Adolpli   Heinrich  Joseph  Sutro,   American  mining  engineer. — Death  of  Georg 

Moritz  Ebers,  German  novelist  and  Egyptologist. 

12.  Ceremony,  at  Honolulu,  of  the  transfer  of  sovereignty  over  the  Hawaiian  Islands  to  the 

United  States. — Order  by  General  Merritt  forbidding  the  Filipino  forces  under  Aguinaldo 
to  enter  Manila  when  the  city  should  be  taken. — Signing  of  the  protocol  of  terms  for  the 
negotiation  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  Spain  ;  proclamation  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States  suspending  hostilities. 

13.  Attack  by  American  forces  on  the  Spanish  lines  at  Manila  and  capture  of  the  city. 

21.  Friendly  letter  of  Spanish  soldiers  at  Santiago,  Cuba,  before  departing  for  Spain,  to  their 

late  ememies,  the  American  soldiers. 

22.  Deatli  of  Laupepa  JIalietoa,  King  of  Samoa. 

24.  Proposal  by  the  Tzar  of  Russia  of  a  conference  of  governments  to  discuss  the  means  of 

stopping  tlie  progressive  increase  of  military  and  naval  armaments  and  promote  the  peace 
of  the  world. 

25.  Transfer  of  command  at  Santiago  from  General  Shafter  to  General  Lawton. 

28.  Gieneral  Merritt  ordered  to  Paris  for  consultsUion  with  the  American  Peace  Commissioners; 
command  at  Manila  transferred  to  General  Otis. 

31.  Termination  of  the  minority  of  Queen  Wilhelmina,  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
and  of  the  regency  of  her  mother,  Queen  Emma. — Suicide  of  Colonel  Henry,  of  the 
Intelligence  Department  of  the  French  Army,  after  confessing  that  he  had  forged  one  of 
the  documents  on  which  M.  Cavaignac  based  his  certainty  of  the  guilt  of  Captain  Dreyfus. 

September  2.   Battle  of  Omdurman;  defeat  of  the  Dervishes  and  occupation  of  the  Khalifa's 
capital. 

3.  Deatli  of  Wilford  Woodruff,  president  of  the  Mormon  Church. 

4.  Resignation  of  M,  Cavaignac  from  the  French  cabinet,  because  of  his  opposition  to  a  revi- 

sion of  the  Dreyfus  case. 
6.   Enthronement  of  Queen  Willielmina.  at  Amsterdam. — Turkish  outbreak  at  Candia,  Crete, 

against  authority  exercised  by  the  British  admiral  in  the  name  of  the  concerted  Powers. 
10.   Assassination  of  f^lizabeth.  Empress  of  Austria  and  Queen  of  Hungary. 
12.   Death  of  Thomas  Mclntyre  Cooley,  American  jurist. 

14.  Death  of  Samuel  Eliot,  American  liistorian. 

19.   Deatli  of  Sir  George  Grey,  British  administrator. 

21.  Overthrow  of  the  Chinese  reformers  at  Peking  ;  submission  of  the  Emperor  to  the  Empress- 
Dowager. — Death  of  Theodor  Fonlane,  German  poet. 

23.  Death  of  Kidiard  Malcolm  Johnston,  American  author. 

26.  Decision  of  the  French  cabinet  to  submit  the  question  of  a  revision  of  the  trial  of  Captain 

Dreyfus  to  the  Court  of  Cas.sation. 

28.  Execution  of  six  of  the  Cliinese  reformers  at  Peking. — Death  of  Thomas  Francis  Bayard, 

American  statesman  and  diplomatist. 

29.  Government  of  a  Philippine  Republic  organized  at  Malolos  ;  a  national  congress  convened, 

and  Aguinaldo  declared  President. — Popular  vote  in  Canada  on  the  question  of  Prohibi- 
tion.— Deatli  of  Queen  Louise  of  Denmark. 

30.  Mob  attack  on  foreigners  near  Peking. 

October.   Discovery  of  tlie  Cape  Nome  mining  region  in  Alaska. — Outbreak  of  Indians  of  the  Leech 
Lake  Reservation  in  Northern  Jliiinesota. 
I.    Call  by  foreign  rejircsentativcs  at  Peking  for  guards  of  marines  to  protect  their  legations. — 
Meeting  of  Spanish  and  American  commissioners  at  Paris  to  negotiate  a  Treaty  of  Peace. 

5.  Demand  of  tlic  Powers  for  the  withdrawal  of  Turkisli  garrisons  from  Crete. 

6.  Decree  by  the  Empress- Dowager  of  China  commanding  protection  to  Christian  missionaries 

and  converts. 

7.  Death  of  Blanche  Willis  Howard,   Baroness  von  Teuffel,   American   novelist.— Death  of 

Abraham  Oakcy  Hall.  .Vniciicaii  lawyer  and  politician. 
12.   Inauguration  of  General  .hilio  Koea  President  of  the  Argentine  Republic— Serious  contiict 

at   Virden.  Illinois,   growing  out  of  a  strike  of  coal  miners  ;  14  persons  killed  and  25 

■wounded. — Death  of  Itev.  Calvin  Fairbank,  anti-slavery  worker  and  helper  of  the  freed- 

men. 
19.   Death  of  Harold  Frederic,  American  journalist  and  novelist. 
25.   Decision  of  the  Court  of  Cassation  re()uiring  a  supplementary  investigation  of  the  case  of 

Captjiin  Dreyfus. — Death  of  Pierre  Pnvisde  Chavaniie^,  Kniieli  painter. 
29.   Death  of  Colonel  George  Edwin  Waring,  American  sanitary  engineer. 

31.  Death  of  Helena  Faucit,  Lady  Martin,  English  actress. 

75 


November  i.  Establishment  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  Central  America. 

2.   Announcement  by  Lord  Salisbury  of  the  amicable  settlement,  between  France  and  Great 
Britain,  of  "the  Fashoda  incident." 

5.  Death  of  David  Ames  Wells,  American  economist  and  publicist. 

12.  Death  of  Clara  Fisher  (Mrs.  Clara  Fisher  Maeder),  actress. 

15.  Inauguration  of  Dr.  M.  F.  de  Campos  Salles,  President  of  United  States  of  Brazil. — Order 
by  tlie  Court  of  Cassation  that  Dreyfus  be  notified  by  telegraph  of  the  pending  revision  of 
his  trial. 

19.  Death  of  Brigadier-General  Don  Carlos  Buell. 

20.  Death  of  Sir  George  S.  Baden-Powell,  economist. 

25.  Dissolution  of  the  United  States  of  Central  America  by  the  secession  of  Salvador. 

26.  Appointment  of  Prince   George,  of  Greece,  to  be  High  Commissioner  of  the  Powers  in 

Crete. 

27.  Death  of  Charles  Walter  Couldock,  actor. 

28.  Death  of  Mrs.  Mary  Eliza  (Joy)  Haweis,  English  author  and  artist. 
December  5.   Final  raising  of  the  "  pacific  blockade"  of  Crete  by  the  Powers. 

6.  General  Guy  V.  Henry  appointed  Military  Governor  of  Porto  Rico. 

10.  Signing,  at  Paris,  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  between  the  United  States  and  Spain. — Death  of 

William  Black,  English  novelist. 

11.  Death  of  Gen.  Cali.xto  Garcia,  Cuban  military  leader. 

13.  Appointment  of  General  Brooke  as  commander  and  military  governor  of  Cuba,  by  direction 

of  the  President  of  the  United  States. — Reception  by  the  Empress-Dowager  to  the  wives 
of  foreign  representatives  at  Peking. 
17.   Death  of  Baron  Ferdinand  James  de  Rothschild. 

21.  Arrival  of  Prince  George  of  Greece  in  Crete,  to  undertake  the  administration  of  government 

as  High  Commissioner  for  the   Powers. — Instructions  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  General  Otis,  relative  to  the  military  government  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

22.  Death  of  Sebastian  Bach  Jlills,  composer  and  pianist. 

23.  Decision  by  the  French  government  to  comply  with  the  demand  of  the  Court  of  Cassation 

for  the  secret  papers  (the  "  dossier")  in  the  Dreyfus  case. 
25.   Penny  postage  to  all  places  in  the  British  Empire  except  the  Australasian  colonies  and 
Cape  Colony  brought  into  operation. 

28.  Death  of  Justin  Smith  Morrill,  United  States  Senator. 

30.   Death  of  Don  Matias  Romero,  Mexican  ambassador  to  the  United  States. 

1899. 

January  i.  Formal  relinquishment  of  the  sovereignty  of  Spain  over  the  island  of  Cuba,  by  cere- 
monies performed  at  Havana. 

4.  The  Treaty  of  Peace  between  the  United  States  and  Spain  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate 

by  the  President. — Proclamation  of  General  Otis  to  the  people  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
amending  the  instructions  of  the  President. 

5.  Proclamation  of  Aguinaldo  to  the  people  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  counter  to  that  of 

General  Otis. 
8.   Sensational  resignation  of  the  President  of  the  civil  section  of  the  French  Court  of  Cassation. 
II.   Second  communication  of  the  Tzar  of  Russia  to  other  governments  on  the  subject  of  an 

International  Conference  for  the  promotion  of  peace. 
13.   Death  of  Representative  Nelson  Dingley,  of  Maine. 

17.  Death  of  John  .Russell  Young,  librarian  of  Congress. 

19.  Signing  of  an  agreement  between  the  government  of  Great  Britain  and  that  of  the  Khedive 

of  Egypt,  establishing  a  condominium  or  joint  administration  of  government  over  the 
Sudan. 

20.  Appointment  of  the  First  Philippine  Commission  by  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

22.  Encyclical  letter  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.  condemning  certain  opinions  called  Americanism. 

29.  Death  of  Dr.  R.  Fruin,  Dutch  historian. 

February  4.   First  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  the  American  and  Filipino  forces  at  Manila. 

6.  Ratification  by  the  United  States  Senate  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  with  Spain. — Death  of  Gen. 

Count  Georg  Leo  von  Caprivi.  formerly  chancellor  of  the  German  empire. — Death  of 
Irving  Browne,  American  legal  writer. 

10.  Coup  d'etat  of  Serior  Cuestas,  declaring  himself  Provisional  President  of  Uruguay. 

11.  Occupation  of  the  City  of  Iloilo,  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  by  the  American  forces. 

12.  Sale  of  the  Caioline  and  the  ^Marianne  or  Ladrone  Islands  (excepting  Guam)  by  Spain  to 

Germany. 

15.  Promulgation  of  a  Russian  imperial  ukase  which  seriously  impairs  the  constitutional  inde- 

pendence of  Finland. — De.ith  of  Henry  Jones  ("Cavendish"). 

16.  Sudden  death  of  Francois  Felix  Faure,  President  of  the  French  Republic. 

18.  Election  of  fimile  Lou  bet  to  the  presidency  of  the  French  Republic. 

20.  Adjournment  of  the  Joint  High  Commission  appointed  to  settle  questions  in  dispute 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

23.  Funeral  of  the  late  President  Faure,  at  Paris ;   attempted  revolutionary   rising  by  the 

"  League  of  Patriots,"  and  others. 

24.  Death  of  £mile  Welti,  formerly  President  of  the  Swiss  Confederation. 

25.  Death  of  Paul  Julius  de  Reuter,  Baron,  founder  of  a  telegraph  company  and  news  agency. 

76 


28.  Defeat  and  resignation  of  the  Spanish  Ministry  of  Senor  Sagasta,  on  tlie  question  of  tlie 
signing  of  tlie  Treaty  of  Peace  with  the  United  States;  formation  of  the  Ministry  of  Seiior 
Silvela. — Death  of  Mrs.  Emma  Waller,  English  actress. 

March.   Withdrawal  of  foreign  legation  guards  from  Peking. 

1.  Formation  of  the  Visayan  Military  District  in   tlie  Philippines  under  General  Marcus  P. 

Miller. — Death  of  Lord  Herschell,  English  jurist. 
3.  Creation  of  commission  to  examine  and  report  on  all  possible  routes  for  an  iuter-oceanic 
canal,  under  the  control  and  ownership  of  the  United  States. 

6.  Death  of  Princess  Kaiulani,  of  Hawaii. 

10.  Death  of  Sir  Douglas  Gallon,  British  sanitary  scientist. 

11.  The  signing  of  the  treaty  of  peace  with  the  United  States  by  the  Queen  of  Spain,  on  her 

own  responsibility. 

13.  Death  of  i5ir  .Julius  Vogel,  British  colonial  statesman  and  author. 

14.  Death  of  Emilc  Erckmann.  French  novelist. 

18.   Modification  of  the  plan  of  the  Bureau  of  the  American  Kepublics,  at  a  conference  of  the 

representatives  of  the  American  nations. 
21.   Completed  settlement  of  boundaries  between  English  and  French  claims  in  West  Africa  and 

the  Western  Sudan. 

April  2.   Death  of  Baroness  Hirsch. 

II.    Death  of  Sir  Monier  Monier-Williams,  English  philologist  and  Oriental  scholar. 

15.  Death  of  Ely  Thayer,  active  organizer  of  "  the  Kansas  crusade." 

28.  Agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  Uussia  concerning  their  railway  interests  in  China. 

May  I.   Death  of  Professor  Karl  Christian  Ludwig  BUchner,  German  physiologist  and  philosopher. 
8.    Generaj  George  W.  Davis  appointed  Military  Governor  of  Porto  Rico. 

11.  Papal  proclamation  of  the  "  Jubilee  of  the  Holy  Year  1900." 

13.   Advice  from  the  Netherlands  government  to  President  Kruger.  of  the  South  African  Re- 
public, that  he  pursue  a  conciliatory  course  towards  Great  Britain. 
15.   Death  of  PYancisque  Sarcey,  French  essayist, 

18.  Meeting  and  organization  of  the  International  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague.     Order  by 

the  Tzar  of  Russia  looking  to  the  abolition  of  transportation  to  Siberia. 

19.  Spanish  garrison  at  Jolo,  in  the  Sulu  Archipelago,  replaced  by  American  troops. 

25.   Death  of  Emilio  Castelar,  Spanish  orator  and  statesman. — Death  of  Rosa  Bonheur,  French 

artist. 
27.   Death  of  Dr.  Alphonse  Charpentier,  French  physician. 

29.  Order  by  President  McKinley  seriously  modifying  the  civil  service  rules. 

31.  Conference  at  Bloemfontein  between  President  Kruger  of  the  South  African  Republic  and 
the  British  High  Commissioner,  Sir  Alfred  Milner. 

June.     International  Convention  respecting  the  liquor  traffic  in  Africa  concluded  at  Brussels. 

2.  Confession  of  Commandant  Esterhazy,  a  refugee  in  England,  that  he  wrote  the  "  bordereau" 

ascribed  to  Captain  Dreyfus. 

3.  Decision  of  the  Court  of  Cassjition,  qua.shing  and  annulling,  in  certain  particulars,  the  judg- 

ment of  condemnation  pronounced  against  Captain  Dreyfus  in  1894  and  ordering  a  new 
trial  by  court  martial,  to  be  held  at  Rennes. — Death  of  .Johann  Strauss,  Austrian  composer. 

4.  Rullianly  demonstration  of  young  French  royalists  against  President  Loubet,  at  the  Auteuil 

races  ;  the  President  struck. 

7.  Death  of  Augustin  Daly,  American  theatrical  manager. 

10.    Death  of  John  J.  Lalor,  American  writer  on  political  and  economic  subjects. 

12.  Resignation  of  the  Ministry  of  M.  Dupuy,   in  France;  formation  of  a  "Government  of 

Republican  defense,"  under  M.  Walii<'ck-Rousseau. 
15.    Meeting  at  Paris  of  the  trilninal  for  the  arbitration  of  the  Venezuela  boundary. — Death  of 
Representative  Richard  Parks  Bland,  of  Missouri, 

24.  Death  of  the  Dowager  Queen  Kapiolani,  widow  of  King  Kalakaua  of  Hawaii. 
28-30.    Political  rioting  and  threatened  revolution  at  Brussels. 

30.  Death  of  Mrs.  E.  D.  E.  N.  Southworth,  Amerian  novelist. 

July  I.   Death  of  Charles  Victor  Chcrbuliez,  French  novelist  and  critic. 

6.  Death  of  Robert  Bonner,  American  publisher. 

7.  Death  of  George  W.  Julian,  American  anti-slavery  leader. 

10.   Death  of  the  Grand  Duke  George,  brother  of  the  Tzar  of  Rus.sia. 

17.  Release  of  Japan  from  her  old  treaties  with  the  Western  Powers ;  abolition  of  foreign  con- 

sular courts. 

18.  Death  of  Horatio  Alger,  American  writer  of  stories  for  boys, 

21.  Death  of  Col.  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  American  apostle  of  atheism. 

22.  Organization  of  a  half  military,  half  autonomous  government  in  the  Philippine  island  of 

Ncgros. 

25.  Election  to  fill  municipal  offices  in  Porto  Rico,  under  orders  from  the  Military  Governor. 

26.  Amendment  of  its  frauehisc  law  by  the  South  African  Republic. — Assassination  of  General 

Heureau.x,  President  of  the  Dominican  Republii'. 
29.   Adoption  and  signing  of  the  "Final  Act"  of  the  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague,  submit- 
ting thre<!  proposed Conviiitidris,  three  Declarations,  and  .several  other  recommendations, 
to  the  governments  represented  in  it. 

31.  Death  of  Dr.  Daniel  Garrison  Brinton,  American  ethnologist. 

77 


August  I.   Proposal  of  the  British  government  to  that  of  the  South  African  Republic,  that  a  joint 
inquiry  be  made  as  to  the  effect,  in  practical  working,  of  the  new  franchise  law. 
4.   Renewed  counsel  of  moderation  to  President  Kruger,  from  the  Netherlands  government. 

7.  Destructive  cyclone  in  Porto  Rico. — Openiug  of  the  new  trial  of  Captain  Dreyfus  by  court 

martial  at  Rennes. — A  terrific  hurricane  in  the  West  Indies ;  loss  of  life  estimated  at  5,000. 
9.  Passage  of  Act  creating  a  national  Board  of  Education  for  England  and  Wales. 

11.  Death  of  Dr.  Charles  Janewa}'  Stille,  American  author  and  educator. 

12.  Arrest  of  Deroulede  and  other  pestilential  Frenchmen  for  revolutionary  conspiracy. 

13.  Russian  imperial  order  declaring  Talienwan  a  free  port. 

14.  Attempt,  at  Rennes,  to  assassinate  M.  Labori,  one  of  the  counsel  for  Captain  Dreyfus. 
16.   Death  of  Prof.  Robert  Wilhelm  Eberhard  Bunsen,  German  chemist. 

19.  Counter  proposals  from  the  government  of  the  South  African  Republic  to  that  of  Great 

Britain. 

20.  Rioting  in  Paris ;  barricading  of  M.  Guerin  and  other  members  of  the  "  Anti-Semitic  League  " 

in  their  headquarters,  to  defy  arrest. 
September  4.   Death  of  Jean  Ristics,  Servian  statesman. 

6.   Proposal  by  the  government  of  the  United  States  of  an  "  open-door"  commercial  policy  in 
China. 

8.  Authorized  publication  at  Berlin  of  a  repeated  declaration  that  the  German  government  had 

never  maintained,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  any  relations  with  Captain  Dreyfus. 

9.  Verdict  of  "  guilty"  pronounced  against  Dreyfus  by  five  of  the  seven  members  of  the 

Rennes  court  martial. 

11.  Death  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  millionaire. 

12.  Impassioned  protest  by  JI.  Zola  against  the  Rennes  verdict. 

18.  Beginning  of  the  trial,  at  Paris,  of  Deroulfede  and  his  fellow  conspirators  against  the  Repub- 

lic. 

19.  Pardon  of  Captain  Dreyfus  by  President  Loubet. 

22.  Ending  of  the  discussion  of  the  Uitlander  franchise  question  between  the  British  and  Boer 

governments. — Death  of  JIajor  George  Edward  Pond,  military  author. 
25.   Death  of  Consul  Willshire  Butterfield,  American  historical  writer. 
27.   The  Orange  Free  State  makes  common  cause  with  the  Transvaal  against  the  British. — Death 

of  General  Henry  Heth,  Confederate  officer  and  historian. 

October.   International  Commercial  Congress  and  National  Export  Exposition  at  Philadelphia. 

3.   Announcement  of  the  decision  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  upon  the  question  of  the  bound- 
ary between  Venezuela  and  British  Guiana. — Fall  of  eleven  columns  of  the  great  temple 
at  Karnak,  Egypt. 
9.   Ultimatum  of  the  South  African  Republic  to  Great  Britain. 

ID.  Reply  of  the  British  government  to  the  Boer  ultimatum. — Contract  of  the  Maritime  Canal 
Company  of  Nicaragua  declared  forfeited  by  the  Nicaraguan  government. 

12.  First  act  in  the  British-Boer  war,  in  South  Africa  ;  Boer  invasion  of  Natal  and  of  Cape 

Colony. 

13.  Death  of  Vice- Admiral  Philip  Howard  Colomb,  of  the  British  navy. 

14.  Death  of  Charlotte  Heine,  sister  of  Heinrich. 

15.  Death  of  Lawrence  Qronlund,  socialist  author. 

16.  Census  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  taken  under  the  direction  of  the  War  Department  of  the 

United  States. — Death  of  Professor  Edward  Orton,  American  geologist. 

20.  Battle  at  Talana  Hill,  Natal,  between  British  and  Boer  forces  :  mortal  wounding  of  General 

Sir  W.  Penn  Symons. — Agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  upon  a 
"  modus  Vivendi "  pending  the  settlement  of  the  Alaska  boundary. 

21.  Battle  at  Elandslaagte,  in  Natal. 

25.  Death  of  Grant  Allen,  author  and  naturalist. 

27.  Death  of  Brig.  Gen.  Guy  V.  Henry,  late  military  governor  of  Porto  Rico. — Death  of  Flor- 

ence Marryat  (Mrs.  Francis  Lean).  English  novelist. 

28.  Death  of  John  Codman  Ropes,  American  military  historian. — Death  of  Ottmar  ilergenthaler, 

inventor  of  the  linotype  printing  process. 

29.  Beginning  of  the  siege  of  Ladysmith,  in  Natal. 

November  2.  Earthquake  and  tidal  wave  in  the  island  of  Ceram,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  overwhelm- 
ing many  towns. 
3.   Death  of  Col.  Henry  Inman,  American  writer  on  frontier  history. 

14.   Signing  of  treativ^s  between  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  the  United  States,  relative  to 
the  Samoan  Islands. — Inauguration  of  Juan  Isidro  Jiminez,  President  of  the  Dominican 
Republic. 
16.   Death  of  Moritz  Busch,  biographer  of  Bismarck. 
19.   Death  of  Sir  John  William  Dawson,  Canadian  geologist. 
21.   Death  of  Garret  A.  Hobart,  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

23.  Battle  of  Belmont,  in  the  South  African  war. 

24.  Death  of  Rev.  Samuel  May,  American  abolitionist. 

25.  Battle  at  Enslin,  or  Graspan.  in  the  South  African  war. 
28.   Battle  at  Modder  River,  in  the  South  African  war. 

30.  Report  of  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  in  favor  of  the  Nicaragua  route. 

December  6.   Appointment  of  General  Leonard  Wood  to  the  military  command  and  governorship  oi 
Cuba. 

78 


10.  Repulse  of  the  British  by  the  Boers  at  Stormberg. 

11.  Battle  at  Majesfonteio,  in  the  South  African  war. 

12.  Inauguration  of  William  S.  Taylor,  Hepublican,  Governor  of  Kentucky,  his  election  being 

disputed  by  Democratic  opponents. 
15.   First  repulse  of  General  Bullcr  in  attempting  to  pass  the  Tugela  River,  South  Africa. 
18.   Death  of  Maj.-Gen.  Henry  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V. — Death  of  Bernard  Quaritch,  London  book 

dealer. 
20.   Li  liung-chang  appointed  Acting  Viceroy  at  Canton. 
2Z.    Death  of  Dwight  ijyman  Moody,  evangelist. 

23.   Death  of  Dorman  B.  Eaton,  leader  in  American  civil-service  reform. 
25.   Beginning  of  the  "Jubilee  of  the  Holy  Year  1900,"  proclaimed  by  Pope  Leo  XIII. — Death 

of  Elliott  Coues,  American  naturalist. 

30.  Death  of  Sir  James  Paget,  British  surgeon. 

31.  Murder  of  Mr.  Brooks,  an  English  missionary,  by  Chinese  "Boxers"  in  northern  Shantung. 

1900, 

January  i.   Abolition  of  Roman  Law  and  introduction  of  the  Civil  Code  tiiroughout  Germany. — Re- 
election of  President  Diaz,  of  Mexico,  for  a  sixth  term. 
5.   Death  of  William  A.  Hammond,  American  physician. 
10.   Landing  of  Field-Marshal  Lord  Roberts  at  the  Cape,  to  take  the  British  command  in  South 

Africa. 
12.   Death  of  Rev.  Dr.  James  Martineau,  English  divine. 

15.   Letting  of  contract  for  building  the  Rapid  Transit  Tunnel  in  New  York. — Death  of  George 
AV.  Steevens,  English  war  correspondent. 

17.  Beginning  of  the  second  movement  of  General  Buller  across  the  Tugela  River. 

20.  Death  of  John  Ruskin. 

21.  Death  of  Richard  Doddridge  Blackmore,  English  novelist. — Death  of  the  Duke  of  Teck. 

23.  Futile  storming  of  the  Boer  fortifications  on  Spion  Kop  by  the  British  troops  under  General 

Buller. 

24.  Decree  by  the  Chinese  emperor  relating  to  the  succession  to  the  throne. 

27.  "  Identic  note  "  by  foreign  Ministers  at  Peking  to  the  Tsung-li  YamSn  demanding  action 

against  the  "Boxers"  in  Shantung  and  Chihli. 

28.  Elections  to  the  French  Senate ;  substantial  success  of  the  moderate  Republicans. 

29.  Withdrawal  of  General  Bullcr  from  beyond  the  Tugela. 

30.  Assassination  of  Senator  William  Goebel,  Democratic  claimant  of  the   governorship  of 

Kentucky. 

31.  Report  of  First  Philippine  Commission. 

February  5.   Third  advance  of  General  duller  arross  the  Tugela  River. — Signing  at  Washington  of 
the  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  to  facilitate  the 
construction  of  an  inter-oceanic  canal. — Death  of  William  Henry  Gilder,  arctic  explorer. 
9.   Third  retirement  of  General  Buller  from  the  north  bank  of  the  Tugela. 
n.  Beginning  of  the  advance  movement  of  Lord  Roberts  from  the  Modder  River. 
15.   The  Boer  siege  of  Kimberley  raised  by  General  French. 

20.  Death  of  William  H.  Beard,  .American  animal  painter. 

21.  Agreement  of  Republican  and  Democratic  leaders  in  Kenturky  for  a  settlement  of  the  guber- 

natorial question  in  the  courts. — Death  of  Henry  Duff  Traill,  English  man  of  letters. 
— Death  of  Dr.  Charles  Piazzi  Smyth,  Biitish  astronomer. — Death  of  Dr.  Leslie  E.  Keeley, 
originator  of  the  "  gold  cure  "  for  the  liquor  habit. 

24.  Death  of  liichard  Hovey,  American  poet. 

25.  Opening  of  the  new  ship  canal  from  the  sea  to  Bruges. 

27.   Surrender  of  General  Cronje  and  his  army  to  the  British,  after  nine  days  of  battle,  near 

Paardeberg. 
27-28.   Final  passage  of  the  Tugela  by  General  Buller,  and  relief  of  Ladysmith. 
March  i.   Preliminary  report  of  the  United  States  Industrial  Commission,  on  "trusts  and  indus- 
trial combinations." 
5.   Overtures  of  peace  to  Lord  Salisbury  by  Presidents  Kruger  and  Steyn,  of  the  South  African 

republics. 
9.   Death  of  Edward  John  Phelps,  American  diplomatist. 

10.  Battle  of  Driefontein,  in  the  Orange  Free  State.— Death  of  Jcdiann  Feder  E.  Hartmann, 

Danish  composer. 

11.  Reply  of  Lord  Salisbury  to  the  Boer  Presidents,  declining  to  assent  to  the  independence  of 

either  of  the  two  republics. 

12.  Occupation  of  Bloemfontein,  capital  of  the  Orange  Free  State,  by  the  British  forces. 

13.  Death  of  Ptre  Henri  Didon.  French  Dominican  author  and  preacher. 

14.  Approval  of  the  Financial  Bill,  fur  reforming  the  monetary  system  of  the  United  States. 

18.  Death  of  Gen.  Sir  William  Steplicn  Alexander  Loekhart,  British  military  conunander. 
23.    Death  of  Sherman  S.  Rogers,  American  lawyer,  prominent  in  civil  service  reform. 

25.  Rising  of  Ashantis  and  attack  on  the  British  in  Kuniassi. 

26.  Death  of  Rabbi  M.  Wi.se,  American  Jewish  divine. 

27.  Death  of  General  Pietrus  Jsicobus  Joubert,  Commandant-General  and  Vice-President  of  the 

South  African  Republic. 
29.   Order  promulgated  by  the  Military  Governor  of  the  Philippine  Islands  providing  for  the 

79 


election  and  institution  of  municipal  governments. — Death  of  Archibald  Forbes,  British 
war  correspondent. 
April.   Visit  of  Queen  Victoria  to  Ireland. 

1.  Death  of  Professor  St.  George  Mivart,  English  naturalist  and  scientific  writer. 

4.  Death  of  Ghazi  Osman  Nubar  Pasha,  Turkish  general. 

6.  Decision  of  the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals  adverse  to  the  right  of  "William  S.  Taylor  to  the 

Governor's  office. 

7.  The  Philippine  Islands  constituted,  by  order  of  the  United  States  Secretary  of  War,  a  mili- 

tary division,  consisting  of  four  departments. — Appointment  of  the  Second  Philippine 

Commission  by  the  President  of  the  United  States. — Death  of  Frederick  E.  Church, 

American  landscape  painter. 
10.   Death  of  Frank  H.  Gushing,  American  ethnologist. 
12.  Act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States  to  provide  revenues  and  a  civil  government  for  Porto 

Rico. 
14.   Opening  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  with  unfinished  preparations. 

17.  Cessiou'to  the  United  States  by  Samoan  chiefs  of  the  islands  in  that  group  lying  east  of  the 

171st  degree  of  west  longitude. 
19.   Death  of  Robert  Alan  Mowbray  Stevenson,  Britisli  artist. 
21.   Meeting  of  the  third  Ecumenical  Conference  on  Protestant  Foreign  Missions,  at  New  York. 

— Death  of  Alphonse  M.  Edwards,  French  naturalist. 
23.   Death  of  George  Douglas  Campbell,  Duke  of  Argyll,  Scottish  author. 
26.   Great  fire  in  the  city  of  Ottawa,  Canada,  and  the  town  of  Hull,  on  the  opposite  shore  of  the 

river. 
30.   Approval  of  an  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  "to  provide  a  government  for  the 

Territory  of  Hawaii." 

May  I.  Meeting,  at  Rock  Island,  Illinois,  of  the  national  convention  of  the  United  Christian  Party, 
to  nominate  candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. — Inaugu- 
ration of  civil  government  in  Porto  Rico ;  induction  into  ofiice  of  Governor  Charles  H. 
Allen. — Death  of  Mihaly  (Michael)  Munkacsy.  Hungarian  painter. 
10.  Meeting  of  the  national  conventions  of  the  two  wings  of  the  People's  Party,  at  Cincinnati 
and  at  Sioux  Falls,  to  nominate  candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United 
States. 
16.   Dissolution  of  the  Italian  Parliament  by  the  King. 

18.  Relief  of  Mafeking,  after  a  siege  of  seven  months  by  the  Boers. 

21.   Decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  that  it  had  no  jurisdiction  in  the  matter 
of  the  disputed  governorship  of  Kentucky. 

23.  Passage  of  the  Meat  Inspection  Bill  in  the  German  Reichstag. — Death  of  Jonas  Oilman 

Clark,  founder  of  Clark  University. 

24.  Proclamation  by  Lord  Roberts  of  the  annexation  of  the  Orange  Free  State  to  the  dominions 

of  the  British  Queen. 
28.   Partial  destruction  of  railway  near  Peking  by  "Boxers." — Death  of  Sir  George  Grove, 
English  musician. 

30.  Congress  of  Cape  Colony  Afrikanders  to  protest  against  the  annexation  of  the  Boer  repub- 

lics. 

31.  Occupation  of  .lohannesburg  by  the  British  forces. — Arrival  at  Peking  of  British,  American, 

French,  Italian,  Russian  and  Japanese  guards  for  the  legations. 

June  1-3.   Fruitless  peace  parley  between  British  and  Boer  military  commanders. 

2.  Meeting  of  the  national  convention  of  the  Socialist  Labor  Party,  at  New  York,  to  nominate 

candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. — Death  of  Clarence 
Cook,  American  art  critic  and  writer. 

3.  Election  of  a  new  Italian  Parliament ;  resignation  of  the  Pelloux  Ministry  ;  formation  of  a 

new  cabinet  under  Saracco. 

5.  Occupation  of  Pretoria,  the  capital  of  the  South  African  Republic,  by  the  British  forces. — 

Death  of  Rev.  Richard  Salter  Storrs,  American  divine. — Death  of  Stephen  Crane,  author 
and  journalist. ^Death  of  Miss  Mary  H.  Kingsley,  African  explorer. 

6.  Approval  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  an  act  providing  for  the  civil  government 

of  Alaska. 

10.  International  force  of  marines  from  foreign  fleets  at  Taku  started  for  Peking  under  Vice- 

Admiral  Sir  Edward  II.  Seymour. 

11.  Murder  at  Peking  of  Mr.  Sugiyama,  the  Chancellor  of  the  .lapanese  Legation. — Counter 

proclamation  of  President  Steyn,  declaring  the  annexation  of  the  Orange  Free  State  to  be 
null  and  void. 

12.  Death  of  Lucretia  Peabody  Hale,  American  author. 

12-15.   Second  fruitless  discussion  of  terms  of  peace  between  the  British  and  Boer  military 
leaders. 

13.  JIassacre  of  native  Christians  and  burning  of  foreign  buildings  by  "  Boxers  "  in  Peking. 

16.  Opening  of  the  Elbe  and  Trave  Canal. — Election  of  municipal  officers  throughout  the  island 

of  Cuba,  under  an  election  law  promulgated  by  the  military  governor  in  the  previous 
April. — Death  of  the  Prince  de  Joinville,  sou  of  King  Louis  Philippe  of  France. 

17.  Bombardment  and  capture  of  Taku  forts  by  the  allied  fleets. 

19.  Meeting,  at  Philadelphia,  of  the  national  convention  of  the  Republican  Party,  to  nominate 

candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

80 


I 


20.  Beginning  of  the  siege  of  the  foreign  legations  and  the  Pei-tang  Cathedral  at  Peking. — Mu^ 

der  at  Peking  of  the  German  Minister,  Baron  von  Ketteler. — Death  of  Henry  Brougham 
Loch.  Baron.  British  colonial  administrator. 

21.  Imperial  Cliinese  decreet  proclaiming  war  upon  foreigners  and  praising  the  "Bo.xers"  as 

patriotic  soldiers. — Proclamation  of  amnesty  by  the  Military  Governor  of  the  Philippine 
Islands. — Death  of  C'ovmt  Miiravieff,  Kvissiaii  statesman. 

22.  Burning,  by  the  Chinese,  of  the  llaiilin  Imperial  Academy,  at  Peking. 
2$.    Death  of  ex-Judge  Mellcn  Chamberlain,  American  hi.storical  writer. 

26.  Retreat  of  Admiral  Seymour's  e.xpedition  to  Tientsin,  driven  back  by  the  Chinese. — Ap- 

pointment of  General  Chaffee  to  command  American  forces  sent  to  China. 

27.  Meeting,  at  Chicago,  of  the  national  convention  of  the  Prohibition  Party,  to  nominate  can- 

didates for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

30.  Great  lire  at  Hoboken.  N.  .J.,  destroying  the  pier  system,  with  three  large  steamers,  of  the 

North  German  Lloj-d  steam.ship  line,  and  with  a  loss  of  life  estimated  at  three  hundred 
persons. 
July  4.    Meeting,  at  Kansas  City,  of  the  national  convention  of  the  Democratic  Party,  to  nominate 
candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  tlie  United  States. 

5.  Death  of  Dr.  Henry  Barnard,  American  educator. 

6.  Meeting  of  the  national  convention  of  Silver  Republicans,  at  Kansas  City,  to  nominate 

candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

7.  Passjige  by  the  British  Parliament  of  the  Act  to  constitute  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia. 

13.  Capture  of  Tientsin  by  the  allied  forces. 

14.  Opening  of  Chinese  attacks  on  the  Russians  in  Manchuria. 

15.  Appeal  to  Congress  by  inhabitants  of  Manila. — Relief  of  the  besieged  Britisli  in  Kumassi. 

20.  First  news  from  the  beleaguered  foreigners  in  Peking  received  at  Washington,  in  a  cipher 

despatcli  from  the  American  Minister,  Mr.  Conger,  sent  through  the  Chinese  Minister, 
Mr.  Wu  Ting  Fang. 

23.  Death  of  Baron  von  Manteuffel,  German  statesman. 

27.  Speech  I  if  the  German  Emperor  to  troops  departing  for  China,  enjoining  them  to  give  no 

quarter  and  make  no  prisoners,  but  imitate  the  example  of  Attila  and  the  Hims. 
29.   Assjissinatioii  of  King  Humbert,  of  Italy. 

31.  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  and  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  secoiid  son  of  Queen 

Victoria. — Death  of  John  Clark  Ridpath,  American  historian. 

August  4.   Movement  of  allied  forces  from  Tient,sin,  nearly  19,000  strong,  for  the  rescue  of  foreign- 
ers in  Peking. — Death  of  Major-Gen.  Jacob  D.  Cox,  American  military  historian. 
6.   Capture  of  Yaug-tsun  by  the  allied  forces. — Death  of  Wilhelm  Liebknecht,  German  Socialist 
leader. 

8.  Speech  of  William  J.  Bryan,  at  Indianapolis,  accepting  his  nomination  for  President  of  the 

United  States. — Death  of  Cyrus  Hamlin,  founder  of  Robert  College,  Constantinople. 
10.    Death  of  Baron  Russell  of  Killowen,  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England. 

13.  International  congress  of  Zionists  at  London. — Deatli  of  Collis  P.  Huntington,  American 

railway  magnate. 

14.  Rescue  of  the  besieged  Legations  at  Peking  ;  entrance  of  the  allied  forces  into  the  city. 

15.  Forcing  of  the  gates  of  the  "  Forbidden  City,"  at  Peking,  and  expulsion  of  Chinese  troops, 

by  the  American  forces,  under  General  ChalTee. 

16.  Meeting,  at  Indianapolis,  of  the  American  League  of  Anti-Imperialists,  to  take  action  with 

reference  to  the  pending  presidential  election  in  the  United  States. 

21.  Annexation  of  Austral  Islands  to  France. 

22.  Death  of  Carl  Hold  Smith,  American  scidptor. 

25.    Death  of  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Nietzsche,  German  philosopher  (so-called). 

28.  March  of  the  allied  army  through  the  "  Forliidden  City,"  at  Peking, 

29.  Expressions  from  Russia  and  tlie  United  States  in  favor  of  an  early  withdrawal  of  troops 

from  Peking. — Death  of  Pnif.  Henry  Siiigwick,  English  economist. 

September  i.   Transfer  of  all  legislative  authority  from  the  Military  Governor  of  the  Philippine 
Islands  to  the  Second  Plnlippine  Commission. 
2.   Proclamation  by  Lord  Roberts  directing  the  burning  of  farms  in  punishment  of  guerrilla 

warfare. 
5.   Meetinix  of  Anti-Imperialists,  at  New  York,  to  nominate  candidates  for  President  and  Vice 
President  of   the  United  States.— Decrees  establishing  comimlsorv  nnlilary  service  in 
Chile. 

8.  Letter  of  President  McKinley,  accepting  his  renomination  for  a  second  term  as  President 

of  the  United  Slates. 

9.  The  city  of  Galveston,  Texas,  overwhelmed  by  hurricane  and  Hood. 
10.   Leave  of  absence  given  to  President  Krugcr  for  departure  to  Europe. 

12.   Appropriation  of  $2,000,000  by  the  Philippine  Commission  for  improvement  of  highways 

and  bridges. 
15.   General  election  in  Cuba  of  delegates  to  a  convention  for  framing  a  constitution. 

17.  Dissolution  of  the  British  Pariiament  bv  royal  proclamation,  and  order  given  for  new  elec- 

tions in  October.— Proelamatinii  of  the  Aiislraliaii  Commnnwealth  by  tjueen  Victoria.— 
Beginning  of  a  strike  of  1I2,0(K)  aritliracili-  I'niil  MUiicrs  in  I'liMi.sylvaniii. 
19.    Adoption  by  the  Philippine  Commission  of  an  Act  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  an  honest  and  efficient  civil  service  in  the  islands. 

81 


22.   Gigantic  banquet  in  Paris  to  23,000  representatives  of  the  municipalities  of  France,  in  cele- 
bration of  the  centenary  of  the  proclamation  of  the  first  French  republic. 

29.  Meeting,  at  Chicago,  of  the  national  convention  of  the  Social  Democratic  Party,  to  nomi- 
nate candidates  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 
October  4.   Points  submitted  by  the  government  of  France  as  the  suggested  basis  for  negotiations 
with  the  government  of  China,  accepted  subsequently  by  all  the  Powers. 

10.  Annexation  of  the  Cook  Islands  to  New  Zealand. 

16.  Agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  Germany  upon  principles  to  be  observed  "in  regard 

to  their  mutual  policy  in  China." 

17.  Ending  of  the  strike  of  anthracite  coal  miners  in  Pennsylvania. 

18.  Resignation  of  Prince  Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst.  Chancellor  of  the  German  Empire,  and 

appointment  of  Count  von  Billow  to  succeed  him. 

20.  Death  of  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  American  author. 

21.  Fall  of  the  Cabinet  of  Seiior  Silvela,  in  Spain ;  formation  of  that  of  General  Azcarraga. 

22.  Death  of  John  Sherman,  American  statesman. 

24.  Conclusion  of  Parliamentary  elections  in  Great  Britain;  return  of  an  increased  majority  for 

the  Conservative  and  Liberal  Unionist  government  of  Lord  Salisbury. 

25.  Annexation  of  the  South  African  Republic  to  the  dominions  of  tlie  Queen  proclaimed  by 

Lord  Roberts. 

28.  Speech  of  the  French  premier,  M.  Waldeck -Rousseau,  at  Toulouse,  foreshadowing  a  measure 

against  the  religious  orders  in  France — the  Bill  on  Associations. — Census  of  Mexico. — 
Death  of  Professor  Friedrich  Max  MiiUer,  Orientalist  and  philologist. 

29.  Death  of  Prince  Christian  Victor,  grandson  of  Queen  Victoria. 

31.   Union  of  the  Free  and  the  United  Presbyterian  churches  in  Scotland. 
November  4.   Rejection  by  popular  vote  in  Switzerland  of  proposals  for  proportional  representa- 
tion. 

5.  Meeting  of  Cuban  constitutional  convention  at  Havana. 

6.  Presidential  election  in  the  United  States. — First  election  in  Porto  Rico  under  the  Act  estab- 

lishing civil  government  in  the  island. 

7.  Parliamentary  elections  in  Canada,  sustaining  the  Liberal  ministry  in  power. 

11.  Signing  of  Russo-Chinese  agreement  concerning  the  Manchurian  province  of  F6ng-tien. 

12.  Closing  of  the  Paris  Exposition. 

18.  Proclamation  of  Lord  Roberts  defining  the  intention  of  his  order  concerning  farm-burning. 

— Death  of  Martin  Irons.  American  labor  leader. 
22.   Death  of  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  British  composer. 

29.  The  British  command  in  South  Africa  delivered  to  Lord  Kitchener  by  Lord  Roberts,  lately 

appointed   Commander-in-Chief  of  the   British   Army. — Death  of  Professor  Burke  A. 
Hinsdale,  American  historian  and  educator. 

30.  Report  of  Second  Philippine  Commission. — Death  of  Oscar  Wilde. 

December  3.   Meeting  and  organization  of  the  first  Legislative  Assembly  in  Porto  Rico. — Death  of 
Ludwig  Jacobowski,  German  poet  and  novelist. 

5.  Death  of  Jlrs.  Abby  Sage  Richardson,  dramatist,  author,  actress. 

6.  Congress  of  Cape  Colony  Afrikanders  at  Worcester,  to  appeal  for  peace  and  the  independ- 

ence of  the  defeated  republics. — Meeting  of  the  newly  elected  Parliament  in   Great 
Britain. 

12.  Celebration  of  the  centennial  anniversary  of  the  removal  of  the  capital  of  the  United  States 

from  Philadelphia  to  Washington. — Fourth  international  conference  in  London  on  the 
cataloguing  of  scientific  literature,  and  final  arrangement  for  beginning  the  work. 

13.  Death  of  Michael  G.  Mulhall,  British  statistician. 

15.   Landing  at  Sydney  of  Lord  Hopetoun,  the  first  Governor-General  of  the  new  Commonwealth 

of  Australia. 
17.   Opening  of  the  first  argimient  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  L^^nited  States  in  cases 

involving  questions  concerning  the  status  of  new  colonial  possessions. 

19.  Assumption  of  the  title  of  Royal  Highness  by  the  Prince  of  Montenegro. 

20.  A  joint  note  from  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the  Powers  at  Peking,  setting  forth  the  condi- 

tions of  settlement  with  China,  formulated,  after  long  discussion,  and  signed  and  deliv- 
ered to  the  Chinese  plenipotentiaries. — Ratification  (with  amendments)  of  the  Hay-Paun- 
cefote  Treaty  by  the  United  States  Senate. 
12.   Death  of  Roger  Wolcott,  ex-governor  of  Massachusetts. — Death  of  Representative  Richard 
A.  Wise,  of  Virginia. 

27.  Death  of  Sir  William  George  Armstrong,  first  Baron  Armstrong,  English  inventor  and  gun 

manufacturer. 

28.  Death  of  Professor  Moses  Coit  Tyler,  historian  of  American  literature. — Death  of  Major 

Serpa  F*into,  Portuguese  explorer  of  Africa. 

30.  Death  of  Hiram  Hitchcock,  American  archa;ologist. 

31.  Fall  of  two  stones  at  Stonehenge. 

1901. 

January  i.   The  beginning  of  the  Twentieth  Century. — Organization  of  the  Permanent  Court  of 
International  Arbitration  at  The  Hague. — Inauguration  of  the  Federal  Government  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Australia. 
2.  Death  of  Ignatius  Donnelly,  Shakespeare-Bacon  theorist. 

82 
r 


J 


4-  Transfer  of  Sir  Alfred  Milner  from  the  governorship  of  Cape  Colony  to  that  of  the  Trans- 
vaal, continuing  to  be  British  High  Commissioner  for  South  Africa  at  large. 
8.   Opening  of  the  second  argument  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  cases 
involying  questions  concerning  the  status  of  new  possessions. 
12.   Submission  of  the  Chinese  government  to  the  requirements  of  the  Powers. 
14.   Detiant  proclamation  issued  by  President  Steyn  and  General  De  Wet. — Death  of  Right  Rev. 
Mandell  Creighton,  English  historian. — Deatli  of  Charles  Hermite,  French  mathematician. 

16.  Approval  of  the  Act  apportioning  Representatives  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 

under  the  census  of  1900. 

17.  Proclamation  of  martial  law  throughout  most  of  Cape  Colony. 

18.  Celebration  of  the  bicentenary  of  the  coronation  of  the  first  King  of  Prussia. — Encyclical 

letter  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.  concerning  Social  and  Christian  Democracy. — Death  of  Arnold 
Boecklin,  German  painter. 

19.  Death  of  the  Due  de  Broglie,  French  statesman. 

21.  Death  of  Professor  Elisha  Gray,  one  of  the  inventors  of  the  telephone. — Death  of  Col.  Frank 

Frederick  Hilder,  geographer  and  ethnologist. 

22.  Death  of  tjueen  Victoria. 

24.  Formal  proclamation  of  the  accession  of  King  Edward  VII.  to  the  throne  of  the  United 

Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

25.  Death  of  Baron  Wilhelm  von  Rothschild,  financier. 

27.  Death  of  Giuseppe  Verdi,  Italian  composer. 

28.  Death  of  Count  Joseph  V.  Gurko,  Russian  general. 

29.  Death  of  Rev.  Hugh  Reginald  Haweis,  English  clergyman  and  author. — Death  of  Vicomte 

Henri  de  Bornier,  French  poet  and  dramatist. 

February  i.   Death  of  Dr.  Fitzedward  Hall,  entomologist. 
1-4.   Ceremonies  of  the  funeral  of  Queen  Victoria. 

2.   Act  to  increase  the  regular  army  of  the  United  States  to  100,000  men  approved  by  the 
President. 

5.  Chinese  Imperial  decree,  commanding  new  undertakings  of  reform. 

6.  Fall  of  the  Saracco  Ministry  in  Italy  ;  formation  of  a  new  government  under  Signer  Zanardelli. 

7.  Marriage  of  t^ueen  Wilhelmina,  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  to  Duke  Henry  of 

Mecklenburg. 

XI.   Death  of  ex-King  Milan  of  Servia. 

12.  Order  by  the  United  States  Treasury  Department  levying  a  countervailing  duty  on  Russian 
sugar,  as  being  "  bounty-fed." — Death  of  Don  Ramon  de  Campoamor,  Spanish  poet,  phi- 
losopher and  statesman. 

14.  Marriage  of  the  Princess  of  the  Asturias,  sister  of  the  young  King  of  Spain,  to  Prince 

Charles,  of  the  Neapolitan  Bourbon  family. — Opening  of  the  British  Parliament  in  state 
by  King  Edward  VII. 

15.  Death  of  Maurice  Thompson,  American  author. 

16.  Retaliatory  order  by  the  Russian  Minister  of  Finance,  levying  additional  duties  on  Ameri- 

can manufactures  of  iron  and  steel. 

19.  Death  of  Paul  Armand  Silvestre,  French  poet  and  critic. 

26.  Execution  of  two  high  Chinese  officials,  at  Peking,  in  compliance  with  the  demands  of  the 

Powers. — Adoption  by  the  United  States  Senate  of  the  so-called  "  Spooner  amendment " 
to  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill,  authorizing  the  President  to  establish  civil  government 
in  the  1'hilippine.s. 

27.  Adoption  by  the  U.  S.  Senate  of  the  Piatt  Amendment  to  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill, 

defining  the  conditions  under  which  the  President  may  "  leave  the  government  and  con- 
trol of  the  island  of  Cuba  to  its  people." — Assassination  of  the  Russian  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction. 

28.  Unsuccessful  peace  parley  opened  between  Lord  Kitchener  and  Commandant  Botha. — Death 

of  William  Maxwell  Evarts,  American  lawyer  and  stiitesman. 

March  i.   Concurrence  of  the  U.  S.  House  of  Representatives  in  the  "  Spooner  Amendment "  and  the 
Piatt  Amendment  of  the  Senate  to  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill. 
1-14.    C'<'nsus  of  the  Indian  Empire,  completed  in  14  days. 

2.   Official  anniiuncrniint  of  the  terms  of  the  formation  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation. 
4.   Inauguration  of  William  McKinley  for  a  second  term  as  President  of  the  United  States. 
6.   Death  of  t'anon  William  Bright.  Oxford  theologian. 

11.  Rejection  by  the  British  government  of  the  Hay  Pauncefote  Treaty,  as  amended  by  the  United 

States  Senate. 

12.  Offer,  by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  of  §5,200,000,  for  the  establishing  of  branches  of  the  New 

York  Public  Library. 

13.  Death  of  Benjamin  Harrison,  ex-President  of  the  United  States. 

15.   Order  for  withdrawal  of  American  troops  from  China,  excepting  a  Legation  guard. 

17.  Death  of  Rev.  Elijah  Kellogg,  American  writer  of  books  for  boys. 

20.  Passage  of  a  new  election  law  by  the  Legislature  of  Maryland,  to  exclude  the  illiterate  from 

the  suffrage. 

21.  Death  of  Rev.  Dr.  Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,  American  divine.  .    ,    r.       • 

22.  Attempted  assas.sination  of  M.  PobiedonostzcIT,  Procurator  of  the  Holy  Synod,  in  Russia. 

23.  Capture  of  the  Philippine  leader,  Aguinaldo,  by  stratagem. 

24.  Death  of  Charlotte  Mary  Yonge,  English  novelist  and  historical  writer. 

83 


28.  Debate  in  the  British  Parliament  on  the  peace  negotiations  between  Lord  Kitchener  and 

C'ommaudant  Botha. 

29.  Passage  of  the  Bill  on  Associations  by  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies. — Death  of  James 

Stephens,  Irish  Fenian  leader. 
April  I.  Re-election  of  Mr.  Samuel  M.  Jones  for  a  third  term  as  Mayor  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  independ- 
ently of  political  parties. — Death  of  Sir  John  Stainer,  British  organist  and  composer. 
2.  An  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  government  of  the  United  St4ites  taken  by  Aguinaldo. 
10.  Death  of  Dr.  William  Jay  Youmaiis,  American  scientist. 

18.  Speech  of  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  in  the  British  House  of 

Commons,  introducing  the  Budget  of  the  year. 

19.  Address  to  his  countrymen  issued  by  Aguinaldo,  counselling  submission  to  the  sovereignty 

of  the  United  States.  —  Promulgation  of  a  new  constitution  for  the  kingdom  of  Servia. 
22.  Death  of  Rt.  Rev.  William  Stubbs,  Bishop  of  Oxford,  English  constitutional  historian. 
May  3.  Destructive    conflagration  at  Jacksonville,  Florida. — Glasgow   International    Exposition 
opened. 

17.  Death  of  Edwin  F.  Ubl,  American  diplomat. 

19.  Death  of  Marthinas  Wessels  Pretorius,  first  President  of  the  Orange  Free  State  and  the 

South  African  Republic. 

21.  Death  of  Fitz  John  Porter,  Major  General  of  the  United  States  Volunteers  in  the  American 

Civil  War. 

22.  Arabi  Pacha,  Egyptian  rebel,  pardoned  by  the  British  government. 

25.  Franchise  conferred  on  women  taxpayers  by  the  Norwegian  parliament. 

27.  Opinions  delivered  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  the  so-called  "insular 
cases." — Pan  American  Exposition  formally  opened  at  Buffalo,  New  York. 

30.  Dedication  of  Hall  of  Fame  at  the  New  York  University. 

June  9.  Death  of  Edward  Moran,  American  landscape  painter. — Death  of  Sir  Waller  Bcsant,  English 
novelist. 
10.  Death  of  Robert  Buchanan,  English  author  and  playwright. 

18.  Death  of  llazen  S.  Pingree.  American  statesman  and  ex -Governor  of  Michigan. 
July  I.  Death  of  Robert  H.  Newell  (Orpheus  C.  Kerr),  American  humorist. 

4.  Death  of  Peter  G.  Tait,  Scottish  physicist  and  mathematician. — Death  of  Prince  Von  Ho- 

henlohe.  Imperial  Chancellor  of  Germany. — Death  of  John  Fiske,  American  historian, 
lecturer,  and  mathematician. 
6.  Death  of  Joseph  Le  Conte,  American  geologist. 

10.  Strike  of  Amalgamated  Association  of  iron,  steel,  and  tinplate  workers. 

14.  Monument  commemorating  the  visit  in  the  year  1853  of  Commodore  Oliver  H.  Perry,  repre- 
senting the  United  States,  unveiled  at  Kurihama,  Japan.  —  Death  of  Charles  Nordhoff, 
American  joumahst. 

17.  Arctic  exploring  expedition  of  Baldwin  &  Zeigler  sails  from  Tromso,  Norway. 

August  4.  Invasion  of  Venezuela  by  Columbians  successfully  repelled. 

5.  Death  of  Victoria,  Dowager  Empress  of  Germany  and  Princess  Royal  of  Great  Britain. 

6.  English  expedition  under  Captain  Robert  F.  Scott  and  Lieutenant  Ernest  H.  Shackleton  sails 

in  tlie  ship  "  Discovery"  for  the  South  Pole. 
9.  Death  of  Prince  Henri  d'Orleans,  French  explorer. 

10.  Dr.  Drygalski,  commanding  the  German  expedition,  sails  for  the  South  Pole  in  the  steamer 

"  Gauss." 

11.  Death  of  Signor  Francesco  Crispi,  Italian  statesman. 

20.  Death  of  Don  Carlos  Morla  Vicuna,  Chilean  diplomat. 

24.  Death  of  Gunnar  Wennerberg,  Swedish  poet  and  composer. 

31.  General  Leonidas  Plaza  succeeds  General  Eloy  Alfaro  as  President  of  Ecuador. 

September  4.  Prince  Chun  of  China  makes  a  formal  expression  of  regret  at  Berlin  for  the  murder 
of  the  German  minister,  during  the  Boxer  outbreak  at  Peking. 
6.  William  !McKiuley,  President  of  the  United  States,  shot  and  fatally  wounded  by  an  anarchist 
at  Buffalo,   New  Y'ork. — Miss  Ellen  M.  Stone,  an  American  missionary,  abducted  by 
brigands  in  Bidgaria,  Turkey. 

14.  Death  of  President  William  McKinley  at  Buffalo;  Vice-President  Theodore  Roosevelt  takes 
the  oath  of  ofiice  as  President. — Monument  to  the  memory  of  Lief  Erickson  unveiled  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden. — The  strike  of  .\malgatnated  iron,  steel,  and  tin  plate  workers,  ends. 

20.  Statue  of  King  Alfred  the  Great  unveiled  by  Lord  Roseberry  at  Winchester,  England,  dur- 
ing the  millenary  celebration. 

26.  Death  of  John  G.  Nicolay,  American  author,  and  Secretary  to  President  Lincoln.— Dr.  Otto 

Nordeuskjuld,  commanding  Swedish  expedition,  sails  for  Grahandand  in  the  steamer 
"  Antarctic." 
October  3.  Death  of  Abderaliman,  Ameer  of  Afghanistan;  succession  of  Habbibullah  to  the  throne. 
4.  The  English  yacht  "Shamrock  11"  defeated  by  the  United  States  yacht  "Columbia"  in  the 

third  race  for  the  America's  cup, 
II.  Death  of  James  B.  Greenougli,  American  educator,  and  author. 

19.  M.  Santos  Dumont  sails  from  St.  Cloud,  France,  around  the  Eiffel  Towei;  and  returns,  in 

his  dirigil)le  balloon. 
22.  Second  Pan  American  congress  opened,  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 
24.  Death  of  Joachim  Murat,  Prince  Napoleon. 

84 


November  i.  Pan  American  Exposition  at  Buffalo  closed. 
7.  Death  of  Li  lluug  Chaug,  Cbiuese  statesman. 
'    8.  Death  of  Kate  Greenaway,  English  illustrator  of  children's  books. 

13.  Incorporation  of  the  Northern  Securities  Company  as  a  holding  Company  for  the  Great 

Northern  and  Northern  Pacific  railway  Companies  in  the  United  States. 
15.  Death  of  Emillio  Pallavincini,  Italian  general. 
x8.  Second  HayPauncefote  Treaty  concerning  the  Panama  Canal  between  the  United  States  and 

Great  Britain  signed,  at  Washington. 
27.  E.xtcnsion  of  the  Civil  Service  classitication  to  the  Rural  Free  Delivery  Service  in  the 

United  States. 

December  i.  South  Carolina  Int(Tstate  and  West  Indian  exposition  opened  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. — Death  of  Albrecht  F.  Weber,  German  orientalist. 
II,  The  German  ambassador  at  Washington  presents  to  the  United  States  Government  a  mem- 
orandum of  claims  and  complaints  of  Germany,  against  Venezuela. 

23.  Death  of  Jennie  C.  Croly  (.lennie  .Ivme),  American  authoress,  and  journalist. — Death  of  AVil- 

liam  E.  C'hanning,  American  author. 

24.  Death  of  Clarence  King,  American  geologist. 

31.  Thomas  Estrada  Palma,  elected  lirst  President  of  the  Republic  of  Cuba. 

1902 

January  6.  Death  of  .lean  De  Bloch,  French  political  economist,  and  author. — Professor  Nicholas 

Murray  Butler  elected  President  of  Columbia  University. 
7.  Emperor  of  China,  with  the  Empress  Dowager,  and  the  Imperial  family  return  to  Peking, 

after  an  absence  caused  by  the  Boxer  outbreak. 
9,  Bloodless  revolution  at  Asuncion.  Paraguay,  causes  the  fall  of  the  President,  Emilio  Aceval, 

and  tiie  elevation  of  th('  Vice-President,  "Colonel  Juan  Antonio  Escurra. 

11.  Death  of  Horace  E.  Scudder,  American  author. 

14.  Death  of  John  Howard  Bryant,  American  poet,  and  brother  of  William  CuUen  Bryant. 
18.  Death  of  Sir  Ellis  A.shmead  Bartlett,  English  publicist. 

21.  Death  of  Madame  Lueres  (Camilla  Urso),  Italian  violinist.— Death  of  Aubrey  Thomas  De 
Vere,  Irish  poet. 

30.  A  defensive  agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  Japan,  to  maintain  the  integrity  of  Chma 

and  Korea,  concluded  at  London. 

31.  Death  of  Fran(;ois  Charles  Du  Barail,  French  soldier  and  statesman. 

February  7.  Death  of  Thomas  S.  Cooper,  U.  A.,  Englisti  painter. 

12.  Death  of  Frederick,  Marquis  of  Dufferin,  English  soldier  and  diplomat;  ex-Govemor  of 

Canada  ;  ex-Viceroy  of  India. 
18.  Death  of  Newman  Hall,  English  clergyman  and  author.— Death  of  Albert  Blerstadt,  Amer- 
ican painter. 

20.  Rioting  in  Barcelona,  Spain  ;  five  hundred  people  killed  and  injured. 

21.  RatificalioLis  of  the  second  HayPauncefote  Treaty  exchanged  between  Great  Britain  and 

the  United  States.  .  . 

23.  Miss  Ellen  .M.  Stone.  American  missionary,  released  from  captivity  by  the  Bulgarian  brig- 

ands after  payment  of  .Sf)6,UU0. 

24.  Death  of  Samuel  K.  Gardiner,  Eni,dish  historian. 

26.  Death  of  Henry  G.  Marquand,  President  of  the  New  York  Museum  of  Art. 
March  5.  Convention  framed  and  signed  between  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Great  Britain,  France, 
Spain,  Norway,  Sweden,  and  the  Netherlands  respecting  sugar  bounties. 

6.  United  States  Congress  passes  a  bill  authorizing  a  permanent  census  bureau. 

7.  Death  of  Gaetano  Casati,  Italian  soldier  and  explorer.  ,       j  n. 

32.  Acting  President  Schalk  Burger  of  the  Transvaal,  enters  British  lines  to  reach  and  consult 

members  of  the  Free  State  government. 

33.  Death  of  Koloman  Tisza.  Hungarian  statesman. 

26.  Death  of  Cecil  John  Rhodes.  South  African  statesman. 
31.  Death  of  Ernst  Lieber,  German  statesman. 
April  I.  Death  of  Thomas  Dunn  English,  American  poet,  journalist,  and  statesman. 

7.  Convention  siirned  at  Peking,  between  China  and  Russia,  In  which' the  latter  power  agrees 
to  evacuate  Manchuria,  but  secures  important  railway  and  mining  concessions  lor  three 

0.  TheTransvaaland  Free  State  governments  meet  at  Klerksdorp  under  British  protection,  ancl 
decide  to  ask  Lord  Kitchener  to  receive  a  proposal  of  peace,  based  on  continued  political 
independence.  ,  ... 

11.  Death  of  Wade  Hampton,  Confederate  soldier,  American  author  and  statesman. 

12.  Delegates  of  the  Transvaal  and  Orange  Fr.e  Staf  Kovernnu-nt^s   meet  Lon     Kitchener  at 

Pretoria  to  discuss  their  peace  proposal. -Death  of  T.  De  ^\ltt  lalmadge,  American 
elergvman  and  writer.  ,  , ,,       .,      „i„„,i-„  _f 

14.  Lord  Kitchener  declines  the  Boer  proposal  but  assents  to  a  plan  enabling  the  election  ot 

Burgers  to  act  for  their  people.  ,      „  ,  j  1     11  ■»r„„  t>i„i,.,/, 

15.  M.  Sipiagin,  Russian  minister  of  the  Interior,  assassinated. -Succeede^  by  M.  Von  Pl'-l'^e. 

16.  Death  of  A.irelian  Sclioll.  French  author,  journalist,  and  dramatist. -Death  of  i  rancis  d  As- 

sisi,  ex-King  of  Spain. 

85 


20.  Death  of  Frank  B.  Stockton,  American  novelist. 
27.  Deatti  of  Sterling  J.  Morton,  ex-Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
May  2.  Death  of  Francis  Bret  Harte,  American  novelist. 

5.  First  Congress  of  the  Cuban  Republic,  meets  at  Havana. — Revolutionists  in  San  Domingo 

depose  President  Jirainez,  and  place  General  Vasquez  at  the  head  of  a  provisional  govern- 
ment. 

6.  Death  of  William  T.  Sampson,  Rear  Admiral  of  the  United  States  Navy  ;  Commander  of  the 

American  fleet  at  the  naval  battle  of  Santiago. 

8.  ErJiptiou  of  Mont  Pelee  and  La  8ouffriere  on  the  island  of  Martinique  causes  the  total 

destruction  of  the  cities  of  St.  Pierre  and  St.  Vincent  and  other  small  towns,  and  causes  the 
death  of  their  inhabitants. — Death  of  Paul  Leicester  Ford,  American  novelist. 

10.  Renewal  of  Triple  Alliance  between  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Italy  for  twelve  years, 

from  1903. 
12.  The  resignation  of  President  Theresias  Simon  Sam  precipitates  civil  war  in  Haiti. 
15.  Officials  and  sixty  delegates  from  the  Boers  meet  at  Vereeniging  to  discuss  the  question  of 

surrender. 
17.  Coronation  of  the  young  King  of  Spain,  Alfonso  XHI. 
20.  InauEjuration  of  Thomas  Estrada  Palma,  as  the  first  President  of  the  Cuban  republic. 

22.  Commencementof  the  great  strike  of  anthracite  coal  workers  in  Pennsylvania. — The  "  Pious 

Fund  "  question  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  submitted  to  the  Hague  Tribunal. 
24.  Death  of  Julian,  Lord  Pauncefote,  English  diplomat. — Monument  in  memory  of  Marechal 
De  Rochambeau  unveiled  in  the  city  of  Washington. 

26.  Death  of  Benjamin  Constant,  French  painter. 

27.  Death  of  Alice  Marie  Celeste  Durand  (Henri  Greville),  French  writer. 
31.  Peace  treaty  between  the  British  and  Boers  signed  at  Pretoria. 

June  2.     M.  Emil  Coombes  succeeds  M.  Waldeck-Rousseau  as  Premier  of  France. 

9.  Centennial  of  West  Point  Academy,  United  States. 

11.  Death  of  All  Sldi,  Bey  of  Tunis. 

19.  Death  of  Albert,  King  of  Saxony. — Death  of  Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Dalberg,  Baron  Acton, 
British  historian. — Death  of  Samuel  Butler,  British  author  and  composer. 

24.  Illness  of  Edward  VII  defers  the  coronation  of  the  British  King  and  Queen. 

26.  Death  of  William  Lidderdale,  English  financier  and  ex-Governor  of  the  Bank  of  England. 
30.  Conference  at  London  of  the  Prime  Jlinisters  of  the  self-governing  British  colonies. 

July  4.  Death  of  A.  E.  A.  Faye  Her ve,  French  astronomer. — President  Roosevelt  issues  order  estab- 
lishing civil  government  in  the  Philippines,  and  granting  amnesty  for  political  prisoners. 
II.  Arthur  J.  Balfour  succeeds  Lord  Salisbury  as  Prime  Minister  of  England. 

14.  Fall  of  the  Campanile  of  St.  Marks,  Venice. 

17.  Lord  Tennyson  succeeds  Lord  Northcote,  as  Governor-General  of  Australia. 

18.  Death  of  Ilamid  bin  Mohammed,  Sultan  of  Zanzibar. 

25.  Decree  closing  the  unauthorized  religious  schools  in  France,  signed  by  President  Loubet. 

28.  Death  of  Jehan  Georges  Vibert,  French  painter. 

August  I.  Death  of  Elizabeth  D.  B.  Stoddard,  American  novelist. 
4.  Death  of  Hendrik  Willem  Mesdag.  Dutch  painter. 

8.  Death  of  Lucas  ilej^er,  Boer  general. 

9.  Death  of  James  J.  Tissot,  French  painter,  and  illustrator. — Coronation  of  Edward  VII  and 

Alexandra,  King  and  Queen  of  England,  at  Westminster  Abbey. 

XI.  John  Hay,  United  States  Secretary  of  State,  sends  a  circular  note  to  the  ambassadors  and 
ministers  of  Great  Britain.  Austria-Hungary,  Russia,  Italy,  Turkey,  and  France,  protest- 
ing against  cruel  and  abusive  treatment  of  the  Jews 

18.  Death  of  Charles  D.  Loring,  Director  of  the  British  Museum  of  Fine  Arts. 

27.  Death  of  Thomas  Gallaudet,  clergyman  and  deaf  mute  instructor. 

30.  .Second  violent  eruption  of  Mont  Pelee;  over  two  thousand  people  killed. 

September  3.  Death  of  Edward  Eggleston.  American  author. 

4.  Death  of  Henrietta  Marie,  Queen  of  the  Belgians. 

5.  Death  of  Rudolph  Virchow,  German  pathologist. 

15.  Death  of  Horace  Grey,  American  jurist. 

17.  Lieutenant  Peary  arrives  at  Sidney,  having  reached  84°  17'  west  of  Cape  Hecla. 

23.  Death  of  John  W.  Powell,  geologist  and  anthropologist. 

28.  Captain  Sverdrup.  Arctic  explorer,  returns  to  Christiania  on  the  "Fram." 

29.  Death  of  fimile  Zola,  French  novelist. 

October  3.  Representatives  of  the  owners  and  workers  of  the  anthracite  coal  mines,  meet  President 
Roosevelt,  at  his  invitation,  to  discuss  ways  and  means  of  ending  the  strike  ;  all  proposals 
rejected  by  the  owners. 

6.  Death  of  George  Rawlinson,  Canon  of  Canterbury,  and  English  historian. 

10.  Treaty  between  Fr.ince  and  Siam  securing  additional  territory  from  the  former  power. — In- 

corporation of  the  National  Mercantile  Marine,  including  the  Leyland,  American  Trans- 
port. Dominion,  Red  Star,  and  White  Star  lines. 

13.  On  suggestion  of  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  the  owners  of  the  anthracite  coal  mines  agree  to  the 

appointment  of  a  committee  by  President  Roosevelt,  to  settle  strike  of  coal  workers. 

14.  Decision  of  the  Hague  Tribunal  announced,  regarding  the  "Pious  Fund"  question  between 

the  United  States  and  Mexico  in  favor  of  the  Californian  claims. 

86 


31.  Strike  of  the  anthracite  coal  workers  declared  at  an  end  pending  investigation  and  settlement 

by  the  committee  appointed  by  the  President. 
35.  General  UribeUribe  leader  of  the  insurgents  in  Colombia  surrenders  to  the  government. — 
Ur.  Woodrow  Wilson  inaugurated  President  of  Princeton  University. — Death  of  Frank 
Norris,  American  novelist. 
26.  Death  of  Elizabeth  C'ady  Stanton,  exponent  of  woman  suffrage. 
November  4.  Revolt  in  Venezuela  declared  ended. 

8.  Reciprocity  treaty  between  the  United  Slates  and  Newfoundland  signed. 

14.  Public  hearings  by  the  anthracite  coal  strike  committee  begin  at  Scranton,  Pennsylvania. 

15.  Dr.  Roilriguez  Alves  inducted  in  office  as  President  of  the  United  States  of  Brazil,  succeed- 

ing Dr.  Campos  Salles. 

16.  Death  of  George  A.  Henty,  English  writer  of  juvenile  books.  — Death  of  Edward,  Prince 
of  Sa.te- Weimar,  English  Field  Mur.shal. 

17.  Death  of  Hugh  Price  Hughes,  English  reformer,  and  preacher. 

31.  Civil  war  in  Colombia  ended  by  a  treaty  of  peace  signed  on  board  the  United  States  battle- 

ship "Wisconsin." 

32.  Death  of  Frederick  Alfred  Krupp,  German  gunmaker. 

26.  Germany,  Great  Britain,  and  Italy  commence  a  blockade  of  Venezuelan  ports. 

29.  Death  of  .Joseph  Parker,  English  clergyman  and  writer. 

December  3.  Seiior  Silvela  succeeds  Senor  Sagasta  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

6.  Death  of  Alice  Freeman  Palmer,  American  educator. 

7.  Death  of  Thomas  Brackett  Reed,  ex-Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. — Death  of 

Thomas  Nast,  cartoonist,  and  consul-general  at  Guayaquil. 

8.  Death  of  Sir  Andrew  Clarke,  English  statesman  and  engineer. 

10.  The  Britislx  and  German  fleets  seize  the  Customs  House  at  La  Guayra,  Venezuela. — Open- 
ing of  the  great  dam  at  Assuam,  Egypt,  on  the  river  Nile. 

15.  Venezuelan  government  appeals  to  the  United  States  for  arbitration  of  the  claims  of  the 

European  powers. 

16.  A  treaty  between  Russia  and  China  concerning  Tibet  negotiated. 

31.  Election  of  General  Nord  Alexis  as  President  of  Haiti,  bringing  to  an  end  the  civil  war  in 
that  country. 

23.  Death  of  the  Very  Rev.  Frederick  Temple,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

1903 

January  i.  The  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Connaught,  representing  the  King  and  Queen  of  England, 
(Emperor  and  Empress  of  India)  hold  a  Durbar  at  Delhi. 
5.  Death  of  Senor  Praxedes  Jiateo  Sagasta,  Spanish  statesman. 

18.  Death  of  M.  Henri  S.  A.  O.  De  Blowitz,  French  journalist. — Death  of  Abram  S.  Hewitt, 

American  statesman  and  tinancier. 

30.  Death  of  Julian  Ralph,  I'Inglish  author  and  journalist. 
22.  Death  of  Augustus  J.  C.  Hare,  English  author. 

24.  The  United  States  and  Great  Britain  sign  a  treaty  providing  for  a  mixed  commission  to  settle 

the  Alaskan  Boundary  disputes. 
28.  Death  of  Robert  Planquct,  French  composer  (Chimes  of  Normandy). 

February  5.  Death  of  Henry  L.  Dawes,  American  politician  and  statesman. 

8.  Death  of  Duke  of  Tetuan,  Spanish  siatesniaii. 

9.  Death  of  Ada  Ellen  Bayly  (Edna  Jjyall)  English  author. 

12.  Death  of  .Jabez  I^.  M.  Curry,  American  soldier,  statesman,  and  educator. 

13.  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  Italy  sign  protocols  at  Washington  providing  for  the  submis- 

sion of  tlie  Venezuelan  controversy  to  the  Hague  Tribunal. 

14.  A  <lepartment  of  Commerce  and  Labor  established  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

19.  The  Elkins  Anti-Rebate  law  approved. 

25.  Death  of  .lohii  Fortx's  RolxTtson.  Senior,  English  art  critic  and  journalist. 

26.  Death  of  l{icliard  .1.  Gatling,  inventor  of  the  "Gatling  gun." 
March  4.  Death  of  .Joseph  H.  Shorthouse,  English  novelist. 

u.  The  Cuban  Senate  ratify  the  reciprocity  treaty  with  the  United  States. 

12.  Death  of  the  Verv  Rev.  George  B.  Bradley,  Dean  of  Westminster. 

16.  A  treaty  with  Colombia  for  a  Panama  Caiial  ratified  by  the  United  States. 

20.  Death  of  diaries  G.  Leland  (Hans  Breitmann),  ,\ni('riran  author  and  poet. 

21.  Report  of  the  Commission  appointed  to  arbitrate  the  anthracite  coal  dispute. 

22.  Death  of  tho  Very  Rev.  Frederick  W.  Farrar,  Dean  of  Canterbury. 

25.  Mr.  Wyndham,  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  introduces  the  Irish  Land  Bill  Into  the  House  of 
Conmions. 
April  8.  The  Constitution  of  Servia  suspended  by  King  Alexander. 

9.  The  Northern  Securities  Merger  declared  illegal,  by  a  special  trial  court  held  at  St.  Louis, 

Missouri. 
10.  Death  of  William  II.  Millburn.  blind  chaplain  of  the  United  States  Senate. 

14.  Death  of  Thom.is  Waterman  Wood,  American  artist. 

15.  R('volt  in  iloniUiras  establishes  General  Bonilla  in  the  Presidency. 
19.  Terrible  massacre  of  Jews  at  Ivishini-fl,  Russia. 

30.  Death  of  Paul  Du  ChaiUu,  F'-ench  author  aud  explorer. 

87 


Maj  I.  Death  of  Luigi  Arditi,  Italian  composer. 

12.  Death  of  Richard  Henry  Stoddard,  American  poet  and  essayist. 
19    Seiior  Villaverde  succeeds  Senor  Silvela  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

21.  Corner  stone  of  the  monument  to  Lewis  and  C'hirli  laid  at  Portland,  Oregon. 

24.  Death  of  Paul  Blouet  (Ma.x  O'Kell),  French  author  and  lecturer. 

30.  Statue  in  honor  of  General  Sherraau,  by  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  unveiled  in  New  York  City. 
June  4.  Marquis  Ito  accepts  the  Presidency  of  the  Council  of  Japan. 

II.  King  Alexander  of  Servia,  Queen  Draga,  her  brothers,  and  two  ministers  of  state  assassi- 
nated by  a  party  of  ofiScers  of  the  Servian  army  at  Belgrade. — Peter  Karageorgevitcli 
proclaimed  King  of  Servia. 

17.  Captain  Roald  Amundsen  sails  for  the  North  Pole. 

19.. Death  of  Herbert  Vaughan,  Cardinal  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in  England;  Archbishop 
of  Westminster. 
July  2.  Cuba  leases  two  naval  stations  and  cedes  the  Isle  of  Pines  to  the  United  States. 

3.  Death  of  Mrs.  Harriet  Lane  Johnston,  Mistress  of  the  White  House  during  President  Bu- 

chanan's administration. 

4.  Completion  of  the  Pacific  Cable. — President  Roosevelt  sends  a  message  to  Governor  Taft  in 

the  Philippine  Islands. — An  additional  message  is  sent  around  the  world  in  twelve  minutest 

11.  Death  of  John  D.  Armour,  Canadian  jurist. 

12.  Death  of  William  E.  Henley,  English  poet  and  essayist. 
17.  Death  of  James  A.  MacNeill  Whistler,  English  painter. 
20.  Death  of  Pope  Leo  XII  at  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

August  I.  Election  of  Seiior  Manuel  Candamo  to  succeed  Seiior  Romana  as  President  of  Peru. 
3.  Cardinal  Sarto,  Patriarch  of  Venice,  elected  Pope  with  the  title  of  "Pius  X." 
9.  Coronation  of  Pius  X  as  Pope  at  the  Vatican. 
II.  Irish  Land  Bill  passes  third  reading  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

16.  Death  of  Noah  Brooks,  American  author. 

17.  Colombian  Senate  rejects  the  treaty,  already  ratified  by  the  United  States,  for  a  Panama 

Canal. 

22.  Death  of  Robert  Arthur  Cecil,  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  English  statesman  and  e.\-Prime  Min- 

ister of  England. — Death  of  Menotti  Garibaldi,  Italiau  patriot  and  son  of  the  great  liber- 
ator.— Massacre  by  the  Turks  of  women  and  children  in  twenty-two  villages  of  Macedonia. 

28.  Death  of  Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  American  landscape  architect. 

31.  Death  of  Dr.  Friederick  Barckhausen,  head  of  the  Prussian  Evangelical  Church. 
September  3.  The  races  for  the  America's  cup  won  by  the  American  yacht  "•Reliance." 

18.  Death  of  Alexander  Bain,  Scottish  metaphysician  and  educator. 
30.  Death  of  Michael  Herbert,  English  diplomat. 

October  3.  Signor  Giolitti  succeeds  Signor  Giuseppe  Zanardelli  as  Premier  of  Italy. 

20.  Agreement  between  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Canada  settling  the  Alaskan  Bound- 
ary disputes. 
22.  Death  of  William  E.  H.  Lecky,  English  historian,  and  statesman. 

29.  Russian  troops  enter  Mukden. — Death  of  Mrs.  Emma  Booth-Tucker,  Salvation  Army  leader. 
November  i.    Death  of  Theodore  Mommsen,  German  historian. 

3.  The  Republic  of  Panama  is  proclaimed. 

6.  United  States  government  recognizes  the  Republic  of  Panama. 

7.  The  United  States'  Congress  meets  in  extraordinary  session,  to  consider  the  canal  treaty  with 

the  new  Republic  of  Panama. 
II.  The  Cuban  naval  station  at  Guantanamo  transferred  to  the  L'nited  States. 

18.  A  new  Isthmian  Canal  treaty  is  signed  by  Secretary  Hay  and  M.  Bunau-Varilla. 

19.  Death  of  Hugh  Stowell  Scott  (Henry  Seton  Mcrriman),  English  novelist. 

25.  Death  of  Jlrs.  Harriet  Hubbard  Ayer,  American  journalist. 

December  i.   The  case  of  M.  Dreyfus,  re-opened  at  Paris,  France,  by  the  Court  of  Cassation. 
2.  The  new  canal  treaty  with  the  United  States  ratified  at  Panama. 

4.  Seiior  Maura  succeeds  Senor  Villaverde  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

8.  Death  of  Herbert  Spencer,  English  philosopher,  and  scientist. 

17.  First  aeroplane  flight  of  the  AVright  brothers. 

20.  Death  of  Frederick  R.  Coudert.  a  prominent  American  lawyer. 

30.  The  new  Iroquois  Theatre  of  Chicago  burned,  with  the  loss  of  six  hundred  lives. 

1904. 

January  2.   Death  of  Princess  Mntliilde  Demidoff  Bonaparte,  a  prominent  leader  in  the  reign  of 
Napoleon  III. — Death  of  General  James  Longstreet.  ex-Confederate  soldier. 

7.  Death  of  Parke  Godwin,  American  man  of  letters,  former  editor  of  the  ' '  New  York  Evening 

Post." 

8.  A  rebellion  in  Uruguay  is  reported  by  the  American  minister  at  Montevideo,  and  a  civil  war 

of  nine  months  with  much  harm  resulting  to  the  country. 

9.  Death  of  John  B.  Gordon,  American  statesman,  and  Confederate  veteran. 
ID.  Death  of  Jean  Leon  Gerome,  French  painter,  and  sculptor. 

18.  Death  of  Sir  Henry  Keppel,  Admiral  of  the  British  fleet  (Father  of  the  British  navy). 

20.  A  papal  prohibition  of  civil  interference  with  the  election  of  the  Roman  Pontiff,  pronounced 
by  Pope  Pius  X. — Death  of  Hermann  Eduard  Von  Hoist,  German  historian,  and  educator. 

88 


February  6.  War  declared  between  Russia  and  Japan  ;  diplomatic  relations  broken. 

7.  Destructive  tire  breaks  out  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  United  Suites. 

8.  Vice  Admiral  Togo  engages  the  Russian  sliips  and  batteries  at  Port  Arthur. 

15.  Death  of  .Marcus  A.  Hanua.  United  States  Senator  from  Ohio,  American  statesman. 

16.  Constitution  of  l^anama  promulgated,  and  Dr.  .Manuel  Amador  elected  lirst  President. 

19.  Death  of  ilenry  A.  Clapp,  American  Shakespearian  student,  and  critic. 

22.  Hague  .Vrliitratiou  Tribunal  decides  that  Great  Britain.  Germany,  and  Italy  have  the  pref- 

erence of  30  per  cent,  of  the  customs  duties  of  Venezuela. 

23.  Treaty  between  the  United  Stales  and  the  Republic  of  Panama  making  possible  the  con- 

struction of  the  Panama  Canal  ratilied,  and  preparatory  work  commenced. 

March  3.  Death  of  William  H.  H.  Murray  ("Adirondack  JIurray  "),  American  preacher,  author,  and 
traveler. 
5.   Death  of  Count  Von  Waldersee,  Prus.sian  Field  Marshal. 

17.  Death  of  George  William  Frederick.   Duke  of  Cambridge,  cousin  of  Queen  Victoria,  and 

former  commander-in-chief  of  the  English  army. 
34,  Death  of  Sir  Kdwin  Arnold.  English  poet. 

28.  French  Chamber  of  Deputies  pass  a  bill  debarring  the  religious  orders  from  teaching  in 

France. 
April  5.    Death  of  Frances  Power  Cobbe,  English  author,  and  philanthropist. 

8.  Signing  of  the  Anglo-French  "Entente  Cordiale,"  concerning  Egypt,  Morocco,  Newfound- 

land, Africa,  Siam,  etc. 

9.  Death  of  Isabella  II,  ex-Queen  of  Spain. 

13.  Russian  battleship  "  Petropvlovsk  "  strikes  mines  near  Port  Arthur,  and  sinks  in  two  min- 
utes.— Death  of  Stephen  Osipovieh  .Makaroff,  Vice- Admiral  of  the  Russian  navy,  and  of 
Vasili  Verestchagin,  Russian  painter,  who  sink  with  the  "Petropvlovsk." 

20.  Death  of  Grace  Greenwood  (Mrs.  Sarah  J.  Lippincott),  American  authoress. — Great  fire  in 

Toronto,  SIO.OOO.OOO  loss. 
23.  Death  of  Ricliard  S.  Greenough,  American  sculptor. 
25.  Russian  and  .Japanese  forces  engage  in  the  battle  of  the  Yalu. 
27.  A  new  Constitution  adopted  in  V^'nezuela. 
30.  The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  opens  at  St.  Louis. 
May  I.  Death  of  Antoine  Dvorak,  Austrian  composer. — Battle  of  the  Yalu,  between  Russian  and 

Japanese  forces,  ends. 
2.  Convention  of  the  Socialist  Party,  United  States,  nominating  Eugene  V.  Debs  for  President, 

and  ISenjamin  Ilanford  for  Vice-President. — Death  of  Edgar  Fawcett,  American  poet 

and  novelist. 

4.  General  Count  Oku  defeats  the  Russian  army  at  the  battle  of  Kinchou  or  Nanshan. 

5.  Death  of  Fran/.  Von   Lenbach,   Bavarian   painter.— Death   of  Maurice  Jokai,  Hungarian 

writer  and  poet. 

10.  Death  of  Sir  Henry  M.  Stanley,  African  explorer. 

19.  M.  Perdicaris,  a  naturalized  American,  and  his  stepson,  M.  Varley,  an  Englishman,  kid- 
napped from  their  residence  near  Tangier,  liy  Mulai  Ahmed  ben  Mohammed,  a  chieftain 
of  Morocco  called  "El  Raisuli." 

30.  The  Russian  army  evacuates  Dalny,  and  Japanese  forces  occupy  the  post. 

June  10.    Death  of  Laurence  llutton,  American  author,  critic,  and  lecturer. 

15.  Burning  of  the  excursion  steamer  "  General  Slocum  "  in  Xew  York  harbor,  with  great  loss 
of  life. — Assassination  of  the  ]{ussian  Gnv(Tnor-General  BobrikolT  by  a  Finnish  member 
of  Parliament.— The  battle  of  Telissu  Station  (the  first  important  battle  fought  in  the 
Russian- Japanese  war)  ends,  ami  the  forces  of  Russia  are  defeated. 

21.  Convention  of  the  Republican  Party  at  Chicago  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt  nominated  for  Presi- 

dent of  the  United  States,  ami  Charles  W.  Fairbanks  for  Vice-President. 

23.  Admiral  Togo  meets  a  Russian  Heel  oil  Port  Arthur,  and  disables  a  battleship  and  a  cruiser, 

sinking  another  battleship. 

24.  M.  Perdicaris  and  his  stepson  released  by  the  Moroccan  brigands. 

25.  Death  of  Clement  Scott,  Englisli  dramatic  critic  and  author. 

26.  The  Japanese  armv  capture  Kuen-San  and  Green  Hills.  •         1  <• 

29.  Prohibition  convention  at  Indianapolis;  Silas  C.  Swallow  of  Pennsylvania  nommatcd  for 

President,  and  G.  W.  Carroll  of  Texas  for  Vice-President  of  tlic  United  States.— Death 
of  Daniel  Decatur  Enimett,  minstrel,  and  author  of  "  Dixie." 
July  I.    Death   of  George  Frederick   Walts,  English  painter.— Death  of  Seizor  Dupuy   De  Lome, 
former  Spanish  ndnister  to  the  United  States.  ,,    r^  ,  x- 

2.  Socialist  Labor  Partv  convention  at  New  York  nominates  diaries  H.  Corregan  of  ^e^v 
York  for  Presiilent,  and  William  W.  Cox  of  Illinois  for  Vice  President  of  tlie  United 

4.  Green  Hills  recovered  from  the  Japanese  by  the  Russian  army.— Populist  convention  at 
Springfield.  Illinois,  nominates  Thomas  E.  Watson  of  Georgia  as  President,  and  I  homas 
H.  Tibbies  of  Nebraska  as  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

5    Death  of  Joseph  Blanc.  French  painter.  „   „    ,         ,  xr       1'    1   ,      t)    . 

6.  Democratic  Partv  convention  at  St.  Louis  nominates  Alton  B.  Parker  of  New  ^  ork  for  I  res- 

ident, and  Henry  G.  Davis  of  West  Virginia  for  Vice. President  of  the  United  States. 
8.  The  Russian  Heel  at  Port  Arthur  crippled  by  the  Japanese  fleet. 

89 


12.  Strike  of  45,000  employees  of  the  meat  packing  establishments  at  Chicago. 

14.  The  British  forces  imder  Colonel  Younghusband  capture  a  strong  position  near  Karola  Pass 

from  the  Tibetans. — Death  of  Steph;iuus  Johannes  Paulus  Kruger  (Oom  Paul),  ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  Transvaal. 

22.  Death  of  Wilson  Barrett,  English  actor. 

25.  Strike  of  24,000  Fall  River  cotton  operators  begins. 

27.  Death  of  John  Rogers.  American  sculptor. 

28.  Assassination  of  M.  Von  Plehve,  minister  of  the  Interior,  Russia. 
30.  The  close  investment  of  Port  Arthur  by  the  Japanese  army  begins. 

August  3.  Colonel  Younghusband,  at  the  head  of  a  British  expeditionary  force,  reaches  Lhasa,  Tibet. 
7.  The  British  forces  under  Colonel  Younghusband  enter  Lhasa  unopposed. — Bombardment  of 

Port  Arthur  by  the  Japanese  army  begins. 
9.  Death  of  George  G.  Vest,  ex-Senator  from  Missouri. 

10.  Death  of  Pierre  Marie  Waldeck-Rousseau.  French  statesman. 

11.  Revolution  in  Paraguay  begins,  ending  after  four  months  in  the  resignation  of  Colonel 

Escurra  and  elevation  of  Serior  Juan  Gauna  to  the  Presidency. 

21.  The  Japanese  forces  under  General  Oku  attempt  to  take  Port  Arthur  by  general  assault. 

Commencement  of  the  battle  of  Liao-Yang. 
27.  Death  of  the  Very  Rev.  S.  Reynolds  Hole,  Dean  of  Rochester,  and  English  author. 

September  4.  Liao-Yang  evacuated  by  the  Russian  forces. 

7.  Treaty  between  Tibet  and  Great  Britain  negotiated  at  Lhasa. 

18.  Death  of  Prince  Henry  Von  Bismarck,  German  soldier  and  diplomat,  son  of  the  great  "Bis- 

marck." 

22.  Death  of  Walter  Severn,  American  landscape  painter. 

24.  Don  Jose  Pardo  proclaimed  President  of  Peru. 
27.  Death  of  Lafcadio  Hearn,  American  author. 

30.  Death  of  George  Frisbie  Hoar,  United  States  Senator  from  Massachusetts. 

October  i.  First  Japanese  shell  falls  in  Port  Arthur  fortress. — Death  of  Sir  William  Vernon  Har- 
court,  English  statesman. 
4.  Battle  of  Sha  ho  river  in  Jlanchuria. — Death  of  Frederic  Auguste  Bartholdi,  French  sculptor. 
9.  Coronation  of  King  Peter  at  Zicha,  Servia. 

13.  Opening  of  the  thirteenth  International  Peace  Congress  at  Boston. 

14.  Death  of  George  I,  King  of  Saxony. 

15.  Admiral  Rozhdestvensky  leads  battle  fleet  from  Libau,  on  the  Baltic  Sea. 

20.  Admiral  Rozhdestvensky  tires  on  English  fishing  fleet  off  Dogger  Bank  in  error,  thinking 

the  boats  to  be  torpedo  crafts. 

21.  President  of  the  United  States  invites  the  Signatory  powers  to  a  second  Peace  Conference 

at  the  Hague. 

25.  General  Kuropatkin  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Russian  army. 

27.  New  York  subway  opened  from  City  Hall  to  145th  Street. 

28.  Russia  and  England  agree  to  arbitrate  the  trouble  arising  from  the  "  Dogger  Bank "  inci- 

dent. 

November  4.  Treaty  concluded   between  Ecuador  and  Colombia  for  the  arbitration  of  boundary 
disputes. 

8.  Theodore  Roosevelt  and  C.  W.  Fairbanks  elected  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United 

States. 

15.  Death  of  the  Earl  of  Northbrook,  former  Governor-General  of  India. 

19.  First  assembly  of  representatives  of  the  Russian  Zemstvos. — Death  of  William  C.  P.  Breck- 

inridge, American  statesman. — Statue  of  Frederick  the  Great  presented  to  the  United 
States  by  Emperor  William. 
21.  Death  of  Louis  P.  DiCesnola,  author  and  antiquarian. 

27.  Battle  of  203  Metre  Hill  begins  and  continues  eight  days. 

29.  Death  of  Franziska  Magdalena  Janauschek. 

December  6.  Assassination  of  General  Sakharoff,  Governor-General  of  a  Russian  district,  on  the 
Volga. 
II.  Death  of  John  White  Chadwick,  American  clergyman,  author,  and  poet. 
14.  General  Azcarraga  succeeds  General  Maura  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

18.  Chi-kuan-shau  captured  by  the  Japanese  from  the  Russians. 

24.  Rising  at  JIoscow  by  strikers  cruslied  seven  days  later  by  the  government  of  Russia. 

28.  Ehr-lungshan  captured  from  the  Russians  by  the  Japanese. 

31.  Fortification  No.  3  at  Port  Arthur  won  by  the  Japanese. 

1905 

January  i.  General  Stassel  sends  a  flag  of  truce  to  General  Oku,  to  open  negotiations  for  surrender 
of  Port  Arthur  to  the  Japanese  forces. 
2.  Capitulation  of  Port  Arthur  signed. 
4.  Death  of  Theodore  Thomas.  American  composer. 

9.  Death  of  Louise  Michel,  French  communist  and  revolutionist 
17.  Great  strike  of  the  Fall  River  cotton  operatives  ends. 

19.  Death  of  George  U.  Boughton,  English  artist. 

90 


21.  The  Dominican  Republic  agrees  that  the  United  States  shall  preserve  order  and  assume 

charge  of  finances,  while  guaranteeing  territorial  integrity. 

22.  M.  Kouvier  succeeds  M.  Combes  as  Premier  of  France. — Father  Gapon  leads  a  procession 

of  15,000  working  men  and  women  to  carry  a  petition  to  tlie  Czar  of  Kussia,  for  a  consti- 
tutional assembly,  and  are  fired  upon  by  the  Russian  soldiery  ("Bloody  Sunday"  in 
Russia). 
28.  Don  Ramon  Villaverde  succeeds  General  Azcarraga  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

February  i.  Death  of  Oswald  Aschenbach.  German  painter. 
9.  Death  of  Adolf  Menzel,  German  painter. 
15.  Death  of  I^ew  Wallace.  American  novelist. 
17.  Assassination  of  Grand  Duke  Sergius.  Governor-General  of  Moscow,  and  tmcle  of  the  Czar. 

20.  Opening  of  the  great  battle  of  Mukden,  Manchuria,  between  the  Russian  and  Japanese 

forces. 

21.  New  provinces  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchawan  created  in  British  Columbia. 

24.  Tunnel  under  the  Simplon  Pass  in  the  Alps  completed. 

25.  Battle  of  Hun  River  in  JIanchuria. 

26.  Death  of  Sir  Weynis  Reid,  English  author. 

March  2.  Foundation  for  the  promotion  of  Industrial  Peace  incorporated  by  an  act  of  Congress. 

4.  Resignation  of  Signor  Giolitti  as  Premier  of  Italy,  and  Siguor  Titoni  is  appointed  Premier 

ad  interim. — Theodore  Roosevelt  inaugurated  President  of  the  United  Stales. 
9.  Death  of  William  B.  Bate,  United  States  Senator,  Tennessee  ;  veteran  Mexican  war;  Major- 

General  of  the  Confederate  army. 

10.  The  Japanese  army  occupy  Mukden,  General  Kuropatkin  relieved  of  his  command  and  suc- 

ceeded by  General  Linevitch. 

24.  Death  of  Sol  Etynge,  American  artist. — Death  of  Jules  Verne,  French  novelist. 

28.  Siguor  Fortis  succeeds  Signor  Titoui,  Premier  ad  interim,  as  Premier  of  Italy. 

31.  Representative  government  restored  to  the  Boer  States  by  the  British  government. — Em- 
peror William  of  Germany  delivers  significant  speech  concerning  Morocco  at  Tangier. — 
Modus  Vivendi  affecting  collections  of  the  customs  of  San  Domingo  by  an  appointee  of  the 
United  States  goes  into  effect. 
April  2.  Opening  of  the  Simplon  Tunnel ;  longest  in  the  world. — The  Cretan  assembly  proclaims  a 
union  of  Crete  with  Greece :  objections  by  the  European  powers. 

3.  Opening  of  an  investigation  of  the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society  by  its  directors. 

4.  Destructive  earthquake  in  Northern  India. 

12.  Chancellor  BUlow  addresses  a  circular  to  the  ambassadors  of  Garmany  at  various  capitals, 

directing  them  to  demand  an  International  Conference,  for  settlement  of  matters  concern- 
ing Morocco. 

14.  General  Horace  Porter.  United  States  ambassador  to  France,  announces  the  discovery  at 
Paris  of  the  remains  of  John  Paul  Jones,  Revolutionary  sailor  and  hero. 

19.  A  treaty  signed  at  Nicaragua  between  Great  Britain  and  Nicaragua,  concerning  the  Mos- 
quito territory. 

21.  Death  of  Paul  Lessar,  Russian  diplomat. 

23.  Death  of  Joseph  Jefferson.  American  actor. 

28.  Death  of  Fitz  Hugh  Lee,  Brigadier  General,  United  States;  ex-Governor  of  Virginia. 

May.  The  Czar  of  Russia  issues  a  manifesto,  assuring  civil  and  religious  liberty,  freedom  of  the 
press,  extension  of  the  suffrage,  and  consent  of  the  Duma  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law. 
4-13.    International  railway  conference  meets  at  Washington. 
14.  Death  of  Howard  M.  Ticknor,  author  and  lecturer. 
21.  Death  of  Albion  W.  Tourgee,  American  nov(-list. 

23.  Death  of  Mary  A.  Livermore,  American  reformer  and  woman  suffragist. — Death  of  Paul 
Dubois.  French  sculptor. 

26.  Death  of  Baron  Alphonse  de  Rothschild,  financier ;  Governor  of  the  bank  of  France. 

27.  Admiral  Ro/.hdestveiisky's  fleet  met  and  destroyed,  off  the  island  of  Tsushima  in  the  Korean 

Straits,  by  Admiral  Togo's  fleet. 

28.  Opening  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  Exposition  at  Portland. 

29.  Sultan  Slohammed  Ben  Arby  Torres  or  Abdul  .Vziz  endorses  the  demand  of  Chancellor  BU- 

low of  Germany  for  an  International  Conference  on  Moroccan  matters. 
June  6.  W.  C.  Lowther  succeeds  W.  C.  Gully  as  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  England. 

7.  Norwegian  Storthing  proclaims  severanre  of  the  Union  with  Sweden. 

8.  President  Roosevelt  offers  to  mediate  between  Japan  and  Russia,  and  the  offer  is  accepted. 

11.  Russia  and  Japan  agree  to  a  peace  parley,  and  President  Roosevelt  selects  the  Portsmouth 

navy  yard  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampsliire.  as  a  meeting  place  for  the  delegates. 

13.  Assassination  of  Theodoros  P.  Delyannia,  Prime  Minister  of  Greece. 
17.  Death  of  Moximo  Gomez.  Cuban  general. 

19.  Sefior  Montero  Rioa  succeeds  Seizor  Villaverde  as  Premier  of  Spain. 
27.  The  sailors  of  the  Rvissian  Black  Sea  fleet  mutiny. 

July  I.  Death  of  John  Hay,  Secretary  of  State  of  United  States. 
6.  Elihu  Root  becomes  United  States  Secretary  of  Slate. 

20.  An  investigation  of  Life  Insurance  Societies  ordered  by  the  Now  York  State  Legislature. — 

Strike  of  the  Teamsters'  Union  in  force  since  early  spring  at  Chicago  ended. 
23.  Death  of  J.  J.  Henncr,  French  painter. 

!)1 


24-  Remains  of  John  Paul  Jones  are  placed  in  a  temporary  vault  at  Annapolis. 
28.  Swedish  Riksdag  assents  to  the  dissolution  of  the  Union  with  Norway,  on  condition  of  its 
approval  by  the  Norwegian  people.  . 

August  5.  Russian  and  Japanese  peace  plenipotentiaries  arrive,  and  are  introduced  by  President 
Roosevelt  at  Oyster  Bay. 

7.  Death  of  Alexander  Bell,  educator  and  lecturer  ;  inventor  of  a  method  ("  visible  speech") 

for  teachin.i;  desif -mutes  to  speak. 
9.  Russian  and  .Japanese  Peace  Conference  opens. 
13.  Vote  in  Norway  deciding  on  separation  from  Sweden  practically  unanimous. 

19.  Czar  of  Russia  summons  a  National  Assembly,  or  Duma,  to  meet  not  later  than  January  1906. 

20.  Death  of  Adolphe  W.  Bouguereau.  French  painter. 

21.  Lord  Curzon  resigns  as  Viceroy  of  India ;  succeeded  by  Earl  of  !Minto. — Death  of  Mary  Mapes 

Dodge,  poetess,  author,  and  editor. 
September  4.  Death  of  Count  Pierre  De  Brazza,  French  explorer. 

5.  Death  of  Hezekiali  Buttcrworth,  author  of  juvenile  books. — Treaty  of  Peace  between  Rus- 

sia and  Japan  signed  .at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire. 

6.  England  and  Japan  sign  a  treaty  of  alliance,  including  an  agreement  to  maintain  peace  in 

Eastern  India,  and  preserve  the  integrity  of  China. — Massacre  of  Jews  at  Kishineff. 

8.  Destructive  earthquake  in  Calabria.  Sicily. 
13.  Death  of  Rene  Goblet.  French  statesman. 

18.  Death  of  George  MacDonald,  Scotch  novelist. 

21.  Deatli  of  Francisco  Garcia  Calderon,  e.xPresident  of  Peru. 

28.  France  and  Germany  reach  an  agreement,  concerning  matters  to  be  settled,  at  an  Interna- 

tional Conference  on  Morocco. 
October  6.    Death  of  Edhem  Pacha,  commander  of  the  Turkish  army. 

12.  Death  of  Prince  Sergius  Troubetskoy,  Russian  Liberal  leader. 

13.  Death  of  Sir  Henry  Irving.  English  actor. 

14.  Treaty  of  Peace  between  Russia  and  Japan  ratified  at  St.  Petersburg  and  Tokyo. 

21.  The  workmen  and  women  of  Russia  organize  a  great  general  strike. 

26.  Sweden  formally  acknowledges  severance  of  the  union  of  Norway  and  Sweden. 

November  2.    Five  thousand  Jews  reported  killed  at  Odessa.  Russia,  during  the  riots. 

6.  Death  of  Sir  George  Williams,  founder  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 
14.  Death  of  Robert  Whitehead,  English  torpedo  inventor, 
17.  Death  of  Phillippe,  Count  of  Flanders,  brother  of  King  Leopold  of  Belgium. — The  control 

of  Korea  transferred  by  the  government  of  that  country  to  Japan. 
25.  Prince  Charles  of  Denmark  and  Princess  Maud  enter  Christiana  as  King  and  Queen  of  Nor- 
way with  the  titles  "  Haakon  VII,"  and  "  Maud." 

29.  Senor  Moret  succeeds  Seiior  Moiiti-ro  Rios  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

December  4.    Sir  Henry  Campbell-Bannerman.succeeds  Arthur  J.  Baltouras  Prime  Minister  of  Eng- 
land.— Death  of  Samuel  Adams  Drake,  American  historian. 
5.  Earl  of  Aberdeen  appointed  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  and  James  Bryce,  Chief  Secretary. 
II.  Death  of  Paul  Meurice,  French  dramatist. — Death  of  Edward  Atkinson,  American  political 
economist. — A  law  promulgated  in  France  nullifying  the  Concordatand  separating  church 
and  state. 

14.  Sultan  of  Turkey  submits  to  the  demands  of  the  Powers  concerning  Macedonia. 

19.  Prince  Nicholas  of  Montenegro  grants  his  country  a  Constitution. 

22.  Treaty  signed  at  Peking  between  China  and  Japan  relative  to  Manchuria. 

25.  Revolts  of  the  Finns  secures  restoration  of  their  ancient  liberties. — A  sudden  revolutionary 
movement  causes  President  Morales  of  iSan  Domingo  to  flee  from  his  country. 

30.  Governor  Steunenberg  of  Idaho  killed  by  bomb  at  Caldwell. 

1906 

January  4.  Death  of  Harrison  W.  Weir,  American  painter,  author,  and  journalist. 
10.  Death  of  William  R.  Harper,  President  of  University  of  Chicago. 

15.  An  International  Conference  is  held  at  Algeciras  concerning  Morocco. 

17.  Death  of  Marshall  Field,  American  millionaire. — M.  Fallieres  elected  to  succeed  M.  Loubet 
as  President  of  France. 

21.  Breaking  out  of  an  extensive  revolt  of  the  Zulus  in  Natal. 

22.  Death  of  George  Jacob  Holyoake.  English  author,  and  social  reformer. 

25.  Death  of  Joseph  Wheeler,  Major-General,  United  States  (retired);  former  Lieutenant-General 

in  the  Confederate  arm}', 
29.  Death  of  King  Christian  IX  of  Denmark  ;  succession  of  Frederick  VIII. 
February  2.  Death  of  Samuel  Cimliffe,  Lord  Masham.  great  English  inventor. 

9.  Death  of  Paul  Laurence  Dunbar,  negro  poet, 

15.  Charles  H,  Mover,  George  A.  Pettibone.  and  W.  D.  Heywood,  officers  of  the  Western  Fed- 
eration of  Miners,  arrested  and  accused  of  the  murder  of  Governor  Steunenberg. 
19.  The  Pope  issues  an  encyclical  known  as  the  "  Vehementer  Nos"  to  the  French  nation. 

27.  Death  of  Samuel  Pierpont  Langley,  Secretary  Smithsonian  Institute. 
March  7.  M.  Sarrien  succeeds  M.  Rouvier  as  the  nominal  Premier  of  France. 

8.  Six  hundred  Moros  killed  in  a  battle  with  American  troops  near  Jolo,  in  the  Philippines. 

92 


10.  Death  of  Eugene  Richter,  German  Radical  leader  in  Reichstag. 

11.  Death  of  Dr.  Manuel  Quintana,  President  of  Argentine  Republic. 
13.  Death  of  Susan  B.  Anthony.  American  reformer. 

17.  Earthquake  in  Formosa  with  great  loss  of  life. 

21.  Celebration  of  the  Centen.iry  of  Benito  .Juarez  at  the  city  of   Mexico. — Death  of  Mrs.  Ade- 

laide Dutton  Train  Whitney,  American  novelist. 

April  4.  Death  of  Ramon  Blanco,  Spanish  8oldier  ;  last  Captain-General  of  Cuba. 

5.  Eruption  of  Mt.  Vesuvius. 

6.  Deatli  of  Sir  Wylie  Bayliss,  arii.st:  President  Royal  Scxiiety  of  British  artists.— Death  of 

Eastman  Johnson,  American  portrait  painter. 

7.  Signing  of  the  General  Act  of  the  International  Conference  at  Algeciras. 

10.  Death  of  Nathaniel  Shaler,  American  geologist ;  Dean  of  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School, 
Harvard  University. 

12.  The  Russian  government  calls  for  a  second  International  Peace  Conference  at  the  Hague. 

18.  Death  of  Daniel  Huntington,  American  painter. — Earthquake  shock  at  San  Francisco  fol- 

lowed by  destructive  fire. 

19.  Death  of  Pierre  Curie,  French  chemist;  joint  discoverer  with  Madame  Curie  of  radium. 
24.  Remains  of  .John  Paul  Jones  re-interred  at  Annapolis. 

27.  Bi-Centenary  of  Benjamin  Franklin  celebrated  at  Philadelphia. 

May  I.  The  last  British  garrison  withdrawn  from  Esquimault,  in  British  Columbia,  thus  leaving 
the  Canadian  government  undivided  control  of  all  its  military  posts. 
2.  M.  Witte  resigns  the  Russian  Premiership. 

10.  The  first  Russian  Duma  or  General  Assembly  meets. 

13.  The  Porte  evacuates  the  villages  on  the  Egyptian  side  of  the  Sanai  frontier  (end  of  the 

famous  Tabah  incident).  , 

14.  Death  of  Carl  Schurz,  American  journalist,  statesman,  and  author. 

20.  Revolutionary  disturbances  in  Macedonia. 

23.  Death  of  Henrik  ftsen,  Norwegian  poet  and  dramatist. 

28.  Full  suffrage  extended  to  women  in  Finland. 

31.  Death  of  Michael  Davitt,  Irish  agitator. — King  Alfonso  of  Spain  married  to  Princess  Enaof 
Battenberg;  attempt  at  their  assassination  made  by  Mateo  Morales. 

June  4.  Death  of  Sabine  Baring  Gould,  English  author. 

6.  Death  of  Karl  Von  Hartmann,  German  metaphysician. 

11.  Public  schools  with  500,000  pupils  opened  in  the  Philippines. 

16.  Joint  statehood  act  approved  by  the  President,  creating  two  states  of  Oklahoma  and  Indian 
Territory,  and  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

22.  Coronation  of  King  Haakon  VII  of  Norway  and  Queen  Maud. 

23.  Death  of  Duke  of  Almodavar,  Spanish  statesman. 
July  5.  Death  of  Jules  Breton,  French  painter. 

6.  Death  of  Christopher  Columbus  Langdell,  Professor  emeritus  of  law  at  Harvard  University. 
— liiitification  of  arbitration  treaty  between  Peru  and  Colombia. — Captain  General  Lopez 
Dominguez  succeeds  Sefior  Moret  as  Prime  Minister  of  Spain. 

8.  Hostilities  break  out  between  Salvador  and  Guatemala. 

12.  M.  Dreyfus  of  France  vindicted,  reinstated,  and  given  the  insignia  of  the  legion  of  Honor 

by  the  Court  of  Cassation. 
16.  Death  of  Alfred  Beit,  South  African  financier. 

22.  The  Russian  Duma  dissolved  by  imperial  command. — Death  of  Baron  Qentaro  Kodama, 

Japanese  general,  organizer  of  the  general  army  in  the  war  with  Russia. 

23.  Third    International  Conference  of  American  representatives  at   Rio  Janeiro  lasting  until 

August  20th. 
August  13.  Death  of  Pearl  Mary  Craigie  (John  Oliver  Hobbs),  English  novelist. — A  portion  of  the 

2.")th  infantry.  United  States  (colored)  at  Brownsville,  Texas,  incite  a  riot  in  which  one 

man  is  killed  and  two  wounded. 
16.  Destructive  earthquake  In  Cliile. 
20.  Beginning  of  insurrectionary  movements  in  Cuba. 

24.  Death  of  Alfred  Stevens,  Belgian  painter. 

25.  Death  of  Nathan  Appleton,  American  autlior  and  traveller. — A  bomb  explodes  in  the  house 

of  Russian  minister  Stolypin,  on  Aptekarsky  Island,  killing  thirty  people  and  injuring 
many. 

26.  Russian  General  Min  assassinated  by  a  girl  at  Pcterhof. 

September  8.  President  Palma  appeals  to  the  United  States  for  Intervention  in  Cuba. 
10.  Don  Pedro  Montt  inaugurated  as  I'resident  of  Chile. 

13.  Death  of  Prince  Albrecht,  Itegent  of  Brunswick. 

15.  Statue  of  George  Washington  unveiled  at  Budapest,  Hungary. 

20.  Hon.    James  F.  Smith  succeeds  Hon.  Henry   Clay   Ide  as  Governor  of  the  Philippine 

Islands!. 
25.  Treaty  of  Peace  between  Salvador,  Honduras,  and  Guatemala  signed  on  board  the  United 

States  cruiser  "Marblehead." 
30.  Secretary  Taft  proclaims  United  States  intervention  in  Cuba  and  himself  as  Provisional 

Governor. 
October  7.  The  Shah  of  Persia  opens  the  first  Parliament. 

93 


9.  Beath  of  Adelaide  Ristori,  Italian  actress.— William  H.  Taft,  acting  Governor  in  Cuba,  is 

succeeded  by  Charles  C.  Magoon. 
19.  M.  Clemenceau  succeeds  M.  Sarrien  as  Premier  of  France. 
November  6.  Arizona  rejects  proposition  of  joint  statehood  with  New  Mexico. — The  Tehuantepec 
National  railway  opened  by  President  Diaz  of  Mexico. 

11.  Death  of  Esther  Summer  Damon  (last  surviving  widow  of  Revolutionary  soldiers  on  the  pen- 

sion roll). 
14.  President  Roosevelt  visits  the  Panama  Canal. 
21.  Negro  battalion  of  the  United  States  2.5tli  infantry  disbanded  by  Presidential  order  without 

honor. — President  Roosevelt  visits  Porto  Rico. 
27.  Seiior  Moret  succeeds  General  Lopez  Dominguez  as  Premier  of  Spain. 
December  3.  Marquis  Vega  de  Armijo  succeeds  Seiior  Moret  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

10.  Nobel  Peace  prize  for  1906  awarded  to  President  Roosevelt  and  the  money  is  set  apart  by 

him  to  establish  a  permanent  industrial  peace  commission. 
14.  The  Mexican  railway  system  nationalized. 
21.  Count  Alexei  Ignatieflf  assassinated  at  Tver. 

30.  Death  of  Baroness  Burdett  Coutts,  philanthropist. — Constitution  for  Persia  signed  by  the 

Shah. 

1907. 

January  i.  The  law  separating  Church  and  State  in  France  takes  effect. 
8.   Death  of  the  Shah  of  Persia ;  succession  of  Mohammed  All  Mirza. 

14.  Destructive  earthquake  at  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

24.  John  T.  Stevens  succeeds  Theodore  P.  Shonts  as  head  of  the  canal  commission. — Senor 

Maura  succeeds  Marquis  de  Armijo  de  la  Vega  as  Premier  of  Spain. 
26.  Congress  passes  act  prohibiting  political  contributions  by  corporations. 
February  7.  Death  of  George  Joachin  Goschen,  English  statesman. 

15.  Death  of  Giosue  Carducci,  Italian  poet  and  critic. 
21.  Honduras  declares  war  against  Nicaragua. 

25.  The  treaty  with  San  Domingo  ratified  by  United  States  Congress. 

March  i.  Serious  Agrarian  and  anti-Semitic  riots  of  the  Moravian  and  Wallachian  peasants. 
6.  Meeting  of  the  second  Duma  of  the  Russian  Empire. 
10.  Death  of  John  K.  Rees,  American  astronomer. 

12.  Death  of  Jean  Paul  Casimir  Perier,  ex-President  of  France. — Mrs.  Russell  Sage  creates  the 

Sage  foundation  for  philanthropic  work  with  a  gift  of  $10,000,000. 
14.  Death  of  Maurice  Grau,  opera  manager. 

18.  Death  of  Eugene  Pierre  Marcelin  Berthelot,  French  statesman. 

19.  Death   of  Vladimir  Nicolaievitch  Lamsdorff.  Russian  minister  and  scientist. — Death  of 

Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich,  American  poet  and  author. 

21.  American  marines  landed  in  Honduras. 

22.  Russian  evacuation  of  Manchuria  completed. 

23.  Death  of  Constantine  Petrovich  Pobiedonostzeff,  chief  Procurator  of  the  Holy  Synod. 

29.  France  demands  indemnification  and  punishment  for  the  murder  of  Dr.  Mauchamp,  killed 
March  24th  by  a  mob  at  Marrakest,  a  Morocco  city. 

31.  Death  of  Galusha  A.  Grow,  ex-Speaker  of  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives. 
April  8.  United  States  Supreme  Court  decides  that  the  Isle  of  Pines  is  not  American  territory. 

14.  First  National  Peace  Conference  in  America  meets  at  New  York. 

20.  The  Porte  accepts  the  five  demands  of  the  great  powers. 

23.  Treaty  of  Peace  between  Salvador  and  Nicaragua  signed  at  Amafala. 

25.  Opening  of  the  Jamestown  Exposition  celebrating  the  300th  anniversary  of  English  settle- 
ment in  America. 
May  6.  Death  of  John  Watson  dan  Maclaren). 

12.  Death  of  Leonard  Woolsey  Bacon,  American  clergyman  and  author. — Death  of  Joris  Karl 
Huysmans,  French  novelist. 

17.  Death  of  Edwin  II.  Conger,  American  diplomat. 

25.  Death  of  Theodore  Tilton,  American  author  and  journalist. 

29.  Monument  in  honor  of  Jefferson  Davis  unveiled  at  Richmond. 
June  8.  Death  of  Alfred  Newton,  English  ornithologist. 

ID.  Treaty  signed  between  France  and  Japan,  concerning  Eastern  affairs. 

14.  Death  of  Bartolomeo  Maso.  Cuban  revolutionary  leader.  —  Norwegian  Parliament  grants 

limited  suffrage  to  women. 

15.  Second  Russian  Duma  dissolved  by  Imperial  decree. — Opening  of  the  Second  International 

Peace  Congress  at  the  Hague. 

17.  Meeting  of  the  first  Austrian  Reichrath,  under  a  law  which  introduced  equal  and  universal 

male  suffrage. 

1 8.  Death  of  Alexander  Stewart  Herschel,  French  astronomer. 
July  I.  Lieutenant  Shackleton  sails  for  the  South  Pole. 

10.  The  United  States  government  brings  suit  against  the  Tobacco  Trust. 

16.  Death  of  Theobald  Chartrain,  French  painter. 

17.  Death  of  Angelo  Heilprin.  American  naturalist. 

24.  Abdication  of  the  Emperor  of  Korea,  and  his  son  crowned  King. 

94 


I 


25-  Agreement  concerning  Japanese  control  of  Korean  affairs  signed  at  Seoul,  Korea. 

28.  \V.  U.  Heywood,  Secretary  of  the  Western  Federation  of  Miners,  on  trial  since  May  for  the 

murder  of  Governor  Sieuuenberg.  acquitted  and  C.   H.  Moyer  released  on  bail. 
30.  First  election  in  the  Philippine  Islands  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly. 

August  I.  Korean  army  disbanded  by  order  of  Japanese  officials,  pro<iuciug  wide-spread  discontent. 

2.  Death  of  David  C'hri,stie  JIurray,  Englisli  novelist. 

3.  Standard  Oil  Company  fined  §29,240,000  for  accepting  rebates. — Death  of  Augustus  St. 

Gaudens,  American  sculptor. 

13.  The  Parliament  of  England  consider  a  Deceased  Wife's  Sister  bill. 

15.  Death  of  Joseph  Joachim,  German  musician. 

25.  Mulai  Hafid  proclaimed  Sultan  of  Morocco  at  Marrakest. 

28.  A  court  of  criminal  appeal  established  at  London.  —  Deceased  Wife's  Sister  bill  goes  into 
effect. 

30.  Death  of  Richard  JIansfield,  American  actor. 

31.  As.sassination  of  the  Altabegi-Azam  at  Teheran,  Persia. — Anglo-Russian  convention  concern- 

ing Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Tibet. 

September.  Riotous  attacks  against  Asiatic  laborors  in  British  Columbia,  and  the  state  of  Wash- 
ington. 
2.  French  troops  defeat  the  Arab  tribesmen  at  Casablanca. 

4.  Death  of  Edward  Grieg,  the  Norwegian  composer. 

7.  Death  of  Rene  Francpois  Sully  Prudhomrae,  French  poet. 

8.  Encyclical  on  Modernism  issued  by  Pope  Pius  X. 

9.  Death  of  the  Very  Rev.  Ernest  Roland  Wilberforce,  Bishop  of  Chichester. 
30.  Census  in  Cuba  sliows  large  gain  since  1899. 

October  16.  First  session  of  the  General  Assembly  at  Manilla  opened  by  Secretary  Taf  t.  —  Macdonald 
College,  near  Jlontreal,  Canada,  founded  and  endowed. 

17.  First  wireless  press  dispatches  over  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

18.  Second  Hague  Peace  Conference  closes.  —  Opening  of  the  trial  of  Maximilian  Harden,  editor 

at  Berlin,  for  libeling  Count  Von  Moltke. 

21.  Failure  of  the  Knickerbocker  Trust  Company,  New  York,  during  financial  panic  in  United 

States. 
November  2.  Treaty  respecting  independence  of  Norway  and  territorial  integrity  of  the  countries 
bordering  on  the  North  Sea,  signed  by  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  Norway,  and 
Russia. 

14.  Meeting  of  the  Third  Russian  Duma.  —  Central  American  Peace  Conference  opened  by  United 

States  Secretary  of  State  Root. 

16.  Death  of  Moncure  D.  Conway,  author  and  preacher. 

30.  Death  of  George  F.  Shrady,  surgeon,  editor,  and  author. 

December  8.  Death  of  King  Oscar  of  Sweden. 

16.  Fleet  of  si.xteen  United  States  battleships  leave  Hampton  Roads,  Virginia,  on  a  trip  around 

tlie  world. 

17.  Death  of  Lord  Kelvin  (William  Thompson),  English  scientist. 

1908. 

January  4.  George  A.  Pettibone  acquitted  of  the  murder  of  ex-Governor  Steunenberg. — Death  of 
Charles  Augustus  Young.  American  astronomer. 
9.  Opening  of  East  river  tunnel,  New  York  to  Brooklyn. 
13.  Death  of  Henrik  Holger  Drachnian,  Danish  poet  and  author. 
16.  French  defeat  the  Moors  near  Suttal,  Morocco. 

18.  Death  of  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman,  American  poet  and  banker. 

19.  Death  of  Charli'S  Emory  Smith,  American  diplomat  and  journalist. 

20.  Death  of  Henry  Aiartyn  Parkhurst,  American  astronomer. 

22.  Death  of  Charles  ftmile  Daneron,  French  landscape  painter. 

24.  Death  of  Edward  MaeDowell,  ."Vmerican  composer  and  musician. 

25.  Death  of  Louise  do  la  Kamee  (Ouida),  French  novelist. 
28.   Death  of  I'rinee  Leopold,  reigning  prince  of  Lippe. 

February  I.  Assassination  at  Lisbon  of  King  Carlos  and  Crown  Prince  Luis  Felipe. — Succession  of 
I'rince  Man\n.'l. 

2.  Resignation  of  Senor  Franco  as  Prime  Minister  of  Portugal. 

3.  Wireless  service  across  Atlantic  extended  to  private  and  bu.siness  telegrams. 
6.  Sir  Harry  MacLean  liberated  by  the  Moroccan  brigand.  El  RaisuH. 

10.  Arbitration  treaty  between  United  States  and  France  signed  at  Washington. 
13.  Death  of  Sir  James  Knowles.  English  architect,  and  founder  of  the  Nineteenth  Century 
Magazine. 

20.  General   Stosscl,   Russian   commander  of  Port  Arthur,   condemned   to  death. — Sentence 

changed  to  ten  years'  imprisonment. 

21.  Death  of  Harriet  Ilosmer.  .\merican  sculptor. 

28.  Death  of  Baroness  Pauline  Walthofen  Lucca,  Austrian  singer.— Revolutionists  in  Persia 
make  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Shah.— Opening  of  the  first  two  tubes  of  the  Hudson 
tunnels  at  New  York. 

95 


March  i.  Death  of  John  Adrian  Louis  Hope,  Marquis  of  Linlithgow,  ex-Governor  of  Australia ; 
Secretary  for  Scotland. 

4.  Coalition  government  formed  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  under  Admiral  Ferreira  do  Amaral. — 

Death  of  Redfleld  Proctor,  ex-Senator  from  Vermont ;  ex-Secretary  of  War,  United  States 
of  America. 

II.  Death  of  Edmondo  de  Amicis,  Italian  author. 

22-23-or  25.  Durham  W.  Stevens,  an  American  diplomat  and  adviser  of  the  Korean  Govern- 
ment, killed  by  a  Korean  in  San  Francisco. 

24.  Death  of  Spencer  Compton  Cavendish,  Duke  of  Devonshire. 

25.  Death  of  Charles  Cuthbert  Hall,  President  Union  Theological  Seminary. 

April  2.   Convention  of  Populist  Party  at  St.  Louis;  Thomas  E.  Watson,  Georgia,  nominated  for 
President,  and  Samuel  W.  Williams,  Indiana,  for  Vice-President. 

5.  Sir  Henry  Campbell-Bannerman  resigns  as  Premier  of  Great  Britain  and  is  succeeded  by 

H.  H.  Asquith. 
II.  Convention  respecting  fisheries,  signed  by  ambassadors  of  United  States,  Canada,  and  France. 
23.  Death  of  Sir  Henry  Campbell-Bannerman. 
23.  Death  of  Hicolai  Linevitch,  Lieutenant-General  Russian  army  ;  commander  of  Russian  forces 

in  the  war  with  Japan. 
29.  Death  of  Morgan  Dix,  Rector  Trinity  Parish. 

May  8.  Death  of  Ludovic  Halevy,  French  dramatist  and  author. 

10.  Socialist  Party  convention  at  Chicago  nominates  for  President,  Eugene  V.  Debs  of  Indians, 

and  for  Vice-President,  Benjamin  Hanford  of  New  York. 
13-14-15.  Three  days  Conference  at  Washington  of  State  Governors,  on  Conservation  of  natural 

resources. 
14.  Franco-British  Exposition  opened  at  London  by  Prince  of  Wales. 
23.  Death  of  Francois  Coppee,  French  poet  and  dramatist. 

25.  Death  of  Walter  Satterlee,  American  artist. 

26.  The  Central  American  court  of  Justice  is  inaugurated  at  Costa  Rica. 

27.  Senor  Agusto  B.  Leguia  succeeds  Dr.  Pardo  as  President  of  Peru. 

28.  Death  of  Stephen  D.  Lee,  Lieutenant-General  in  the  Confederate  army ;  commander-in-chief 

of  United  States  Confederate  Veterans. 

June  2.  Death  of  Sir  Redvers  BuUer,  British  soldier;  lieutenant-general. 

4.  Treaty  defining  the  International  boundary  between  United  States  and  Canada  signed  at 

Washington,  D.  C. 
8.  President  Roosevelt  appoints  a  National  Commission  on  Conservation  of  National  Resources. 

14.  Death  of  Frederick,  Earl  of  Derby,  former  Governor-General  of  Canada. 

16.  Republican  Convention  at  Chicago  nominates  for  President,  William  Taft  of  Ohio,  and 
James  Schoolcraft  Sherman  of  New  York,  for  Vice-President. 

23.  American  legation  withdrawn  from  Venezuela. 

24.  Death  of  ex-President  of  the  United  States,  Grover  Cleveland. 
27.  Arbitration  treaty  between  United  States  and  Mexico  ratified. 

29.  Death  of  Sir  Edwin  Baldwin  Malet,  English  diplomat. 

July  2.  Death  of  Murat  Halstead,  American  journalist. 

3.  Death  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris  (Uncle  Remus),  American  author  and  journalist.— Com- 
mencement of  "  The  Young  Turks  "  revolution  in  Turkey. 

6.  Colonel  Robert  Peary  sails  for  the  North  Pole  in  the  ship  "Roosevelt." 

7.  Democratic  Convention  at  Denver  nominates  for  President,  William  J.  Bryan  of  Nebraska, 

and  John  Worth  Kern  of  Indiana  for  Vice-President. 

11.  Remission  of  the  Boxer  indemnity  by  the  United  States  to  the  Chinese  government. 

12.  Senor  Jose  Domingo  de  Obaldia  elected  President  of  Panama. 

15.  Prohibition  Party  Convention  at  Columbus  nominates  for  President,  Eugene  W.  Chafin  of 

Illinois,  and  Aaron  S.  Watkins  of  Ohio  for  Vice-President. 
19.  Opening  of  the  Quebec  Tercentenary  celebration. 

21.  Death  of  Henry  Codman  Potter,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  New  York. 

22.  529,400,000  fine  against  the  Standard  Oil  Company  set  aside  by  the  United  States  Court  of 

Appeals. — Sultan  dismisses  Grand  Vizier  Ferid  Pasha  who  is  succeeded  by  Kiamil  Pasha. 
— President  Castro  expels  M,  D.  Reus,  Minister  of  the  Netherlands  from  Venezuela. 

23.  "The  Young  Turks,"  having  secured  Monastir  and  Salonika,  proclaim  the  Constitution  of 

Turkey. 

24.  Socialist  Labor  Party  Convention  at  New  York  nominates  for  President  August  Gillhaus  of 

New  York,  and  Donald  L.  Munro  for  Vice-President. — Sultan  of  Turkey  re-establishes 
the  suspended  Constitution  of  1876. 
29.  Sultan  of  Turkey  swears  that  he  will  not  repeal  the  Constitution. 

August  4.  Death  of  William  Boyd  Allison,  American  statesman. — Death  of  Bronson  Howard,  Amer- 
ican dramatist. 
7.  Kiamil  Pasha  takes  place  as  Grand  Vizier  of  Turkey  and  forms  a  cabinet. 

10.  Commission  on  Country  Life  appointed  by  President  Roosevelt  of  United  States. — Death  of 

Louise  Chandler  Moulton,  American  author. 

11.  Death  of  Ainsworth  R.  Spofford,  former  Librarian  of  Congress. 

13.  Death  of  Henry  Hopkins,  ex-President  of  Williams  College. 
23.  Death  of  Baron  Speck  Von  Sternberg,  German  diplomat. 

96 


September  i.  Act  amending  Canadian  Civil  Service  goes  into  effect. 

3.  I>eath  of  Baron  Lionel  Sackville-Weat,  former  British  minister  to  United  States. 

15.  A  treaty  enacted  between  Brazil  and  Holland  to  determine  tlie  limits  between  Brazil  and 
Dutch  Guiana. 

17.  Death  of  Thomas  E.  Selfridgc  while  riding  with  Orville  Wright  in  aeroplane. 

29.  Death  of  Albert  Pierre  Rene  Maiguan,  French  historical  painter. 

October  5.  Independence  of  Bulgaria  proclaimed. — Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  annexed  by  Austria. 
8.  Treaty  of  arbitration  with  China  signed  at  Washington. 

13.  Death  of  Daniel  Coit  Oilman.  American  educator ;  ex-President  of  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

18.  Death  of  Field-JIarshal  Nodzu,  commander  Japanese  war  with  Russia. 

20.  Annexation  of  the  Congo  Free  State  consummated  by  an  act  of  the  Belgium  Parliament. 

21.  Death  of  Charles  Eliot  Norton,  American  man  of  letters  ;  professor  of  History  of  Art  at 

Harvard  University. 
November  i.  Lord  Northcote  succeeded  by  Lord  Dudley  as  Governor-General  of  Australia. 

4.  Death  of  Thomas  Estrada  Palma,  first  President  of  Cuba. 
8.  Death  of  Victorien  Sardou,  French  dramatist. 

II.  Death  of  Alexis,  Grand  Duke  of  liussia,  uncle  to   the   Czar;  former  commander  Russian 
navy. 

14.  Death  of  Emperor   Kuang-hsu  of  China. — Accession  of  the  child  Emperor,  Hsuan-Tung 

(Pu-Yi). — General  Miguel  Gomez  elected  President  of  Cuba. 

15.  Death  of  Empress  Dowager  Tze-Hsi  of  China. — Death  of  Annie  Lee  Wister,  translator  of 

German  novels. 

30.  Exchange  of  notes  embodying  Declaration  of  Common  policy  in  far  East  between  Japan 

and  United  States. 
December  2.  Presidency  of  Nord  Alexis  of  Haiti  overthrown  and  the  revolutionary  leader,  General 
Antoine  Simon,  succeeds  him. 

4.  Decree  reaffirming  the  Constitutional  program  of  the  late  Empress  Dowager  of  China,  pro- 

mulgated.— Sequent  International  Naval  conference  in  London. 

8.  Second  National   Conference  of  Governors  of  the  United   States  for  consideration  of  meas- 

ures for  Conservation. 

15.  Death  of  Donald  G.  Mitchell  (Ike  Marvel).  American  author. 

16.  Mob  at  Caracas,  Venezuela,  instigates  a  revolution  which  deposes  Cipriano  Castro  and  places 

General  Gomez  in  power.  , 

17.  Parliament  of  Turkey  opened  by  the  Sultan. 

18.  Wilbur  Wright  flies  in  his  aeroplane  ninety-five  miles  in  an  hour  and  fifty-four  minutes  at 

Le  Mans,  France. 
28.  Destructive  earthquake  in  Calabria,  Sicily, — cities  of  Messina  and  Reggio  destroyed. 

1909 

January  i.  Yuan  Shih-k'ai,  Viceroy  of  China,  dismissed  from  his  office. 

5.  Mulai  Ilafid  recognized  as  the  legitimate  Sultan  of  Morocco  following  deposition  of  Abd-ul- 

Azis. 

6.  Lieutenant  Shackleton  reaches  latitude  88'  8"  South. 

II.  Treaty  signed  providing  for  the  settlement  of  disputes  between  United  States  and  Canada. 

13.  Professor  Abbot  Lawrence  Lowell  succeeds  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot  as  president  of  Harvard 

University. 

14.  Death  of  Simon  Rozhdesvcnsky,  Russian  Vice  Admiral  who  commanded  in  the  war  with 

Japan. 

15.  Death  of  Ernst  Von  Wildenbruch,  German  poet  and  dramatist. 

19.  100th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

23.  Collision  of  steamers  "Republic"  and  "Florida."    Help  brought  by  wireless  telegraphy. 
One  thousand  pas.sengers  saved. 

25.  President-elect  Taft  sails  from  Charleston  for  Panama. 

26.  Death  of  Rene  Constant  Coquelin  (the  elder),  French  actor. 

27.  Secretary  Root  and  Amba.ssador  Bryce  sign  the  Newfoundland  fishery  treaty. 

28.  Termination  of  the  I'rovisional  Government  instituted  bj*  the  United  States  in  Cuba,  and 

the  authority  transferred  to  new  Cuban  Congress  and  President,  Jose  Miguel  Gomez. 
February  8.  Death  of  Ernest  Alexandre  Coquelin  (the  younger),  French  actor. — Death  of  Catulle 
Abraham  Mendes,  French  poet,  novelist,  and  dramatist. 

9.  Franco  German  agreement  respecting  Morocco  announced. 

11.  Death  of  Russell  Sturgis,  architect  and  art  critic. 

12.  Centenary  of  the  birth  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

12.   Ililmi  Pasha  succeeds  Kiamil  Pasha  as  Grand  Vizier  of  Turkey. 

20.  Death  of  Carroll  D.  Wright,  statesman,  commissioner  of  Labor,  ex-President  of  Clark  Univer- 

sity. 

22.  Return  to  Hampton  Roads  of  the  sixteen  battleships  after  their  cruise  around  the  world. 

25.  Intoi;national  naval  conference  in  London  adopts  a  new  code  for  naval  warfare. 

26.  Death  of  Theodore  I-.  C'uyler,  American  clergyman.— Death  of  Emmanuel  Poire  (Caran 

d'Ache),  French  cartoonist. 
March  3.  A  new  and  complete  copyright  statute  passed  in  both  houses  of  the  United  States  Con- 
gress. 

97 


4.  United  States  Senate  ratifies  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  concerning  the  waterways  between 

Canada  and  the  United  States. — William  H.  Taft  inaugurated  President  of  the  United 

States.  — •  Death  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Scrivener  Potter,  philanthropist;  widow  of  Bishop  Potter. 

9.  Death  of  Hinton  Rowan  Helper,  anti-slavery  agitator  ;  author  of  "  The  Impending  Crisis  of 

the  South." 

10.  Standard  Oil  Company  acquitted  in  second  trial  on  charge  of  rebating. 

15.  Congress  meets  in  extraordinary  session  to  revise  tariff  schedules. 

16.  Death  of  George  T.  Angell  (the  friend  of  dumb  animals). 

24.  Lieutenant   Shackleton  of  the  British  navy  returns   from  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  having 

reached  a  point  111  milts  distant  from  the  South  Pole. — Ex-President  Castro  refused  per- 
mission to  re-enter  Venezuela. 

25.  Crown  Prince  George  renounces  all  claim  to  the  throne  of  Servia. 
30.  Ex-President  Roosevelt  sails  for  a  hunting  trip  in  Africa. 

April  2.  President  Taft  appoints  a  committee  to  visit  Liberia,  investigate  conditions,  and  report  best 
methods  of  helping  its  Government. 

3.  Death  of  Pascual  Cervera,  Vice- Admiral,  and  commander  of  the  Spanish  fleet  at  the  battle 

of  Santiago  in  the  American-Spanish  war. 

4.  Death  of  Adolf  R.  Von  Sonnerthal,  Austrian  actor. 

6.  Murder  of  Hassan  Fehmi  EfEendi,  a  political  journalist,  precipitates  a  revolution  in  Turkey, 
and  Tewfik  Pasha  succeeds  Hilmi  Pasha  as  Grand  Vizier. 

8.  Death  of  Francis  Marion  Crawford,  American  novelist. — Death  of  Helena  Modjeska,  Hun- 

garian actress. 

9.  Death  of  Ethan  Allen  Hitchcock,  ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior. — Payne  tariff  bill  passes  both 

Houses  of  Congress. 

10.  Death  of  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne,  English  poet. 

13.  Reactionary  movement  to  destroy  the  Constitutional  Parliamentary  government  in  Turkey. 
15.  Massacre  of  Armenians  in  Asia  Minor  and  Syria. 

18.  Beatification  of  Joan  of  Arc  at  St.  Peters  in  Rome. 

23.  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bulgaria  assumes  the  title  of  King  on  the  acquisition  of  complete  Bul- 

garian independence. 

24.  Constantinople  captured,  and  Abdul  Hamid,  the  Turkish  Sultan,  made  prisoner  by  the  Con- 

stitutionalists under  Mohammed  Shevket  Pasha. — Death  of  Charles  Warren  Stoddard, 
American  author  and  educator. 

26.  The  Sultan  of  Turkey  is  deposed  and  exiled  to  Salonika. 

27.  Succession  of  Mohammed  Reschad  Effendi  as  Sultan  of  Turkey. — Death  of  Heinrich  Conned, 

French  opera  director. 

28.  Death  of  Olive  Logan,  American  author  and  actress. — Body  of  Major  L'Enfant  reburied 

with  distinguished  honors  in  Arlington  Cemetery. 

May  2.  Death  of  Manuel  Amador,  first  President  of  Panama. — The  Czar  of  Russia  dissolves  the  Fin- 
nish Diet. 
3-5.  Second  National  Peace  Conference  of  the  United  States  at  Chicago. 

3.  The  Hepburn  Act  upheld  by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

5.  Tewfik  Pasha  succeeded  by  Hilmi  Pasha  as  Grand  Vizier  of  Turkey. 

11.  New  Russo-Chinese  agreement  concerning  the  Chinese-Eastern  railway  signed  at  Peking. 
15.  Fifteenth  annual  Peace  Conference,  at  Lake  Mohonk,  United  States. 

18.  Death  of  George  Meredith,  English  poet  and  novelist. 

19.  Death  of  Henry  Huddeston  Rogers,  American  railroad  magnate,  and  financier. 

June  I.  Opening  of  the  Alaska-Tukon-Pacific  exposition  at  Seattle. 
2.  Death  of  Theodore  Barth,  German  liberal  leader  and  educator. 

6.  Death  of  Alexander  K.  McClure,  American  journalist,  author,  and  politician. 

10.  Death  of  Edward  Everett  Hale,  D.D,,  Chaplain  United  States  Senate,  clergyman,  and  author. 

14.  Death  of  Alphonse  Moreira  Penna,  President  of  Brazil,  succeeded  by  Senor  Nilo  Pecanha, 

the  Vice-President. 

15.  Death  of  Louis  Prang,  American  artist  and  lithographer. 

22.  Centennial  celebration  at  Cambridge  University,  England,  and  throughout  the  world,  of  the 

birth  of  Charles  Darwin. 
24.  Death  of  Sarah  Orne  Jewett,  American  author. 
28.  Death  of  Ernst  Von  Halle,  German  political  economist. 

July  I.  Assassination  of  Sir  W.  Curzon-Wyllie  by  an  Indian  anarchist. — Death  of  Clement  Lawrence 
Smith,  Dean  of  the  faculty  at  Harvard. — Federal  indictment  procured  against  officials  of 
the  American  Sugar  Refining  Company,  for  violation  of  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust  law. 

4.  Opening  of  the  Tercentenary  celebration  of  the  discovery  of  Lake  Champlain. 

5.  United  States  Congress  votes  to  submit  to  the  several  States  a  proposed  Constitutional 

amendment  authorizing  a  federal  income  tax. 

8.  Deatli  of  George  Fred  Robinson,  Jlarquis  of  Ripon,  former  Lord  Privy  Seal  of  England. 

9.  Death  of  Count  Casimir  Badeni,  former  Premier  of  Austria. 
u.  Death  of  Simon  Newcomb,  the  American  astronomer. 

13.  Resignation  of  Prince  Billow  and  appointment  of  Dr.  Van  Bethman-Holweg  as  Chancellor 

of  the  German  empire. 
17.  Mohammed  Ali,  Shah  of  Persia,  forced  to  abdicate,  and  his  infant  son  Ahmed  Wirza  succeeds 

to  the  throne. 

98 


k 

i8.  Death  of  Don  Carlos,  pretender  to  the  Spanish  throne. 

19.  Second  pair  of  Hudson  Hiver  tubes  open  to  the  public  at  New  York. 

20.  M.  Briaud  succeeds  M.  Clemenceau  as  Premier  of  France. 

25.  Louis  Bleriot  crosses  from  Calais  to  Dover  in  an  aeroplane. — Last  of  the  International  con- 

tingents leave  Crete. 

26.  Death  of  William  Reed  Huntington  (rector  of  Grace  Church,  New  York). 
28.  Opening  of  an  Imperial  Defense  Conference  at  London. 

30.  Riots  in  Barcelona,  Spain,  caused  by  popular  feeling  against  the  war  with  the  Moors. 

31.  Destructive  fire  at  Osaka,  Japan. 

August  5.  Payne  Aldrich  tariff  law  passes  the  United  States  Senate  and  is  signed  by  the  President. 
12.  Vice  President  Gomez  elected  provisional  President  of  Venezuela. 

27.  Death  of  George  Manville  Fenn,  English  author. 

September  i.  A  Japanese  commercial  commission  arrives  in  Seattle  on  a  visit  to  the  United  States. 
— Announcement  by  Dr.  Frederick  A.  Cook  that  he  had  discovered  the  North  Pole  on 
April  21,  1908. 

4.  Dr.  Cook  lands  at  Copenhagen  and  is  given  a  splendid  welcome  by  the  people  of  Den- 
mark. 

6.  Captain  Robert  E.  Peary  announces  that  he  discovered  the  North  Pole  on  April  6, 1908,  and 
brands  Dr.  Cook's  story  as  false. 

8.  Treaty  between  Peru  and  Brazil,  ending  boundary  dispute. 

9.  Death  of  E.  H.  Harriman,  American  railway  financier. 

11.  Agreement  between  Peru  and  Bolivia  settling  boundary  disputes. 

12.  Death  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  American  publicist. 

14.  Death  of  Charles  FoUen  McKim,  American  architect. — Death  of  James  David  Smillie,  Amer- 
ican painter. 

17.  Death  of  the  Very  Rev.  William  George  McClosky,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Louis- 

ville, and  oiliest  Catholic  prelate  in  America. 

18.  British  House  of  Commons  passes  the  Irish  Land  Purchase  act. 

21.  Dr.  Frederick  A.  Cook,  pretended  discoverer  of  the  North  Pole,  enthusiastically  received  at 

New  York. 

25.  Opening  of  an  eight  days'  double  celebration  of  Hudson's  exploration  of  the  Hudson  River, 

and  Fulton's  first  steamboat. 

October  2.  Opening  of  the  PekingKalgan  line  uf  railway  in  China. 

4,  Death  of  Grand  Councilor,  ChangChik-Tuug. — Death  of  Albert  Pulitzer,  American  jour- 
nalist. 
10.  Civil  war  in  Nicaragua  opens  with  a  revolt  against  President  Zelaya. 

13.  Execution  of  Francisco  Ferrer,  Spanish  scholar  and  socialist. 

14.  Beginning  of  Constitutional  government  in  China. 

10.  President  Taft  of  the  United  States  and  President  Diaz  of  Mexico  exchange  calls  at  EI 

Paso,  Texas,  and  Cuidad  Juarez,  Mexico. 

19.  Death  of  Cesare  Lombrosa,  Italian  criminologist  and  psychologist. 

21.  Death  of  Ellwell  Stephen  Otis,  Major-General  (retired).  United  States. 

22.  Senor  Moret  succeeds  Seiior  Maura  as  Premier  of  Spain. 

23.  Death  of  the  Very  Rev.  William  A.  Hare,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishoj),  South  Dakota. 

26.  Prince  Ito  assassinated  at  Kharbin.  Manchuria,  by  a  Korean  journalist. — Death  of  Oliver 

Otis  Howard,  lieutenant-general,  United  States  (retired). 

November  6.  Death  of  Riglit  lion.  William  C.  Gully,  Viscount  Selby,  formerly  Speaker  of  the  Brit- 
isli  House  of  Commons. 
18.  Deatli  of  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  American  poet,  and  editor  of  the  Century  Magazine. 

20.  United  States  Circuit  Court  at  St.  Louis  decrees  dissolution  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 

December  2.  Tlie  Giolitti  Ministry  in  Italy  ends. — Baron  Sonuino  heads  new  cabinet. 

16.  Jose  S.  Zelaya  resigns  as  President  of  Nicaragua. 

17.  Death  of  King  Leopold  of  Belgium  ;  Succession  of  Prince  Albert. 

20.  Dr.  Jose  Madriz  succeeds  President  Zelaya  of  Nicaragua. 

21.  Copenliagen  University  claims  the  discovery  of  the  North  Pole  has  not  been  proven  by  doc- 

uments of  Dr.  Fred.  Cook. 

22.  Assassination  of  the  Cliief  of  Secret  Police.  Colonel  Karpoff  of  Russia. 

26.  Death  of  Frederick  Remington,  American  painter,  and  author. 

1910 

January.  Dissolution  of  the  English  Parliament  caused  by  the  suspension  of  the  Budget  by  the 
House  of  Lords. 
3.  Deatli  of  D.  O.  Mills,  American  banker  and  philanthropist. 

11.  Death  of  Rev.  Dr.  Theodore  T.  Munger. 

20.  Great  damage  caused  to  property  by  floods  in  Paris. 

February  25.  The  Dalai  Lama  of  Tibet  is  deposed  from   Ins  sacred  office  by  imperial  decree  of  the 

Emperor  of  China. 

March  1.  Death  of  Seiior  Jose  Domingo  de  Obaldia,  President  of  Panama. 

27.  Death  of  Alexander  Agassiz,  American  scientist. 

99 


28.  Death  of  David  P.  Brewer,  associate  Justice  of  tlie  Supreme  Court  of  United  States. — The 
Prince  of  Monaco  grants  his  subjects  universal  suffrage  and   parliamentary  form  of  gov- 
ernment. 
April  3.  Death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Borden  D.  Bowne,  American  theological  writer  and  philosopher. 

21.  Death  of  Samuel  L.  Clemens  ("Mark  Twain"). 

26.  Death  of  BjOrnstjerne  Bjornson,  Norwegian  poet,  dramatist,  novelist,  and  publicist. 

May  7.  Death  of  Edward  VII,  King  of  England,  and  Emperor  of  India ;  succession  of  George  V. 
25.  Death  of  George  Frederick  Barker,  physicist  and  inventor  of  scientific  apparatus. 

27.  Death  of  Dr.  Robert  Koch,  German  bacteriologist. 

31.  Union  of  the  South  African  British  colonies  effected. — Viscount  Gladstone  appointed  gov- 
ernor-general of  the  Union. 

July  4.  Death  of  Melville  W.  FuUer,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  United  States  of  America. 


100 


APPENDIX    G. 


LINEAGE    OF    EUROPEAN    SOVEREIGNS   AND   GREAT 
HISTORICAL    FAMILIES. 


J  ^  -  ?  3 


IS 


'^ 


►  ■o 

SI 


o  =■ 

l-H 

o 

X      ,', 

C/2         w' 


w 

H 
O 

w 
o 

w 


l|sS:| 


|ai 


«l 


gSB 


2"! 


a  S 


3'5  .  .  .  ,-°-if3 
Mb  -      o  s 


a  " 


1^ 

Si 

M 


m 


a 

H 


o 


Q 


2gi 


-  T3   TS  "S    fc    -; 
I    «    «    C    Q   M 

I  'E  -  C  a  - 

'as v|3 


o  =• 

^" 

^^ 

^  a 

O 

w 

O 

W 


91 


103 


LINEAGE   OF  THE   SOVEREIGNS  OF 


ENGLAND   FROM  THE   NORMAN  CONQUEST. 


NORMAN  KINGS. 

(Wllliim  I.  to  Stephen,* 


ANGEVINS,  OR  PLANTAGENETS. 
(Henry  II.  to  Richard  II,) 


HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

CBdward  IV.  to  RieharU  I 


(■             Robert. 

Duk*  of  \-™<">dU, 

dlod  lilt. 

auu-rted 

87blll». 

wiLUinn. 

trnxuKj. 

eall€d  ftu/u", 

lOST-llOC 

married 

HEHBI  I.   1       UMtUit.. 

KAtlld* 

(BwuWrrr..            „,uTled" 

iiW-ilW,             ueoflrey. 

(BwMblei.l 

muTita          (puaugonet). 

.,»S,..  ["-"'«■■"■ 

AdeU. 

m^ted        1  8TEPHM, 

au-phmi         1       106-UM. 

HEKBT  II. 

UM-IISD, 


BIOUBD  I. 

(Ctour  (K  Uoa) 
11B9-1IW, 
Tnurried 

^  married 


EDWABD  I,. 

miuTled 
ti/CatHlt. 


EDWABD  n., 

1S07-13S7, 


^4-r.-    H- 


KDfflRS  n, 

marrl*!] 

PtkUlpiB 

o/BalnauU. 


"•  lumsd  (.,  to  Auna  ot  Cleve. ,  .6.  to  Clbe.lno  Howard ;  («)  to  t-lharln-  Pair. 


nwrrlod 


V  Ratfiild, 

{died  ID  rntonoj*' 

UODCl.  I 

nurrled 
p]j.>-*h  tie  Bnnrb. 


BIGBABD  II., 

I3T7-I3W. 


EDWARD  IT.,     (  W-wdir. 


Eleanor  Uollatid. 


bebeaded  1115 
(Sn>  belo*.  lltb 
KeneratioD.) 


Blcbard, 

Dutit  of  For* 

uid  Earl  of  lliirch 


HOUSE  OF  LANCASTER. 

(Henry  IV.  to  Henry  VI.) 


TUDOR  FAMILY. 

Henry  VII.  to  Eliiabeth. 


p,ilK af  Uifieaatcr, 

iJolm  of  Oaanli. 

[carried 

niaiiclie 

a/  La  ii-MileT. 


iMbellB 
of  OtiMlt. 


Earl  of  Soinmtt, 


Rlrli 


I    DENRr  v., 

lU3-liSI. 

J        Duurted 
CalherlDO 

I      o/  fWince. 

r        JoliD  B«»u((irt, 

Ilulcr  of  Somrrsel. 
I  died  IIU. 

married 
^  llajgai«t  Seauchamp. 


EdmuDd  Tuilor 
Jtarl  of  nifSmor 
[  died  lue. 


DBNBI  Til. 

uas-i£(i», 

■□arrled 

miabath, 
(d»uithlerof 
Edward  IV.). 


Ban  of  Cnmhrlilfir, 

b«heiuted  lilt. 

married 

Aono    UnrtlmiTr 

«  obOVP,  IJIll  gCDCratlOQ.) 


Jamca  [V. 
of  SmllaHd. 

IIBHBT  Tin., 

tm  iMi, 


S,  Jane  Sermoor. 


£cnl  Aimki 


l»rB  Okkeeatiok.      Ifrra. 

THE  STUARTS. 
(James  1.  to  Anoe.) 


atTD.  asTB.  26th. 

HOUSE  OF  HANOVER,  OR  BRUNSWICK. 

(George  1.  to  Victoria. I 


r  JalDMTL 
^  Scotland, 
or  JiMIS  I. 

I    ofSngland, 

\      iaoa-i<». 


BlUabetb,        f  Soplila, 

inaiTlsd  ]  married 

Frederick  v..      i    Eroesl  Auguanu,     \ 
SItelor  I^Wint-  IsitclorofBanovtr. 

■  CHABLE8  11., 

1WD-16SG, 
married 

Catheriue 


CBABLES 

ine-iHS, 

married 
Benrli'tta  Maiia 


"     . 


JA1IS8  II., 

litb-itu, 

Anne  IljcJe. 


marrlHl 

Bopbla  Dorothea 

of  Z*ll. 

IBee  table  1.) 


0K0B8E  n..*  . 

im-iTM,       1 

married         J 
CaroUue         1 


Frederldi, 
died  IIU, 

married 
AutTUala 


GioBflK  m., 

17«i>-litU, 

Cbailolte 

of  Uteiiicilxi'V 

BirtHtt. 


tnLUAn  IT,, 

nurriMl 
AdeUlds 


U-aid, 
DtktofKrnt 

dlcdlMD, 


|-     WillUm  or  Orange. 

J  (nttonrard  William  lU. 
I  or  EoslaDd, 

I,  WK  below.) 

MABI, 

1U»-1*H. 

WILUAH  IIU, 

{of  Oronflp), 

ltt»-int. 
(Bee  Ublt  IT.) 


Albert 
of  Saxf  Caburf 


Victoria.  majTlMl  Prcdcrltk  WlUlaro,  Kmjtrror  of  Oermanv- 
Albert  Edward.  iVince  of  H'iiIe*.  ouUTled  Prllic«>  Alciaadrao/ 
AUoe,  married  laiiia.  Grand  Dukro/  BcM<  DartmiaJI 
Attr«d,  Diikr  of  Sllliiburuli,  married  Mary  of  KuMtia. 
■   Flelena,  married  Prince  Clirliitlan  of  Sthlrt^ela  Bolxteln. 
Loulae,  marrJi-d  Jobn  Campbell.  Uartiuii  of  Lomr. 
Anbnr,  D'lke  o/Conitnught.  m/irHfd  PrInctM  LouIbb  "f  PruiKa 
Leopold,  Duke  of  Albany.  marrlL<d  Prliiooa  Helen  of  iroliifck  •■ 
.  Beatrice,  raarrlod  Prince  Henry  o/fiatlen(ferg. 


104 


lor. 


n 


is 


> 
O 

W 

o 
w 


I 


1» 


•  Si 

M  "y  _  S  flS  m 

|S«  B  '  $  S 

I*        c  a  ^  ^ — 


«g  Is 
2^  I- 


f  s  I  i 


Ml 
o 

QI 
O  . 


'! 


a  O  i;    2 


II! 


5    t*  k  y 


a  f  ~  t  °  a 


»  3  •     , 


t=aai 


is 

O  £  I 


I 

0    J-, 


J'i 


106 


I 

I 


iff- 


2  • 


3 


Vi 


u 


107 


6 


IBT  GraMiTlOW. 

OTOO  I., 

IThr  Ortath 

l.iaieu^B, 

Emprror, 

nurrlcd 
ConnA, 

\.  Eadgytb. 

Edniuil  Ibe  Elder  L 

(ITir  F-flrr\.       . 

inn-ta.          1 

Dalf  of  Solo'-lf. 

mlUTlMi            >. 

Dl»4«. 

1.  AdBl»ld« 

of  BurOf-dii. 

(dauebter  or 

Cje-l- 

Romuim  II.. 

Eattem    EWipfror). 

HewT. 

(JTie  Wrangler). 

(Die  n  rangier}- 

I     Duke  of  Bavaria. 

Conroa. 

COHBAD  I.. 

died  o:^. 
mirrlwl               1 

Duke  of 

Daughter. 

Sll-BIB. 

(S«0«bOT0) 

•  Fint  n.i»rri«!  to  GnnWlda.  daughter  o 

Cnut. 

LINEAGE  OF  THE  KINGS  OF  GERMANY  AND  EMPERORS, 
TO  THE  END  OF  THF  hoHENSTAUFEN  LINE. 

T™.  °^»^"      ^  .ore.  nx..  1^. 


I  OTBO  in.,  '-T  L  » i- 


HESBT  II.. 

1011-1024. 

married 

CuolKUQdB 

of  Luxemburg. 


COHBAD  11.,  I 

{The  Sallry. 
1M*-10M,        I 
muTlBi        I 
GbeU  I 

0/  Bilabla. 


HEKIlt   lU., 

HENRI  IT., 

miirrled* 

o/  ftiKfrn, 

P/Siua. 

BBHBI  T., 

IIIHUS, 

UBtllda 
of  England. 

marrlwl 

Frederick 

jfBohtnttaufen- 

Duktof  Saabia. 


Fredorlfk, 
Dukeof  Buabln. 


Henry  the  Black). 


FREDERICK  I., 

{narbarott/fi, 
11S6-111IA, 


married 

Caasuncu 
nfStcily. 

PHILIP, 

11U-12U. 
married 


Beatrix. 

□uuTled 

OTHO  IT., 

ia»-mi. 


THE  HOUSE  OF  HAPSBURG. 


m  QBNKllATrJN. 


BVDOLPB  I 

Cmtnt  of 
Baptfittrg, 

un-un. 


ALBEBT  1., 

ia«-i»«.      J  AlbBrtn.. 
mamed       j    (jjed  isjg 
EUtatwtti 
p/rirrol. 


married*        } 

BealrU  ' 

of  Brandenburg. 

Leopold, 
died  13», 
married         l 
VlridaVUooDtl 
of  Milan. 


*  yjrat  marriml  lo  Ellmbrth,  daugbter  o(  Emperor  ChorlMlV, 
••  Flr»tmarrled  to  Margaret  Thcrtsaot  Spain  ;M.  to  Claude,  h 
•"  Flirt  marrlod  lo  Marj,  daughter  of  Leopold  L 


morrlBd 
Clnibnrca 
of  Uaxovia. 


ALBEBT  T.  (IL), 

It»'ll3U, 

Ellzabelb. 

(daugbtor  and 

belrcM  of  Empiiror 

aiglsmund), 

FBEDEBICK  lU., 

1UO-U93, 

married 

Eleanor 

of  Fwtugal, 


HAXmiLUH  I., 

PblUp, 

uos-ieio. 

dledim. 

roamed 

Man-. 

JokODO, 

(dangbt«r  of 

CbarleatboBold). 

17TB  Gehkration. 


FBARCISa, 

Oermanle 
EynjMTOr, 
lIM-ltOt. 

Bmperor  of 


18TB. 

Uarla  Louisa, 

BUUTled 

Napoleon  I. 
(See  table  t.) 

FEBDIIfAND  L, 

Emperor  of 

iBts-iau, 


ICTH. 
Pblllp  II.. 
King  of  Spain. 
(See  table  I(.) 

Uarr. 

married 
Vaxtmlllan  n. 


]4tb. 


FEBDtlTAHI)  L, 

umym. 


married 

Philip  n.. 

King  of  Spain. 

(See  above, 
iBStgeuoratJon.) 


married 
Cbarlea. 


MiUT  Anna, 

married 
Ferdinand  U. 

<3ee  below, 
lait  goDoratlon.) 


rerdlDaDd, 

Anne, 

JOSEPH  L. 

Harr  Amelia. 

Ctamto/lVroI, 

dledlMC. 

married 
Uattbla«. 

LEOPOLD  1., 

m!^'^" 

married 
ChoriM  VIL 

JOSEPH  n.. 

iSeeaboTe.) 

FEBDINAITD  III., 

1«37-1M7. 

1668-l-OS. 

of  Banox'er. 

(Seobelo-.) 

Maria  Jo^pha. 

raarrted 

Eleanor 

CHABLES   TI., 

MAMA  THERESA. 

(S«e  below.) 

a 

Mary. 

im-i7ta, 

1716-1710, 

LEOPOLD   11., 

!■! 

(See  bolow.) 

Philip  WiUIom, 

married 

married 

17W-IIW, 

■^ 

r  FEBDINIHD  II., 

IM9-18S7, 
married 

£((oror  Fatal Ine). 

Ellmbelh 
ChrUtlna 

FRAXaS  I.. 

Dukt  of  Lorraine. 

Maria  Lnulia 

1 

171G-1TU.. 

of  Spain. 

Wolftn^tel. 

(Bee  table  11.) 

1 

MaT7ADn<. 

(3o6  above. 

married 

Chulet. 

neit  goueratlon.) 

LoolB  XVI., 

O>^otstvia. 

King  of  France. 
(See  table  M 

"named 

CHABLES  TIL, 

HoryAnne, 

J    Fertlnand  Maria,     ' 

Xmi  Emanuel, 

lliS-lTlS, 

married 

Maria  Jotepba. 
married 

"«  Kneratlon.) 

,  Elector  of  Bai'aria.   , 

Mary  Amelia, 

JOMpb  11. 

Elector  of  Bavaria. 

(daugbter  of 

(BeeaboTo.) 

Mariaret. 

KaiT. 

Joseph!.). 

married 

PblUplU. 

Ftirdlnand  HI. 

S.ing  of  Spain. 

(See  a  bore.) 

108 


^ 


109 


o 


* 


8 


IffT  Qbhkiutiok.  2d. 


LINEAGE  OF  THE   SOVEREIGNS  OF  FRANCE. 


CAPETIANs 


f      Bobert, 

EUDE8, 

Hugh. 

Duke  of 

8ST-<M. 

(The  Ortali. 

BOBEBT, 

Burffundv- 

ITtit  Strong), 

OiadUt. 

HUGH  CiPET, 

«u-ets. 

dfe-ISW, 

«I-W*. 

XT" 

ICOl-lOM. 

10«0-ltM, 

liuuTied 

muTted 

Aone 

Bortlu 
0/ Holland. 

tOClS  TI„   r . 

(T-Af  Fat).  ^VK  Yll., 

1108-iu;.      J       nn-ii». 

Adelaide  AUm 

ofMaurtennt.  I  *"  C*""Wiwif,  I 


VaifM*ir- 


( 


f     PHIUPIII. 

ino-itti. 

iBibellA 

f     LOUIS  IX.. 

.y^mffwn. 

(Saint  IdUfl). 

Loms  Tin., 

uas-iew. 

BlUDCbC, 

imim. 

married 

q/OwKle. 

ml  of  Anion. 

Bobwt, 
.  Count  of  ClennoH 


e 


PvtLip  ir., 

uu-uu. 
nujrlBd 


tODIS  X., 

<£«  auKn), 

int-isig. 

nikni«d> 
Ctimsana 
ofBungary. 

PHILIP  T., 

ISIt-lXS. 
o/  Aurvunilii. 

CHABLES   IV., 


>-J  :ir  . 


I         Jolui  I., 


HOUSE  OF  VALOIS. 


j  Loulil,, 

■)  Daktof  Bnurban, 

'  ItlO-IUl. 


iPewrKwhowUne.in 
UiomalBdeaeeot 
«nd«l    wiui   ChariM, 
CoMUble  Bonrbon. 


miUTlod 
OiUjertne, 
"'''*"  of 


IftTB.  a>rB. 

HOUSE  OF  VALOIS. 


BOURBON  FAMILY. 


r  CHABLES  TI.. 

ITht    WM-lavtd). 

Calberioe. 

married 

1.  Henrr  V.. 

King  of  Bnoland. 

«.  0<reo  Tudor. 

CHABLES  THL, 

r      LOUIS  XTL, 

— 1 

marriDd 

CHABLES  TU., 

LOUIS  XI.. 

iiKj-nw. 

ini-i7ia. 

Iwbolla 

lliS-i«l, 

1IC1-IIS3. 

married 

(      Loula  XVn,. 

ofBavarln. 

marrlDd 

married" 

"  Mill                    ,                                                 r                l^nU 

■^  died  In  childhood 

CHABLES  T.. 

Mary 

CluLrloRe 

o/  Brfffani/. 

D^teoZ-B.-^na,.           WHS  XT.. 

D^upMn. 

(daughter  of 

(             17W. 

ofAnJou. 

ofSavov. 

(arterword  wife  o[ 

died  1712,                           ""-'nt. 

died  I7IA, 

Emperor  Frencii  1  >. 

1361  130. 

LoulB  Xll.). 

(    LOUIS  XIT..      f          ^'^■ 

married                         married 

LOUIS  XTIU., 

Cbarlea. 

LOUIS  XII., 

Claude. 

Ua-im.                    Dauphin.                Mary  Adelaide        |               ""^ 
mairied                         '"*<'  '"'■                        o/iaroH              I           0//toIand. 
»lari«Ther«a                  married 

Maria  Jowpha 

o/Ailandand 

mi-iHii. 

O/fiXZ,, 

DaktofOrUana 

UW-1616. 

CBABLES  X., 

married 

married*" 

Frauds  I.. 

ofapoin.                  M-uloAone                      PhiUp.                                                    •■ 

IKHSSO, 

Mary 

King  of  France. 

of  Bavaria.              DukeofAnJou. 

married 

ofClevn. 

of  Brillanii. 

{See  below.) 

Jnone  d'Albret, 

HEBBI  IT., 

Mm,  XBL, 

(afterward  PtalllpV. 

UariaTbema 

Loull. 

r          Mantaret. 

married 

(Hmr|io/\awirrrt, 

ini-iu, 

^f  Spain. 

of  Savon. 

Ouifcc  0/  Orlfiin*, 

married 

Ai^hoiiy 

IHUno. 

married 

VatenMoa 

HfnrjUDd'Albret, 
KingofNavam. 

(Bee  below. 

married** 
Uarr  dB  MedleL 

"r* 

HOUSE  OF  OR/  EANS. 

of  Milan. 

Chulea, 

Count  of 

married 

tAUlM 

last  Bnnemtloo.) 

* 

VALOIS. 
FRANCIS  U., 

PbfUp. 

PWUp.                  Dukf  o/  Or/<anji                     "*"'*■ 

DukeofCh-leanM.        Bfgenl  of  France          ^'^  "f  Orlean; 

"^rt'd             ^           1718-1723,         '.              lledlTSS. 

Elteabelh,                      ^^,.,1                       married 

Prlncfu  Palallne.              Frnacolie                      PrincrsM  of 

(WlJedrBloIa).            aarf™-flad«,. 

LouU  Philippe.      r      LoQli  Philippe       , 
DukeofOrl^n,.                  (Bg^m. 

LOUIS  PinLlPPB. 

\ 

John, 
Coantaf 

WW-IMO, 

marrial 

MaryStoart. 

Cu«n  ofStBtu 

i:;j-17a5,            J      Duke  of  Orlnnt. 
married                        died  17S6. 
Lonlae  Henrietta                 married 
of  Bourbon^ntl.       Srile  de  Pnthth-re. 

H30-1MI. 

married 

Maria  Amelia 

oflluTKoSteHitM, 

1 

FBAKCIS  1., 

161&-1M7. 

marriul 

Claude. 

(daughter  of 

HENBT  11., 

1H7-16M. 
mnrriod 
Catherinu 

CHABLES  IX., 

1060- ii;i, 

nuuried 

EtIubeUi. 

(daUKbCer  of 

••  Flm  married  to  Margaret  o^^'^H^"'""^  "'"  °'  """'^  "  "  "^  "'  ^"""'^  """-""J-  to  Conrton™  o(  CwtUe. 

Lonla  XU.I, 

de  Uedlcl. 

Empftor 
MaHlDlllao  It). 
liENBT  IlL, 

U7HM». 

w 

^ 

' 

Oharlw. 

Anthony, 

Duktof  Vtndomt, 

Duki  of  VrnAomt, 

Henry, 
(IV.)  of  Franei 

Louue 

boul*. 

1           John. 

Fnadf, 

USS-tbS?. 

ofUmaw. 

■ 

1 

(Vunf  o^ 
r<ndom(. 

Co«n«  <./ 
1          Kmdomt. 

Count  of  Vmdom*. 

majrod 
jFaniied'Albiiit. 

(Sceaboro, 
ueit  generotloa). 

A 

V.««son. 

e<«™o/Auwr«- 

112 


r^ 


113 


r^ 


d    GENEALOGY  OF  THE  BONAPARTE  FAMILY. 


1st  Generation. 

2d. 
JOSEPH, 

3d. 

inca. 

King  of  Naples. 

ZenaJile, 

1806-1808, 

married 

King  of  Spain, 

Charles. 

1808-1813. 

L                  (See  below.) 

died  J  844. 

NAPOLEON  I,, 

1804-1814, 

died  1821, 

Napoleon  IL, 

married-                )          Duke  of  Reichatadt, 

Marie  Louisp, 

died  1832. 

(daughter  of 

Emperor  Francis  U.). 

r                    CharieB. 

married 

j        Luctep 
(      Cari^'ital 

Luclen, 

Zenajde. 

Prince  of  Canino,        ^ 

(See  above.) 

died  1840. 

Lucien, 
Pierre. 

Obarles  Bonaparte, 

married            ^ 
Letitia  Hamolmo. 

LOUIS, 

Napoleon  Charles, 

King  of  Holland, 

died  1807. 

1806-1810. 

LOUIS  NAPOLEON   III. 

died  1816, 

married 

1862-1870, 

Napoleon 

Hortenee, 

died  1873. 

killed  IB 

(daughter  of 
Joeephiue  Beauharnais). 

married 

Countess  of  Teba 

South  Afrioi 

Caroline, 

■ 

married 

Joachim  Murat, 

King  of  Xitples, 

shot  1815. 

JEROME, 

King  of  Westphalia, 

Napoleon, 

1807-1813, 

{Prince  Napoleon}, 

died  1860, 

married 

married 

Clotilda 

Catherine. 

of  Italy. 

^          of  Wiirtembe rg. 

/ 


Vint  married  to  Joseplilne,  widow  of  General  Beauhamals. 


114 


10     LINEAGE  OF  THE  DUKES  OF  BURGUNDY/ 


1st  Gemkratiun. 


3o. 


4ia. 


Gtb. 


7th. 


HUGH  I., 

1075-1078, 

died  lots. 

Henry, 

ROBERT  I., 

diedioee. 

Duke  of  Burgundy, 

married 

(son  of  Rob«rrt. 

Sibylla, 

King  of  France}. 

(daughter  of 

EUDE8  I, 

(See  Uble  8.) 

Kainaldl., 

IO78-110S, 

Count  of  Burgundy), 

married 

Matilda, 

(daughter  of 

WllUani  I., 

,  Count  of  Burgundy) 

HUGH  U., 
II02-1U2. 


r      EUDES  11., 
1112-11S2, 
married 
Mary 

L  of  Champagne 


\     HUGH  III.      j    EUDES  lU  , 
I       11(2-11113.         I       I19S-i:iS. 


9tb. 


« 

r  ROBERT  II., 

5 

1272-1306. 

< 

married 

T 

Agnvm, 

(dniiichfr  of 

I      bt.  Loulfl). 

HUGH  v., 

lSOB-1516. 


EUDES  rv., 

131^-1360, 
married 
Jeanne, 
(dAughter  of 
Philip  V. 
King  of  France). 


Je&Doe, 
married 
riiUlp  VI., 
l    King  of  Francf. 


l^TH. 


IftXH. 


16th. 


rhiup, 

died  1J46. 
married 
JeaDDB. 
heireas 
of  Auvergne. 


\  PHILIP  DE  ROUVRE. 
)  13&0-1S01. 


John  II., 

King  of  France, 

married 

Bona 

of  BoKemta. 


PHILIP. 

(The  liotri). 

13G3-14M. 

married 

Hargarot, 

(daughter  ol 

LoulHlII.  do  Hale). 


JOHN. 

(77ie  FearUna), 

IWt  U18. 

married 

Hargaret 

of  noUand, 


PHILIP. 

(The  Good), 
111ft  1467, 
married 
iMbella 

of  Fortuffal. 


CHARLES, 

(The  Bold), 

14«7-im. 

married 

Imbella 

of  Bourbon. 


HtkTJ, 

married 
Maximilian  L. 

Kmiteror. 
(Bm)  Ubie  T.) 


*  Bee  BUBODMOT  :  A.  D.  888-101-.:.  nnd  1364  (pages  330  and  332). 


115 


v^- 


11 


THE  THIRD  HOUSE  OF  ANJOU. 


iwr  OicNKiUTioit- 


CHARLES  1.. 

Oouiil  nf  Anjoii, 
King  Of  tfaplet. 

King  of  Biella. 
lSt«-l»l. 
murled 
BeitUlx, 


CHARLES  1I„ 

King  of  Naptet, 


lutrt. 


10/ 


LODUi, 

ITIuartal). 

BART, 

King  of  Bungary. 

lat-lMl, 
uanln] 

OhkTleiUutel. 

CHARLES  BOBEBT, 

IJB-IJE. 

died  IBIS. 

Kinort/ifunoo'T. 

King  of  Poland. 

8lglnn«oa 

muTl«d 

married 

"'^'WEfflp^^ 

ClBmeDlU. 

EUubctb 

Andrew. 

of  Poland. 

died  1316, 

Emperor  Rudoir  I.I- 

married 
Joanna  L 

(See  b«Iow.) 

JOANKA  I,, 

BOBEBT, 

KiTig  of  tiapla. 
MM-VM. 
married 
toluid« 

"ir"**'                                        dledlSK. 

Adopted 

o/^Vou. 
(See  below.) 

ofAragon. 

Charlea, 

Uar«an'(, 

DiBrrled 

married 

UaiT. 

ai.irlcB  m. 

JohD, 
DMkt  of  Dunuio. 

of  Robert). 

(See  bolow.) 

nuuTlEd 

ofTalltyrani- 

LoulB, 
married 

UargaroCSan 

ftfCorttrliono, 

CHABLES  111., 

KlngofHapU: 

im-vm. 

(Bee  above.) 

LADI8LAS, 

UM-IUL 

JOAKHA  11., 

AdepMd 

Ourm  0/  Saplu. 

1  Aifoow  v., 

mttritA*** 

Ifl«ffO/^n»lim»- 

tWloB. 

(See  below. 
MfacesenUom) 

LOtllS  III., 

DukeofAnjoa, 
Count  of  Provtnct. 
titular  King  of  Saplf. 
I07-lia«. 
niurrte^ 
Mai^aret 
of  Saimy. 

LOUIS  L, 

tons  IL, 

benI 

Duke  of  Anjov. 

Dukt  of  AnSou. 

PHILIP  TI., 

JOHN  IL, 

Duke  ofAnjoit  and  Lormlne. 

U«K«rel. 

KinQofFranct. 

King  of  Fruncr. 

ISS-IOI, 

liM-1117, 

Count  of  Proitnce. 

mwried 

married 

King  of  SapUt. 

KMarKlngofNapla. 

usmw. 

Charlea 

Jaanne 

Bonn 

ISO-UU. 

USJ-UM. 

Kingo/Naplet. 

married 

of  TaloU. 

o/floAmifo. 

mjurled 

lUS-lHI, 

Henry  VI., 

Mlrj 

iDlude 

married 

Jtrnofi/£na(ai«t. 

o/  SHCfanii. 

o/^nijwn. 

IsaU'Ua 

(8e«  Table  12.1 

\ 

* 

Charle»ii,, 

*- 

Charleel. 

Oount  of  Mafnt, 

Count  of  Maine. 

died  lUl. 

married 

(Bequealbed  Anjou, 

Isabella 

Maine.  ProTence. 

o/Z.uz<m&ur0. 

and  hlx  claim  U>  Naplei. 
to  LoalB  X].,  King  uf  Pranoc). 

ALFOKSO  T., 

PETEB  IT., 

RBDINAffD  I., 

Slngof  Aragon. 

FEBDINAND  I., 

Blanche. 

ALFONSO  IT., 

King  of  Aragon. 

Blgaaot, 

t"iDo/.lra[«™, 

m&-im. 

(DBlnral  rod  of  Alfonto  L). 

ALFONSO  U., 

muTled 

Kingof  Araoon, 

married 

nairVA 

nuiTltd 

or  ALFONSO  L, 

KingofNoplit. 

King  ofSnpUi, 

Jun»  n.. 

morrlMj 

Eleaoor 

John  I.,            1 

Eleuior 

Klnoo/SicKu. 

1*M-1IM. 

UW-USB, 

,       FEBDUAND  U. 

Ktno  of  Atoooi' 

Tlwrewd-Eiit^a- 

ofSlellv. 

Kingcfomk        j 

married 

married 

)            KingofNaplM. 

' 

ff*iiDO/A'ap/e*. 

Imbella 

IppoUUiSrori* 

'                  IIM-IIM. 

1U3-KU. 

of  Ctemont. 

of  Milan. 

•  ave  AMiOD :  A.  D,  DM-  lUl  UMBO  U6|. 

■■  Harried  (I)  Andrew,  eon  ot  Cbarlee  Robert  of  BuoKarr  .  (t)  Lonls  ot  Tareatum  ,  (3i  Joidm.  Siax  of  Aragou  :  ( 

•**  Uorried  (I)  WlUlam  ot  Aoalrla  \  <»  Jams*,  Oouot  ot  Ls  Uuobe. 


)  Otlo  of  Bmn»wldi 


116 


o 


117 


A 


r 


13 


LINEAGE   OF   THE    SOVEREIGNS  OF  CASTILE   AND   ARAGON, 
TO  THE  UNION  Of  THE  CROWNS. 


|8T  Oksebatioh.       Zd- 


UKCoo  n., 

ITIte  Orfat), 
King  of 
Nat-arrt, 

mo-ma. 

.rUIICUOI., 
King  of 
CasUte, 

vm-iasi. 


10  gcDpra- 

HenrrlV.. 
King  of 


ntBDINlND  I- 
Kl«0  of 
CtuVlf. 
IDU-IOtS. 

helnuof  Unn 


Airoiiu  VI., 
King  of 

of 
Biinjuiniii. 


VBRACl. 
IIOft-llM, 
m&rrled 
1.  ItMniODd 
Of 

t.  Alf  onK>  I. 

nmotlmcfl 

AlfoDJsg  VIL 
of  Coitlte 

(Sec  below, 


iis«-iin. 
imuTted 


BEBBKaUIU, 


U17-12M, 
KIngofUon. 
1O0-1252. 
miirricd 
Boolrii, 
(ilaogblerot 
Emperor 
PtiUlp). 


andCVuifle, 

mwMM     1 
'fAragm. 


nSDDUJn)  IT,,   f  ItTOBBO  XI., 

12»-13U.  UlS-lSK),       f         P«T1B. 

nuirrted         i        married       ]     (Tht  Cnul), 

D/ftortupoI.     [   (SeBbulow.j    ;      gpn^u^ 

Tnulamare, 


r  AlIonMlX., 

miuTlvd 

Berengikrla. 

{Boe  »ho»o, 

DO  It  genertt* 

tiDEl.) 


I 


irat-uH. 

ILPONBD  I.. 
oiMi  King  of 

UIH-llM, 
inarrtifd 

Quien  of 

CoJitUe. 

(See  above, 

Doit  geocra- 


EUBIBO  U., 
died  1117. 


FBTBOKILU. 

11S7-11U, 

RalmoDd 

IkreiiEer  IV- 

Countof 

Baretlana. 


of 


tkWtH  1., 

iiis-mo. 
momod" 

■garu. 


PSTEB  111., 

Lfi70-irai, 

lUikirlMl 
CondUnco. 
(daughler  ot 

Uaufred, 
Klngoftht 

EUHU*). 


nmiT., 

Ltn-iM, 

murted 

d'Enl^ 

tf*M,. 

I3U-UI0. 
or  Martin  II.. 
Klnt?  of  Sicily. 


BeoDor, 

muTled 

Johnt, 

Sing  afCailiU. 


•  Flnt  muTled  to  Matilda  ot  Portn^ol. 

'•  Flnt  marHed  to  Eleanor  of  CartUe. 

»  Tint  married  to  Mary  ot  Esretui ;  nocODdly  lo  rieanor  of  Portugat 

►•  Flr«  marrted  to  Blanche,  hulrcm  ot  NaTurro 


•120 


h^iei 


F'*"'":s 


ofAragon, 
1.  lusbcilU 
of  Portugal. 


ISIBEIlU, 

ItTHMl. 

married 

raBitiHuiD  r., 

sing  of 

Aragon, 


au-ONBO  v.. 

ma-j*sg. 

orAltoojoL, 

King  of 

FBBDDUKD  L, 

Ifapla. 

Ul>-»II), 

UU'lUS 

married 

FsaDUuitD  n. 

0/ 

un-iut. 

AXlniqtirrqajc 

IISS-U70. 

Ferdinand  V.. 

married"" 

KingnfOutilc 

Joaiuia 

married 

luboUa 
DfOaWile. 

0,1 1^.1,  a 

>. 

'.    r 

1 

Queen  ef 

ClURtWI., 

Ciutilt, 

King  of 

UM-IUG. 

;SM(n. 

matTlHl 

UlS-UU. 

Fiaup, 

<>eiior 

CharleaV., 

Emperor 

Emperor. 

ulmlliani,), 

(3«i  UbiM 

IW-UM. 

7andU.} 

-,  ,:■  F 


121 


o 


14    LINEAGE  OF  THE  HAPSBURG  AND   BOURBON 
SOVEREIGNS   OF    SPAIN. 


HAPSBURG. 

BOURBON. 

1st  Generation.         2d.                        3d. 

4th. 

6th.                   6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

PHILIP  11., 

(flOD  of 

r       LOUIS, 

Emperor 

1724-1736, 

n 

Charles  V.),      \         Charles, 
1658-1698.         '*          died  1568. 
married 

'  PHILIP  y., 

1700-1724. 
1725-1746, 

married 
Louisa 

of  Orleans, 

1 
•0 

1.  Maria 

married 

FEBDISAIfD  TI., 

1746-1769, 

.1 

of  Portugal. 

PHIUP  IV.,  ^     jiaria  Theresa, 

f       Louis, 
married 
-:  Mary  Anna  - 

1.  Maria  Louisa 

i.  Anne, 

PHiup  in., 

1598-1621. 

1621-1665, 
married 

J           married 

1      Loois  xn:. 

(V  Savoy. 

married 
Magdalen 

1 

(daughter  of 
Emperor 

Maximilian  II.). 
(St  e  table  7.) 

married 
Margaret, 
(sister  of 
Emperor 

l.EUzabeth      [    sing  of  Fra,u,e     1     „„,';', 
of  France.                                          [    Bavana. 

2.  Maria  Anna, 
(daughlerof     (    CHABLES  11., 

2.  F.timbeth 

of  Portugal. 
CHABLES  UI., 

1769-1788, 

CHABLES  IT. 

1788-1808, 
died  1»», 

Ferdinand  II.). 

Emperor 

•           1665-1700. 

Famese. 

Maria  Amelia 

married 

Ferdinand  m.). 

of  Sajxny. 

Loolsa  Maria 

of  Parma. 

BOURBON. 

9th.                             IOth. 

llTH. 

12th.                          larn. 

"    FERDINAND  VII., 

1808, 181i-1833, 

married 

Harla  Antonia 

of  the  Tivo  Sicilies, 

Charles  a>on  Carloe), 

Count  of  Molina 

died  1855, 

married 

Fraiicesca 

'  ISABELLA  II., 

of  Portugal. 

1833-1868, 
{deposed), 
married 

ALFONSO  XII., 

Christina. 

1874  1886,            (  ALFONSO  XIU., 

married              (                J885— 

- 

Francis. 

Harla. 

(Bee  below, 

Maria  Christina. 

married 

.   last  generation.) 

Francis  I., 

Louisa, 

King  of 

married 

the  Tico  Sicilies. 

Francis  de  Paulo, 

(See  below, 
last  i^une  ration.) 

Francis  de  Faulo,        r           Francis, 

married                |            married 

Louisa.               J          Isabella  n. 

(See  above,            ']         (See  above , 

next  ^ne 

ration.) 

next 

greneratlon.) 

122 


{■oiopq  p»nu}}uoo) 


B 

3  g  •g  S  8 


53 


1=    3S|«2«-    w-i: 


2  SI 


H  2  r  5  V 

-J  J.   e:   ?   S 


o 
o 

H 

O 

W 

w 


i  §si-=ll  sills 


£:  =  t:  f  !: 
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126 


18         LINEAGE   OF  THE   SOVEREIGNS 

OF   SWEDEN. 


THE   VASA   LINE. 


1st  Generation. 


gCSTAVUS  (I.) 
VASA, 

1523-1660. 


2d. 

EBIC  XIT., 

1660-1668, 
died  1577. 

JOHN  ni., 

1668-1692. 

married 
Catherine 
of  Poland. 

CHARLES  IX., 

lt(«-16U, 

married 

1.  Anna  Maria, 

(daughter  of 

Louis  VI., 

Elector  Palatine). 

2.  Christina 

of 

HoMein-Oottorp. 


Sd. 


SIGISHimD, 

1692-1604, 

(deposed,  l>ecame 

King 

of  Poland). 

Catherine, 

married 

John  Casimlr, 

Count  Palatine, 

of  Zweibriicken. 

GCSTATCS  ai.J 
AOOLPHtS, 

1611-1632, 

married 

Hai7  Eleanor 

of  Brandenburg. 


4th 


5th. 


Oth. 


r  CHARLES  ex.) 
GUSTATIIS, 

1664-1660, 

married 

Hedwiga 

of  Eolstein. 

CHRISTINA, 

1633-1664, 
died  1689. 


CHARLES  XI., 

1660-1697, 

married 

Ulrica  Eleanora, 

of  Denmark. 


CHARLES  XIL, 

1697-m8. 

ULRICA  ELEANORA 

1719-1741. 

married 

FREDERICK 

of  Eesae-Casael, 


THE   HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP   LINE. 


1st  Generation. 


ASOLPHVS  FREDERICK 

of  Holstein, 

1761-17n, 

married 

Louisa  Ulrica 

of  I^russia. 


2d. 
BUSTATTS  in., 

1771-1792. 

married 

Sophia 

of  Denmark. 

CHARLES  XIU., 

1>0>-1818. 


ersTATcs  av.)  adolphci^ 

1792-1809, 
(deposed). 


(Adopted  Bemadotte  as  enoceaBOt 


THE   BERNADOTTE   LINE. 


1st  Generation. 


CHARLES  XIT., 

(Marshal 
Bemadotte, 
adopted  by- 
Charles  XIU., 

and  elected 

hiB  Bucceesor), 

1818-1814. 


2d. 


OSCAR  I., 

1844-1869, 

married 

Josephine 

Beauharnais, 

(granddaughter  of 

Empress 

Josephine). 


3d. 
CHARLES  XT., 

1869-1872, 

married 

Louisa 

of  Holland, 

OSCAR  IL, 

1872- , 

married 

Sophia 

of  A'ossau. 


126 


19    LINEAGE   OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS  OF  DENMARK. 


1st  OEMKIUTIOIt. 


2d. 


toa. 


Tib. 


CHBISTUN  I., 

itw  iisi, 

Jflnao/ 

Denmark, 

lloneaij,and 

Swfiirn, 

Duktof 

BthUntrtff- 

Holslfln, 

nuu-iied 

Dorothea 

0/ 

Brandenburg. 


JOHN, 

1481-1613, 

married 

Chrii^ttDa 

of  Saxony. 


I'BEDEEICK  I., 

15a-I.S33. 

niiirrlt--tl 

Anne 

of  Bmndenburo. 


CBBISTUN  II., 

1613-1523, 
died  1569, 
married 
Isabella, 
(elBter  of  Emperor 
Clmrlea  V.). 


I  tHMSTIAN  III., 

)  1634-1569. 


1  FREDERICK  II., 

I  1569-1688. 


CHRISTIAN  IT.. 

1688-1648, 

married 
Anne  Catherine 
of  Brandenburff. 


FREDERICK  lU., 

1648-1670. 


CHRISTIAN  T., 


1 


{ § 


9CB. 


IOtb. 


11th. 


12rH. 


IOth. 


14th. 


nEDGBICKIT.,! 


CHBISTUNTI.. 


FREDERICK  v.,  f  CHRISTIAN  TU., 

1746  17C«,  '  176»-1808, 

married  married 

L  Louisa  Caroline  Matilda 

of  Kngtand,  t        of  England. 


FREDERICK  TI., 


2.  Mary 
of  Bnm&wiok. 


FrederloK, 

died  1806. 


CHRISTIAN  TUL,  : 

1£S9-181& 


FREDERICK  TIL, 

1848-1863. 


f  Louisa, 

married 

^  .  ^in^,,.         J     CHRISTIAN  IX., 
Ei'cderlck  William     1       , .  ... 

I       (descended  from 

C9lrlstlaii  Ill.> 


of 


ScltltsuHo-Boitteln. 


Frederick, 

married 

IaiuImi 

of  Sweden. 

Alexandra 

married 

.MbiTt  Edward, 

Prince  of 

Wale: 

George, 

King  of  Qree«€t 

married 

Olga 

ofRuMtia. 

Dafrmar 
Olary), 
married 

Alexander  IIL. 

CtarofRuMta, 


127 


ilavE 


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B 


CO 
P 

O 

CO 

HH 
P^ 

o 

c/2 


B 

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H 

e 

1 

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S 

E 

1 

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B 

i 

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>i 

as 

S 

c 

c 

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t:; 

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;^< 
<i 

o 
p^ 


fe    V    o 


.  ■a  i  >  C 
S-r  ^   S  g 


as  = 


5^ 


f     E  =  V,  a 


w 

O 


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o         ^     . 

»  *  s  - 

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is 


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M  ^ 


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pa  » 


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129 


APPENDIX    H. 


A    SELECTED    BIBLIOGRAPHY   WITH    OCCASIONAL    NOTES. 


ANCIENT    HISTORY:     ORIENTAL. 


BLISS,  FREDERICK  J.  A  mound  of  many  cities,  or 
Tell  el  Hesv  excavated.  London  and  N.  Y.  :  Mac- 
millan  &  Co.  1894. 
BRUGiSCH,  HENRY.  History  of  Egypt  under  the 
Pharaohs,  derived  entirely  from  the  monu- 
ments. London  :  J.  Murray.  1879.  2  v. 
The  same,  A  new  ed.,  condensed  and  rev.  by  M. 
Brodriclc.    London  :  J.  Murray.    1891. 

Corrected  in  some  partteulara  by  later  discoveries,  tlie 
work  of  l>r.  Brucrdcn  is  still  the  most  comprehensive 
summary  of  Eg^-ptian  history  derived  from  the  study  of 
the  monuments. 
BXJDQE,  E.  A.  WALLIS.  Babylonian  life  and  history. 
London  :  R.  T.  S.    18&4. 

Number  IV.  in  the  series  entitled  "  By-paths  of  Bible 
Knowledge." 
The  Mummy  :  chapters  on  Egyptian  funeral  archae- 
ology.   Cambridge  :  University  Press.    1893. 
CHEYNE,  T.  K.    Jeremiah  ;  his  life  and  times.  London  ; 

J.  Nisbet  &  Co.  [1888.] 
CHURCH,  ALFRED  J.     The  story  of  the  last  days  of 
Jerusalem.    London  :  Seeley  &  Co.    1881. 

The  narrative  of  Josephus  translated  in  the  happy  style 
for  which  Mr.  Church  is  famous 

CONDER,   CLAUDE  R.     Heth  and  Moab,  explorations 
in  Syria  in  1881-82.     London  :  R.  Bentley  &  Sou. 
1883. 
Syrian  stone-lore  ;     or  the  monumental  history  of 
Palestine.    London  :  Bentley  &  Son.     1886. 

Published  for  the  Committee  of  the  Palestitie  Explora- 
tion Fund. 

DARMESTETER,  JAMES.  Les  Proph^tes  d'Israel. 
Paris  :  C.  L6vy.    1893. 

DUNCKER,  MAX.  Histoiy  of  Antiquity  ;  trans,  by  Eve- 
lyn Abbott.    London.    1877-®.    6  v. 

EDWARDS,  AMELIA  B.    Pharaohs,  fellahs  and  explor- 
ers.   New  York  :  Harper  &  IJros.    1891. 
A  thousand  miles  up  the  Nile.    London :  Longmans. 
1877. 

EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND.  Memoirs.  London; 
TrUbner  &  Co.    1885. 

The  Store-city  of  Plthom  and  the  route  of  the  E-xodus : 
by  E.  Naville.-Tanis  ;  by  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrle,  n'ts  1  and 
2.— NaukraUs;  by  w.  51.  F.  Petrle,  n'ts  1  and  2.— The 
Bhrine  of  Saft  el  Henneh  and  the  Land  of  Goshen  ;  by  E. 
Naville.— The  Mound  of  the  Jew  and  the  City  of  Oulas; 
by  E.  NavlUe.-nubastls;  by  E.  NavlUe.-The  festival  Hall 
of  OsorkoD  II.  in  the  t'reat  temple  of  Bubastis ;  by  E. 
Naville.— Aiinas  el  Medineh  (Heracleopoils  Magna)  ;  by 
E.  NavlUe. 

ERMAN,  ADOLF.  Life  in  ancient  Egypt.  London  and 
N.  Y. :  Macmilian  &  Co. 

EVETTS,  BASIL  T.  A.  New  light  on  the  Bible  and  the 
Holy  Land,  beinp;  an  accoimt  of  some  recent  dis- 
coveries in  the  East.    N.  Y. :  Cassell  Co.     [1894.] 

EWALD,  HEINRICH.  History  of  Israel.  London: 
Longmans.    1869-86.    8  v. 

GEIGER,  W.  CivUization  of  the  Eastern  Iranians  in  an- 
cient times  ;  with  an  introduction  on  the  Avesta 
religion.    London:    H.  Frowde.    1885.    2  v. 

BRAETZ,  H.  History  of  the  Jews,  from  the  earUest 
times  to  the  present  day.  London :  D.  Nutt. 
1891.    5  V. 

Sketches  the  ancient  history  of  the  Jews  very  slightly, 
but  is  full  from  the  lloman  period  down  to  1870. 

GRANT,  Sir  ALEXANDER.  Xenophon.  (Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Readers.)  Edinburgh :  W. 
Blackwood  cSt  Sons.  Phil. :  Lippineott  &  Co. 
187!. 

HARPER,  HENRY  A.  The  Bible  and  modern  discov- 
eries.   Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    1890. 

HERODOTUS.    Stories  of  the  East  from  Herodotus  ;  by 
A.  J.  Church.    London  :  Seeley  &  Co.    1881. 
The  story  of  the  Persian  War  from  Herodotus ;  by 
A.  J.  Church.    London  ;  Seeley  &  Co.    1882. 


HERODOTUS.  History ;  a  new  English  version ;  ed.  with 
notes,  etc.,  by  George  Rawlinson  and  J.  G.  Wil 
kinson.    London  :  J.  Murray.    1858.    4  v. 

A  work  of  great  value,  in  which  Canon  RawUnson  and 
Mr.  Wilkinson  were  assisted  by  Sir  Henry  Hawlinson,  the 
Assyrioiogist.  "  It  is  not  evei^  reader  wno  has  leisure  to 
master  such  a  book  as  Rawlm-^on's  English  '  Herodotus.' 
But  something  of  this  fountain  of  history  all  may 
know  Even  in  such  a  pleasant  boy's  book  as  Mr. 
Church's  '  Stories  from  the  East '  and  '  Stories  from  He- 
rodotiLs'  we  get  some  Oavour  of  the  fine  old  Greek 
traveller.  Theie  are  three  great  sections  of  Herodotus 
which  ai'e  of  special  interest :  1.  the  history  of  tiio 
foundation  of  Cyrus'  kingdom  ;  2,  the  books  on*  the  his- 
tory, antiquities  and  customs  of  Egypt ;  3,  the  immortal 
story  of  Marathon.  Thei-mopylas  ana  Saiamis."-  Frederic 
Harrison,  The  Meaning  of  fltstoryy  p.  90. 

JOSEPHUS,  FLAVTUS.  Works  ;  Whiston's  translation, 
rev.  by  A.  R.  Shilleto.  London  :  Bell  &  Sons. 
1889. 

LACOUPERIE,  TERRIEN  DE.  Western  origin  of  the  early- 
Chinese  civilization.  London:  Asiier  &  Co.  1894. 
A  definite  pre.sentatlnn  of  the  view  long  urged  by  Dr. 
Lacouperie.  that  the  Akkadian  or  primitive  Babylonian 
culture  was  communicated  at  an  early  day  to  the  Chinese. 

LEWIN,  THOMAS.  The  siege  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus. 
London  :  Longmans.    1863. 

LOCKYER,  J.  N.  The  dawn  of  Astronomy  :  a  study  of 
the  temple-worship  and  mythology  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians.    London  and  N.  Y.  :   Macmilian  &  Co. 

McCURDY,  JAMES  FREDERICK.  History,  Prophecy 
and  the  Monuments.  London  and  N.  Y.  :  Mac- 
milian &  Co.     1894. 

A  work  in  wliich  the  latest  researches  and  studies  In  th» 
East  are  made  fruitful. 

MARIETTE,  AUGUSTE.  Outlines  of  ancient  Egyptian 
history.    London  :   Gilbert  &  Rivington.    1890. 

MASPERO.G.  The  dawn  of  Civilization  :  Egypt  and  Chal- 

dffia:  ed.  by  A.  H.  Sayce.  London:  S.  P.  C  K.  1894. 

Egyptian  arcbffiology  ;    trans,  from  the  French  by 

AmeUa  B.  Edwards.    London  :    H.  Grevel  &  Co. 
Histoire    ancienne  des  peuples  de  I'Orient.    Paris : 
Hachette.    1886. 
MILMAN,  HENRY  HART.    History  of  the  Jews.    Lon- 
don: J.  Murray.    3  v. 

Bringing  tfte  modern  account  of  the  Jews  throughout 
the  world  down  to  about  1K60. 

MORRISON,  W.  1).    The  Jews  under  Roman  rule.    N.Y.: 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    London  :  T.  F.  Unwin.    189a 
In  the  scries  of  "  The  Story  of  the  Natloiis." 

MYERS,  P.  V.  N.  Eastern  nations  and  Greece.  (Ancient 
iiistory  for  colleges  and  high  schools.)  Boston  : 
Ginn  &  Co.    1890. 

NEWMAN,  FRANCIS  W.  History  of  the  Hebrew  Mon- 
archy, from  the  administration  of  Samuel  to  the 
Babylonish  captivity.  2d  ed.  London  :  J.  Chap- 
man.   1853. 

PERROT,  GEORGES,  and  CHARLES  CHIPIEZ.      His- 
tory of  .\rt  in  ancient  Egypt ;  trans,  from  the 
French.    London:  Chjipmaii  A.  Hall.    1883.     2 v. 
History  of  Art  in  Chaldea  and  Assyria.     London. 

1881.    2  V. 
History  of  Art  in  Phoenicia  and  its  dependencies. 

London.    1885.    2  v. 
History  of  Art  in  primitive  Greece.    London.     1894. 

PETRIE,  W.  M.  FLINDERS.  History  of  Egypt  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  XVIth  d>'nasty.  London : 
Methuen  &  Co.    1894. 

"This  volume  is  but  the  first  of  a  series  which  is  In- 
tended to  embrace  the  whole  history  of  Egypt  down  to 
modern  times.  It  is  expected  that  three  volumes  will 
treat  of  the  period  of  the  Pliaraohs,  one  volume  of  the 
Ptolemies,  one  volume  of  the  Roman  age,  and  one  volume 

'ho 


of  -\rabic  F.gypt.  So  far  as  practicable,  the  same  system 
will  be  mwintained  througnout,  though  bv  dtnerent 
writers:  and  ttie  aim  of  all  will  be  to  provide  a  general 
history,  with  such  fulness  and  precision  as  shall  sufflco 
for  the  use  of  students."—  J-'rom  the  Author's  Preface, 


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Methuen  &  Co.    1894. 

Ten  vears'  digging    In    Eg)T)t,  1881-1891.     London: 

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POOLE,  REGINALD  STUART.     The  cities  of  Egypt. 

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RAMSAY,  W.  M.    Historical  geography  of  Asia  Minor. 

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In  the  light  of  later  discoveries.  KawUnaon's  history  of 
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but  the  history  of  Parthia  and  of  the  revived  Persian 
monarchy  retains  Its  value. 

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8IMCOX.  EDITH  J.  Prunitive  civilizations;  or  outlines 
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SMITH,  GEORGE  ADAMS.  Historical  geography  of 
the  Holy  Land.  London  :  Hodder  &  Stoughton. 
1894. 

SMITH,  R.  BOSWORTH.  Carthage  and  the  Carthagin- 
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SMITH,  W.  ROBERTSON.  The  Prophets  of  Israel  and 
their  place  in  history,  to  the  close  of  the  8th 
century  B.  C.    Edin.:  A.  &  C.  Black.    1883. 

SOCIETY  OF  BIBLICAL  ARCHEOLOGY.  Transac- 
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TTKT.K,    C.    P.       Babylonische-Assyrische    Geschichte. 
Gotha  :  F.  A.  Perthes.    1886.    2  v. 
Western  Asia,  according  to  the  most  recent  discov- 
eries.   Rectorial  address,  Leyden  University,  1893,. 
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TOMKINS,  H.  G.    Life  and  times  of  Joseph,  in  the  light 
of  Egyptian  lore.    London  :  R.  T.  S.    1891. 
In  the  series  entitled  "  By-paths  of  Bible  Knowledge." 
Studies  on  the  times  of  Abraham.    London  :  Bagster 

6  Sons.     [1879.] 

TWENTY-ONE  YEARS'  WORK  IN  THE  HOLY  LAND 
(a  record  and  a  summary);  1865-1886.  London: 
R.  Bentley  &  Son.    1886. 

Published  for  the  Committee  of  the  Palestine  Explora^ 
tlon  Fund. 

WELLHAUSEN,  J.  Sketch  of  the  history  of  Israel  and 
Judah.    3d  ed.    London:  A.  &  C.  Black.    1891. 

A  republication  of  the  article  "Israel  "  contributed  to 
the  Encyclopaedia  Britannlca. 

WENDEL,  F.  C.  H.  History  of  Egypt.  N.  Y. :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co.    1890. 

An  extremely  condensed  and  not  very  readable  sketcb 
of  the  history  of  ancient  Egypt,  but  one  which  speclatlsta 
have  commended  for  correctness  of  knowledge. 

WILKINSON,  Sir  J.  GARDNER.     Manners  and  customs 

of  the  ancient  Egyptians.    New  ed..  rev.  and  cor. 

by  Samuel    Birch.     London:    J.  Murray.     1878. 

3  v. 
WEIGHT,  W.  B.    Ancient  cities  ;  from  the  dawn  to  the 

daylight.    Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    1886l 


ANCIENT   HISTORY:    GREECE   AND   ROME. 


ABBOTT,  E^'ELYN.    History  of  Greece.    London:  Riv- 
ingtons.    1888.    v.  1-3. 

The  first  volume  carries  the  narrative  to  the  Ionian  re- 
▼  Mt;  the  second  to  the  Thirty  Years  Peace.  "When 
completed,  It  will  supply  a  want  long  felt,  that  of  a  good 
history  of  Gret-ce  oi  a  size  Intermediate  between  Thlrl- 
wall.Grote,  and  Ciirtlus,on  the  one  hand,  and  the  smaller 
text  books  and  manuals  ou  the  other."—  Engliati  Bi»- 
toHcal  Rev  ,  Jan.,   18«i>. 

Pericles   and    the  Golden    Age  of   Athens.     N.  Y. 
O.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    1891. 
In  the  series  entitled  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations." 

ARCHEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  OF  AMERICA.  Papers; 
Classical  Series.    Boston.    1883. 

Including  "  Papers  of  the  Anierlcau  Bchool  of  Classical 
Studies  at  Athens." 

ARISTOTLE.    On  the  Constitution  of  Athens;  trans,  by 
E.  Poste.     London:  Macmillan  &  Co.    1891. 

A  translation  of  the  lately-found  treaties  believed  to  be 
by  Aristotle.  "  \Vlille  putting  us  In  possession  of  more 
facta  concerning  the  constitutional  history  of  Athens 
than  have  been  known  hitherto,  this  treatise  presents 
very  great  difficulties,  both  critical  and  hlsujricaf.  .  .  . 
We  must  receive  the  new  Infunnutlon  with  caution,  and 
far  from  looking  on  it  a-*  sup«-n*edlng  our  older  aulhori. 
tlee.  wo  mu.Ht  ri'inember  that  niueh  of  it  may  not  l»e  the 
work  of  Aristotle  or  of  Arlstotle'8  tliue."— E.  Abbott, 
niat.  of  Oreecf,  ft.  2,  ajtpmdix  i. 

Politics;  trans,  by  B.  Jowett;  with  essays,  notes,  etc. 
Oxford:  Clar.  Press.    1885.    2  v. 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS.     History  of  Rome  ;    new  ed.    Lon- 
don: T.  Fellowes.    1871.    3v. 

Br.  Arnold's  History  is  founded  on  Nlebuhr'a.  The  fact 
Is  frankly  ntnted  111  his  preface:  "When  Nlebuhr  died, 
and  there  was  now  no  hoix>  of  seeing  his  great  work  com- 

Sleted  In  a  manner  worthy  of  its  Ix-glnnlng.  1  was  more 
uslrous  thon  ever  of  exoeutlng  inv  original  plan,  of  pre- 
senting In  a  more  populor  form  wfiat  he  had  lived  to  flu- 
Lib,  and  of  contUtuliitf  11  afterwards  with  fucti  advan- 


tages as  I  have  derived  from  a  long  study  and  an  Intense 
admiration  of  his  example  and  model  '  It  was  Dr.  Ar- 
nold's hoiK?  to  cover  the  whole  sf  retJ'h  of  Koniun  history, 
to  Charlemagne  ;  but  be  had  only  ri'ached  the  narrative 
of  the  second  Punla  War  when  death  arrested  biB 
work. 
BARTHfiLEMY.  Abbi.  Travels  of  Anacharsis  the 
younger  in  Greece,  4th  century,  B.  C. 

BLUMNER,  H.  The  home  life  of  the  ancient  Greeks; 
trans,  from  the  Ger.    London:    Cassell  Co.    1890. 

BURY,  J.  B.  History  of  the  later  Roman  Empire,  from 
Arcadius  to  Irene.  (395  to  800  A.  D.)  London: 
Macmillan  &  Co.    1889.    2  v. 

A  work  written  with  more  knowledge  and  carefulness 
than  Uterary  art. 

BUTCHER,  S.  H.  Some  aspects  of  Greek  genius.  Lon- 
don: Macmillan  &  Co.    1891. 

CESAR,  CAIUS  JULIUS.  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic 
and  Civil  Wars,  with  the  supplementary  books 
attributed  to  Hirtius;  literally  trons.,  with  notes 
[Bohn  edition]. 

CICERO.  Life  and  letters ;  the  life  by  Dr.  Conyers 
Middlcton  ;  letters  trans,  by  W.  Melmoth  and  Dr. 
Heberden.    Edln.:    W.  P.  Nimmo.    1892. 

CURTIUS,  ERNST.  Histoiy  of  Greece  ;  trans,  from  the 
German  by  A.  W.  Ward.  London  :  R.  Bentley 
&  Son.    1871-74.    5  V. 

Profe.-«or  Curtlus  ends  his  History  at  the  attainment  of 
mipremocy  In  Hellaj  by  Philip  of  Macedonia.  See  note  to 
Thlrlwall's  "  Hl!»tory  of  (ireece,"  below. 

DAVIDSON.TIIOMAS.  The  education  of  the  Greek  people 
and  Its  influence  on  civilization.  N.  Y. :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co.     1894. 

DODGE,  THEODORE  A.  Alexander:  a  history  of  the 
origin  and  growth  of  the  art  of  war  to  the  buttle 


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of  Ipsus,  B.  C.  301.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.  1890. 
Csesar :  a  history  of  the  art  of  war  among  the 
Romans  down  to  the  end  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  1892. 
Hannibal :  a  history  of  the  art  of  war  among  the 
Carthaginians  and  Romans,  down  to  the  battle  of 
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DTJNCKER,  MAX.    History  of  Greece  ;  trans,  from  the 
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An  unflniflhed  work. 

DUKUV,  VICTOR.  History  of  Greece  and  of  the  Greek 
people,  to  the  Roman  conquest;  trans,  from  the 
French.  Boston:  Estes  &  Laurlat.  1892.  4  v. 
History  of  Rome  and  the  Roman  people,  to  the  estab- 
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Works  both  scholarly  and  popular,  and  made  exceed- 
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DYER,  THOMAS  H.  Ancient  Athens:  its  history,  topog- 
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1873. 

EPOCHS  OF  ANCIENT  HISTORY;  ed.  by  Rev.  Sir  G.W. 
Cox,  Bart.,  and  C.  Sankey.  London:  Longmans. 
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The  Greeks  and  the  Persians  :  by  Rev  Sir  G.  W.  Cox  — 
The  Athenian  Empire,  to  the  fall  of  Athens ;  by  Rev.  Sir 
G.  W.  Cox.— The  Spartan  and  Theban  Supremacies;  by 
Charles  Sankey. —The  rise  of  the  Macedonian  Empire; 
by  Arthur  M.  Curteis— Rome  to  its  capture  by  the 
Gauls;  by  Wllhelra  Ihne.  — Rome  and  Carthage;  by 
R.  Bosworth  Smith. — The  Gracchi,  Marius  and  Sulla;  by 
A.  H.  Beesly.— The  Roman  Triumvirates;  by  Charles 
Merivole.— The  eaxlv  Roman  Empire,  from  the  assussina- 
tion  of  Caesar  to  that  ot  Domltian ;  by  W.  W.  Capes. — 
The  Roman  Empire  of  the  second  century,  or  the  age  of 
the  Antonines ;  by  W.  W.  Capes, 

FALKE,  JACOB  VON.  Greece  and  Rome  ;  their  life  and 
art ;  trans,  from  the  German.  N.  Y. :  H.  Holt 
&Co.    1882. 

FELTON,  C.  C.  Greece,  ancient  and  modem.  Boston : 
Ticknor  &  Fields.    1867.    2  v. 

FINLAY.  GEORGE.  Greece  under  the  Romans.  Edin. : 
W.  Blackwood  &  Sons. 

FOWLER,  W.  WARDE.    The  city-state  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans.     London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.     1893. 
Julius  Caesar  and  the  foundation  of  the  Roman  impe- 
rial system.    N.  Y.  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    1892. 
In  the  series  entitled  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations." 

FREEMAN,  EDWARD  A.  History  of  Federal  Govern- 
ment. V.  1.  General  Introduction.  —  History  of 
the  Greek  Federations.  London :  Macmillan 
&  Co.     1863. 

•*  This  noble  work,  in  some  respects  the  ^i-aadest  of  the 
author's  conceptions,  was  never  completed.  .  .  .  The 
war  of  1866  between  Prussia  and  Austria  marked  the  be- 
ginning of  orKanic  changes  in  Germany  which  Mr.  Free- 
man wa-s  anxious  to  watch  for  a  while  before  flnishinfj  his 
book.  He  therefore  turned  aside  and  took  upthe  tliird  of 
his  three  creat  works  [the  History  of  Sicily  being  the 
second]— the  only  one  that  he  lived  to  complete— the  His- 
tory of  the  Norman  Conquest  of  England."— J.  Fiske. 
Edirard  Augustus  Freeman  (Atlantic  Monthly,  January, 
1893). 

History  of  Sicily.     Oxford:  Clarendon  Press.     1891. 
V.  1-4. 

Left  unfinished  at  Professor  Freeman's  death.  The 
fourth  volume,  prepared  by  other  hands,  from  the  mat-e- 
rlolsthat  he  liaa  made  ready,  carries  the  history  to  the 
death  of  Agathokles. 

FROUDE,  JAMES  ANTHONY.  Caesar  :  a  sketch.  Lon- 
don ;  Lonj^mans.     1879. 

A  brilliant  and  fasclnatlnK  piece  of  historical  writing, 
but  tainted  with  Carlylean  hero  worahtp. 

FUSTEL  DE  COULANGES,  N.  D.  The  ancient  city :  a 
study  of  the  religion,  laws  and  institutions  of 
ancient  Greece  and  Rome;  trans,  from  the  French. 
Boston  :  Lee  &  Shepard.    1874. 

GARDNER,  PERCY.     New  chapters  in  Greek  history : 

historical  results  of  recent  excavations  in  Greece 
and  Asia  Minor.    London  :  J.  Murray.    1892. 

GIBBON.  EDWARD.  History  of  the  decline  and  fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire ;  with  notes  by  Mihnan, 
Guizot,  and  Dr  \villlam  Smith. 

"  We  may  correct  and  Improve  in  detail  fromthestores 
which  l:ave  been  opened  since  Gibbon's  time  ;  we  may 
write  again  lai^e  parts  of  hts  story  from  other,  and  often 
truer  and  more  wholesome,  jx>iutaof  view.  Butthe  work 
of  Gibbon,  OS  a  whole,  as  the  cncyclopfcdic  history  of 
thirteen  himdred  years,  as  the  grandest  of  historical  de- 
signs carried  I'Vtt  alike  with  wonderful  power  and  with 
wonderful  accuracy,  must  ever  keep  its  place.  Whatever 
elM  Is  read.  Gibbon  must  be  read  too."— E.  A.  Freeman, 
Historical  E.isays.pp  307  308.  "  Itisno  personalparadox. 
but  the  Judgment  of  aJIcompet+'nt  men,  that  the '  I'eeline 
and  Fall '  of  Gibbon  is  the  most  perfect  tUstorlcal  composi- 


tion that  exists  In  any  language:  at  once  scrupulously 
faithful  In  its  facts  ;  consummate  In  its  literary  art ;  and 
comprehensive  in  analysis  of  the  forces  affecting  socif  ty 
over  a  very  long  and  crowded  epoch."— Fi-ederlc  Uarilsou. 
The  Meaning  of  History,  p.  101. 

GLADSTONE,  WILLIAM  E.  Juventus  JIundi ;  the 
gods  and  men  of  the  heroic  age.  London  :  Mac- 
mUlan.  1869. 
^GROTE,  GEORGE.  History  of  Greece,  to  the  close  of 
the  generation  contemporary  with  Alexander  the 
Great.    London  :  J.  Murray.    12  v. 

"A  business  man.  foreign  to  unlvep"itT  life  and  its  tra- 
ditions, a  skeptic  In  religion,  a  positivist  in  philosophy, 
and,  above  all.  an  advanced  Radi-.al  in  politics."  Grote 
"  was  persuaded  that  the  great  social  and  political  re- 
sults ot  Greek  history  were  because  of,  and  not  m  spite 
of,  the  prevalence  of  democracy  amoop  its  States,  and 
because  of  the  number  and  variety  of  these  Stat*r8  He 
would  not  accept  the  verdict  of  all  the  old  Greek  theorists 
who  voted  for  tne  rule  of  the  one  or  the  enlightened  few; 
and  he  wrote  what  may  be  cojlnd  a  great  poUtical  pamph- 
let in  twelve  volumes  in  vindication  of  democratic  prin- 
ciples. It  was  this  idea  which  not  ouly  marsiialled  his 
facts,  but  lent  its  tire  to  his  argument;  and  when 
combmed  with  his  liadicallsm  In  religion  and  philosophy,' 
produced  a  book  so  remarkable,  that,  however  much  it 
may  be  corrected  and  criticised,  it  will  never  be  super- 
seded. It  is  probably  the  greatest  history  among  the 
many  great  ntstorits  produced  in  this  century  ;  and 
though  very  inferior  In  style  to  Gibbon's  '  Decline  and 
Fall.'  win  rank  next  to  it  as  a  monument  of  English  Ids- 
torical  genius."— J.  P.  Mahaffy,  Problems  in  Greek  Bia^ 
tory,  ch.l. 

GUHL,  E.  and  W.  KONER.  The  life  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans;  trans,  from  the  German.  N.  Y.:  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.    1875. 

HODGKIN.  THOMAS.  The  dynasty  of  Theodosius;  or 
eighty  years'  struggle  with  the  barbarians;  a 
series  of  lectures.    Oxford:  Clar.  Press.    1889. 

HORTON.  R.  F.  History  of  the  Romans.  London: 
Rivingtons.     1685. 

A  short  history  of  republican  Rome,  containing  more 
of  the  tracing  of  influence.*,  constitutional  and  institu- 
tional, and  more  of  the  interpreted  meaning  of  events, 
than  are  found  in  any  other  work  of  its  modest  class. 

IHNE,  WILHELM.  History  of  Rome.  English  edition. 
London:     Longmans.     1871-77.    5  v. 

Closes  Avith  the  death  of  Sulla,  where  Dean  Merlvale 
begins  his  "  History  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire." 
"  As  the  book  maintains  in  all  its  parts  a  strictly  judicial 
attitude,  it  is  far  less  entertaluiiiff  than  the  b:illlantad- 
vocacv  of  Mommsen  ;  but  for  this  very  reaiion  it  is  to 
be  held  aa  a  safer  authority."— 0.  K.  Adams,  Manual  of 
Historical  Literature,  p.  124. 

LANCXANI,  RODOLFO.    Ancient  Rome  in  the  light  of 

recent  discoveries.    Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 

Co.    1888. 
LEWIS,  GEORGE  CORNEWALL.    An  inquiry  into  the 

credibility  of  early  Roman  history.    London  :  J. 

W.  Parker  &  Sons.     1855.    2  v. 

LIDDELL,  HENTIY  G.  History  of  Rome,  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Empire.  London  :  J.  Murray.  1855. 
2v. 

LTVTUS,  TITUS.  History  of  Rome,  literally  trans,  by 
Dr.  Spillan,  C.  Edmonds,  and  others  [Bohn  ed.]. 
London  :  G.  Bell  &  Son. 

Stories  from  Livy ;  by  A.  J.  Church.  Loudon:  Seeley 
&Co.  1883. 
LONG,  GEORGE.  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic.  Lon- 
don :  Bell  &  Daldy.  18&4.  5  v. 
MAHAFFY.  J.  P.  Greek  life  and  thought  from  the  age 
of  Alexander  to  the  Roman  conquest.  London : 
JIacmillan  &  Co.    1887. 

The  Greek  world  under  Roman  sway,  from  Polybius 
to  Plutarch.    London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.    1890. 

History   of    classical     Greek    literature.     London : 
Longmans.     1880.    2  v. 

Old  Greek  life.    (History  Primer.)    N.  Y. :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co.    1878. 

Problems  in  Greek  history.    London :   Macmillan  & 
Co.     1892. 

Social  life  in  Greece,  from  Homer  to  Menander.    3d 
ed.  rev.  and  enl,    London  :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

The  story  of   Alexander's  Empire.     N.  Y.  :    G.    P. 
Putnam's  Sons.    London  :  T.  F.  Unwin.    1887. 

One  of  the  very  good  books  in  the  series  of  "  The  Story 
of  the  Nations." 

MERH^ALE,  CHARLES.  The  fall  of  the  Roman  Repub- 
lic; a  short  history  of  the  last  century  of  the 
Commonwealth.  London:  Longmans. 
History  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire.  London  : 
Longmans.  8  v.  N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  7  v. 
"  HisfMertvale'sl  history  is  a  great  work  In  Itself,  and 
it  must  bo  a  very  great  work  Indeed  which  can  outdo  it 
withm  its  own  range.  In  days  of  licL-nsed  blundering 
like  oui-s.  it  is  delightful  Indeed  to  come  acroRs  the  sound 
and  fluishcd  scholarship,  the  unwearied  and  unfailing 
accuracy,  of  Mr.  Merivalo.  ...  On  some  points  we 
hold  that  Mr.  Merivale's  views  are  open  to  dispute  ;  but  It 
is  aJwavs  his  views,  never  his  statemente."— E.  A.  Free- 
man, Historical  Essays,  p.  309. 


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MOMMSEN.  THEODOR.  History  of  Rome;  tranB.  by 
W.  P.  Dickson  ;  new  ed.  rev.  ihroughout  and  em- 
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Same:  The  Provinces,  from  Ccesar  to  Diocletian. 
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'•  The  Roman  History  of  Moramsen  la,  beyond  all  doubt, 
to  be  ranked  among  thost  realty  ^'i-eat  historical  works  ^ 
which  do  po  much  liODourto  our  owq  day.  We  can  have 
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the  whole  history  of  the  Roman  Kepublfc  really  written 
in  a  way  worthy  of  tli«  greatness  or  the  subject."— E.  A. 
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MULLER,  C.  O.  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Doric 
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NIEBUHR,  B.  G.    History  of  Rome;    trans,  by  J.  C. 
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OTHAN,  C.  W.  C.  History  of  Greece,  to  the  Macedonian 
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"This  is  the  best  school  history  of  Greece  which  haa  ap- 
peared for  many  a  day.  While  the  style  la  never  heavy  , 
nothing;  of  Importance  haa  been  omitted."— En glitih  His- 
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PELHAM,  H.  F.  Outlines  of  Roman  history.  London  : 
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PLUTARCH.  Lives,  the  translation  called  Dryden's 
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POLYBIOS.  Histories  :  trans,  from  the  text  of  Hultsch 
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Polybios,  "the  historian  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  An- 
cient Grteoe,  "  *'  Ih  like  a  writer  of  our  own  times  -.  with 
far  less  of  lu^orn  p'onlus,  he  iKiRsessed  a  mass  of  acquired 
knowledire  of  whlili  Tiiucydldes  could  never  have  dream- 
ed. He  had.  Iikw  a  nu'deru  historian,  read  many  books 
and  seen  many  lauds  .  .  He  hud  himself  per-sonaliy  a 
wider  political  expcrieooe  than  tell  to  the  lot  of  any  his- 
torian b«*foie  or  after  him.  ...  He  could  remember 
Achaia  a  jxiwerfui  federation,  Macfdonia  a  powerful 
monarchy.  Carthage  still  free,  Syria  still  threatenlnx  ;  he 
lived  to»*ee  thciii  all  Bubject  provinces  or  trembllnK  allies 
of  the  great  niuuiclpallty  of  Rome."— £.  A.  Freeman, 
Hiat.  of  I^edcral  Govt., p.  tl&. 

RAMSAY,  WILLIA5L  Manual  of  Roman  antiquities  ; 
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8CHLIEMANN.  Dr.  H.    Ilios :    tlie  city  and  country  of 
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Troja  :  results  of  tiie  latest  researches  and  discoveries 
on  the  site  of  Homer's  Troy.     London  :  J.  Mur- 
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Mycenee :  a  narrative  of  researches  and  discoveries. 

London. 
Tlryns.  the  prehistoric  palace  of  the  King  of  TIryns. 
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6CH0MANX.  G.  F.  A  dissertation  on  the  assemblies  of 
the  Athenians;  traus.  from  the  Latin.  Cam- 
bridge :    W.  P.  Grant.    laiS. 


SCHOMANN.  G.  F.  The  antiauities  of  Greece;  tronk. 
from  the  German.     London:  Rivingtons.    1880. 

Only  the  first  volume,  treating  of  "The  State,"  baj 
been  published. 

SCHUCHHaRDT,  C.  Schlienmnn's  excavations  ;  an  ar- 
chaeological and  historical  study;  trans,  from  the 
German.    London  :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

SUETONIUS,  C.  TRANQUILLUS.  Lives  of  the  Twelve 
Cfiesars  [BohneditionJ.    London  :  Bell  &  Sons. 

TACITUS,  C.  CORNELIUS.  The  Annals,  The  History, 
The  Germaov,  The  Agricola.  The  Dialogue  on  Ora- 
tor}'; trans,  bj'  A.  J.  Church  and  W.  J."  Brodribb; 
rev.  ed.,  with  notes.  London :  Macmillan  &  Co. 
1877-^.    3  V. 

Tlie  aimals  of  Tacitus  extend  over  most  of  the  period 
from  the  dfath  of  Aufmstus  to  Nero,  with  Important 
parts  lost.  The  fraffmeut  preserved  of  the  History  give* 
us  only  four  and  a  half  out  of  fourteen  books  which 
made  up  the  original  work.  These  books  contain  the 
history  of  the  years  C9  and  70.  not  quite  complete,  and 
tell  tho  story  of  the  Vitelhan  conflict. 

THIRLWALL,  CONNOP.  History  of  Greece,  London: 
Longmans.    1835.    8  v. 

Bishop  Thlrlwall'B  History  covers  the  whole  national 
life  of  tlie  Greeks,  down  to  the  Roman  conquest.  "  The 
eti-ength  of  Thirlwall  as  clearly  lies  In  the  history  of 
Alexanderand  hissuccessora  as  the  Btrentrth  of  Grote  lies 
in  the  political  history  of  Athenian  and  Svrocusan  de- 
mocracy, as  the  streng'tb  of  Curtius  lien  In  the  geog- 
raphy, in  the  artistic  side  of  things,  in  the  general  uio- 
ture  of  that  agre  which  was  the  gloi-y  of  Athens,  but 
which,  as  the  disciples  of  Finlay  know,  was  an  a^e  of  de- 
cline for  Hellas  in  the  wider  sense."— E.  A.  Freeman, 
The  Methods  of  Historical  Stiidn,  ;>.287.— "The  student 
of  to-day  who  is  really  intimate  with  ThlrlwoU's  fcdstorv 
may  boast  that  he  has  a  sound  and  accurate  view  of  all 
the  main  questions  In  the  political  aud  social  develop- 
ment of  the  Hellenic  nation.  But  he  will  never  have 
been  carried  away  with  entlmsioeiu,"— J.  1*.  MahafiTy, 
Problems  in  Greek  History,  ch.  1. 

THUCYDIDES.  History;  trans,  into  English,  with  in- 
troduction and  notes,  by  B.  Jowett.  Oxford: 
Clar.  Press.    1881.    2  v. 

"Thucydides  is  much  more  than  a  great  historian;  or, 
rather,  ho  was  what  every  preat  historian  ought  to  be— he 
was  a  profound  philosopher.  Hislilstory  of  the  Pelopon- 
neslan  Warts  hke  a  portrait  byTltianithe  whole  mind  and 
character,  the  inner  spirit  and  ideals,  tlie  very  tricks  andf 
foibles,  of  the  man  or  the  age  come  t)efore  u.s  in  living 
reality.  No  more  memorable,  truthful  and  proft'uud  i>or- 
trait  exista  than  that  wherein  Thucydldes  has  poinled  the 
Athens  of  the  age  of  Pericles."— predenc  Harrison,  Th^ 
Meaning  of  History,  p.  92. 

TORR,  CECIL.     Rhodes  in  ancient  times.     Cambridge: 

University  Press.    1885. 
TROLLOPE,    ANTHONY.      Life   of   Cicero.      London: 

Chapman  &  HaU.     1880.    2  v. 
Written  in  vindication  of  Cicero  against  the  Injustlofr 

done  to  the  great  patriotic  orator  In  Froude'a  Ceesor. 

Both  books  are  writings  of  advocacy  rather  than  history. 

WHIBLEY,  L.  Political  parties  in  Athens  during  the 
Peloponnesian  War.  Cambridge  Warehouse. 
1889. 

XENOPHON.  Works;  trans,  by  H.  G.  Dakyns.  London 
aud  N.  Y.:    Macmillan  &  Co.    1890.    v.  1-2. 

Volume  I  contains  books  1  and  2  of  the  Hellenlca,  and 
the  Anabasis:  vol.  2  contains  books  3  to  7,  with  Ageal- 
lauH,  TiiLi  Politics,  aud  Iteveuuus.  Two  more  volumes  are 
yet  to  bo  published. 


MEDIiEVAL   AND   MODERN   EUROPE. 


ASAJIS.  CHARLES.  Great  campaiRDS :  a  succinct  ac- 
count or  the  principal  military  operations  wliich 
have  talten  place  in  Europe  from  179G  to  1K70. 
Ellin. :  \V.  Blacliwood  &  Sons.    \Sn. 

E(11U*<1  from  lecliircs  dtUVLTfil  by  Major  P.  Adamg  at 
the  Koyal  MlUtiiry  and  Stall  CollfKea,  England. 

ADA3IS.  C.EORfJE  BURTON.  Civilization  durinp  the 
Middle  Ages,  esi)ecially  iu  relation  to  modern  civ- 
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ADDISOX,  C.  G.  The  Knights  Templars.  3d  ed.  Lon- 
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ALISON,  Sir  ARCHIBALD.  History  of  Europe,  1789 
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"  We  oro  not  unaware  ...  of  tho  Bui-pAssin^  (rreatnesa 
of  UieexUTiml  evunlH  of  which  his  history  Is  composed. 
Dor  do  wtt  complain  oT  tho  nilnuto  and  laborious  seal 
with  «  hlch  ho  liaM  Kutlierod  every  portlculnr  cuiicornlinj 
thftu.  ninsjiclcini;  archives  and  mciisiirlnt;  HcI'Ih  of 
tiliili^hU'r  ;  but  wo  do  complain  that  ho  has  allowed  the 
tuiimlt  atid  (lust  of  these  vast  contests  to  stop  his  ears  and 
blind  his  eves  to  every  object  but  themselves."— I'arko 
(iodwlu,  Vitt  n/lhc  I'aal.p.  207. 

BALZANI,  UtiO.    The    Popes   and    tho    Ilohenstaufen. 
London  ;  Ij)nKniauH. 
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BEARD,  CHARLES.    The  Reformation  of  tho  10th  Cen- 
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Williams  and  Norpate.     188a. 
HlbUrt  Lectures  for  iSS3. 


BRADLEY,  HENRY.  The  story  of  the  Goths,  to  the 
end  of  the  Gothic  dominion  in  Spain.  N.  Y. : 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  London :  T.  F.  Unwln. 
1888. 

One  of  the  better  books  In  the  series  of  "  The  Story  oC 
the  Nations.*' 

BRYCE,  ,1AMES.    The  Holy  Roman  Empire.    IX)ndon : 

Macmillan  &  Co. 
CAYLEY,    EDWARD  S.    The  European  revolutions  ot 

1848.    London  :  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.    laW.    2  v. 
CHEETIIAJI,  S.    History  of  the  Christian  Church  dur- 
ing the  first  six  centuries.    London  aud  N.  Y. : 

Macmillan  &  Co.     1894. 
CHURCH,  U.  W.    The  beginning  of  the  Jliddle  Ages. 

Lomlon :  Longmans.    N.  Y. :  C.  Scribuer's  Sons. 

1877. 
An  admirable  brief  survev  of  early  nu-dhnval  history,  la 

ihw  series  entitled  *"  Epochs  of  Modern  History." 

COMYN.  RtV  ROBERT.  History  of  the  western  empire, 
from  Charlemagne  to  Charles  V.  [SOO-IMO]. 
London:  W.  H.  Allen  &  Co.    l&ll.    2  y. 

COX,aEOROEW.    The  Crusades.    Ixindon :  Longmans. 
N.  Y. :  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    1874. 
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CREIGHTON,  M.\N1)ELL.  History  of  the  Papacy  dur- 
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DEMOMBYNES,  G.  Constitutions  Europ6ennes.  Paris  : 
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These  well-named  "  Studies  "  In  the  political  history  of 
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tween  1815  and  1843,  in  Spain,  Kussia,  Austria,  Prussia, 
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DUBUY,  VICTOR.    History  of  modern  times,  from  the 

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Dyer's  History  of  Modem  Europe  "represented  the 
labour  of  years,  and  chronicled  the  period  from  the  fall 
of  Constantinople  to  the  end  of  the  Crimean  'War.  It 
was  a  clear  and  painstaking  compilation,  whose  main 
object  was  to  expound  the  origin  and  nature  of  the 
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EGINHARD.     Life  of   Charlema^e  ;    trans,  by  S.  E. 

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FISHER,  GEORGE  PARK.     History  of    the   Christian 

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FLINT,  ROBERT.     Philosophy  of   history  m   Eiu-ope. 

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The  "  chief  periods  "  treated  of  are  "  those  which  con- 
cern the  growth  and  the  dying  out "  of  the  Roman  power : 
"Europe  before  the  growth  of  Rome— Europe  with 
Rome,  in  one  shape  or  another,  as  her  centre  — Europe 
since  Rome  has  practically  ceased  to  be."— 4urAor's 
Pre/ace. 

Fifty  years  of  European  history :  four  Oxford  lec- 
tures. [Also]  The  Teutonic  conquest  of  Gaul  and 
Britain.    London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.    1888. 

The  fifty  years  of  European  history  reviewed  in  the 
first  four  of  these  lectures  are  those  that  had  been 
spanned  hy  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria  when  its  jubilee 
was  celebrated,  in  18S7. 

Genera!  sketch  of  European  history.  London  :  Mac- 
millan &  Co.    1875. 

HLstorical  Essays.  London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.  1871- 
92.    4  V. 

V.  1,  The  Mythical  and  Romantic  Elements  in  early 
English  History;  the  continuity  of  English  History;  Re- 
latfous  between  the  Crowns  of  England  and  Scotland ; 
Saint  Tliomas  of  Canterbury  and  liis  Biographers;  the 
Reign  of  Edward  III.;  th«  Holy  Roman  Empire;  the 
Franks  and  the  QauU  ;  the  earlv  Sieges  ot  Paris;  tYed- 
erick  I.,  King  of  Italy,  the  Eropt'ror  Frederick  II.; 
Charles  the  Bold  ;  Presidential  Government 

Y.  2.  Ancient  Greece  and  Medla?val  Italy;  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's" Homer  and  the  Hcmenc  Age",  tne  HlstorlanB 
of  Athens;  the  Athenian  I»emocracy ;  Alexander  the 
Great.  Gree<^e  during  the  Macedonian  Period.  Mommsen'B 
H'ltory  of  Rome  ;  Sulla  ;  the  Flanan  Ceaar& 


V.3.  First  Impressions  f>f  Rome;  the  IHyrlan  Emperon 
and  their  Land ;  Augusta  Treveronim ;  the  Goths  at 
Ravennn ;  Race  and  Language  ,  the  Byzantine  Empirei 
Mrst  Impressiong  of  Athens;  MedJajval  and  Modem 
Greece ;  the  Southern  Slaves  ;  Sicilian  Cjcles  ;  the  Nor- 
manaat  Palermo. 

V.  i.    Carthage ;    French    and    English    Towns ;    Aqun 

Sextia?;  Orange ;  Augustodunum  ;  Perigueux  and  Cahors: 

the  Lords  of  Ardres;  Points  in  the  Historj-  of  Portugal 

I  and  Brazil.   Alter  Orbis  ;  Historical    Oclrt;  Augustaa 

Ages  ;  English  Civil  Wars. 

The  historical  geography  of  Europe.    London  :  Long- 
mans, Green  &.  Co.    1881.    1  v.  text;  1  v.  maps. 

The  object  of  this  remarkably  valuable  work  is  to 
"trace  out  the  extent  of  teri'itorv  which  the  different 
stateeand  nations  of  Euroi>e  und  the  neighbtiuring  londa 
have  held  at  different  times  in  the  world's  history,  to 
mark  the  different  bouudai-ies  which  the  same  country 
has  had,  and  the  different  meanings  in  which  the  same 
name  has  been  used." —  Author's  Intj'oduction. 

FROISSART,  Sir  JOHN.    Chronicles   [1326-1400];  trans. 
by  T.  Johnes.    London:  Wm.  Smith.    3  v. 
Same;  edited  for  boys,  with  an  introduction,  by  Sid- 
ney Lanier.    N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    1879. 

FYFFE,  C  A.  History  of  modem  Europe.  London : 
Cassell.  1880-1889.  N.  Y.:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
1881-90.    3  v. 

Covers  the  period  from  the  beginning  of  the  war 
with  revolutionary  France,  in  1792,  to  the  Berlin  Congree* 
and  Treaty,  1878  ;  a  well- constructed  and  well  wriKen 
piece  of  history. 

GERAKD,  JAMES  W.    The  peace  of   Utrecht,  1713-14. 

N.  Y.:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    1885. 
GRUBE,  A.  W.    Heroes  of  history  and  legend.    London: 

Griffith  &  Farran.     1880. 
A  translation  of  the  second  part  of  Grube'e  "Charak- 

terbilderausder  Geschichte  nndSage." 

QUIZOT,  F.  P.  History  of  civilization,  to  the  French  revo- 
lution; trans,  from  the  French.  London:  Greo. 
BeU  &  Sons.  3  v.  N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  2  v, 
"The  originality  of  M.  Guizot's  work  conelsts  In  the 
truly  Bcientlflc  spirit  and  character  of  hfs  method.  Ho 
was  the  first  to  dissect  a  society,  in  the  same  comprehen- 
sive, impartial,  and  thorough  way  in  which  an  anato- 
mist dissects  the  body  of  an  animal,  and  the  first  to  etudy 
the  functions  of  the  social  organism  in  the  same  system- 
atic and  careful  manner  in  which  the  physiologist 
studies  the  functions  of  the  animal  organism." — R.  Flint, 
The  Philosophy  of  History  in  France  and  Germany, 
p.  240. 

HALLAM,  HEXRY.  View  of  the  state  of  Europe  during 
the  Middle  Ages.  London  :  J.  Murray.  3v.  N.  Y.: 
W.  J.  Widdleton.    3  v. 

"  He  [Hallam)  never  thoroughly  took  in  either  the  Im- 
perial or  the  eccIesiaBtlcal  element  in  history ;  if  I  say 
that  he  did  not  thoroughly  take  in  the  Teutonic  element 
either,  it  might  i»eem  that  I  leave  Iiim  no  standing- 
ground  at  all.  And  whither  shall  he  seem  to  vanish,  if  I 
odd  that  he  never  shows  that  same  kind  of  thorough 
knowU-dgf  of  original  authorities,  that  mastery  of  them, 
that  delight  in  tliem,  which  stands  out  in  every  line  of 
Kemble  and  PaUrave?  Hallam  had  nothing  of  thespirlt 
of  thoantiijuary  i  he  had  not,  I  should  say,  very  mucn  oC 
the  spirit  of  the  historian  proper  Yet  Hallani  was  a 
memorable  writer,  whose  name  ought  to  be  deeply 
honoured,  and  a  laiye  part  of  whose  uTitings  are  a^ 
valuable  now  as  when  they  %vere  rtrst  wntten."— E.  A- 
FreeuiBtUt  Methods  of  Historical  Study,  p.ZS2. 

HAUSSER,  LUDWIG.  The  period  of  the  Reformation, 
1517-1648,  ed.  by  W.  Oncken;  trans,  by  Mrs. 
Sturge.  London:  Strahan.  1873.  N.  Y.:  Robert 
Carter  &  Bros. 

Unquestionably  the  best  comprehensive  eorvey  of  the 
Reformation  and  the  R»*foniiation  period  that  baa  yet 
been  placed  before  English  readers. 

HEEREN,  A,  H.  L.  A  manual  of  the  history  of  the  politi- 
cal system  of  Europe  and  its  colonies  ;  from  the 
close  of  the  15th  century  to  the  fall  of  Napoleon  ; 
trans,  from  the  Ger.    London  ;  H.  G.  Bohn.    1846. 

HENDERSON,  ERNEST  F.,  trans,  and  ed.  Select  his- 
torical documents  of  the  middle  ages.  London : 
Geo.  Bell  &  Sous.    1893.    N.  Y. :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

HODGKIN,  THOMAS.  Italv  and  her  Invaders.  Oxford: 
Clarendon  Press.    18S0-85.    4  v. 

A  very  satisfactory  work,  narrating  that  part  of  the 
barbaric  avalanche  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries  which 
cnishedtho  Kmpire  in  its  western  sent.  The  first  volume 
deals  with  the  Visigothic  invasion,  the  second  with  the 
Hunnish. Vandal  and  Herulian,  the  third  with  the  Ostro- 
gothic,  the  fourth  with  Justinian's  recovery  of  Italy. 

Theodoric  the  Goth  ;  the  barbarian  champion  of  civ- 
ilization.    N.  Y.  :  G.  P.  Futnaurs  Sons.     1891. 
In  the  series  entitled  "Heroes  of  the  Nations." 
JOHNSON,  A.  H.    The  Normans  in  Europe.    London : 
Longmans,    Green  &  Co.      1877.     N.  Y.  :    Chas. 
Scrioner's  Sons. 
JOHNSTONE,    C.    F.     Historical   abstracts.      London: 
C.  Kegan  Paid  &  Co.    1880. 

Excellent  outline'  sketches  of  the  history  of  Denmark, 
Norway,  Sweden,  th-i  kingdom  of  the  Netherlanda,  Bel- 
^um,  the  Ottoman  Empire,  tireece,  Portugal,  Prussia, 
Ruasia,  and  the  SwiBs  Confederation. 


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despateh^Hoflho  Duke  of  \V'eniUKt^>n.  Cut  there  Is  littio 
ornoeirorttoshow  that  one  Ih  more  vahinlilr  than  the 
other,  or  to  «itterinlno  wlu-ro  the  poetry  whiiti  in  Iiivlsh 
of  marvellous  Incidents  ends,  and  where  the  n.'tjlon  of 
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"For  manv  years  — as  Profeasor  of  Modem  History, 
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and  modes  of  poUtlcal  action  among  thedilferenB  nations 
throughout  tlje  world."  The  lecturers  weie  generally 
men  specially  well  informed  on  their  sevenil  subjects  — 
such  as  Professor  J.  E.  Thorold  Rogers.  Professor  J'ulsiky. 
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sources,  spiritual  discernment,  psychological  insight, 
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England  ;  the  Rel^nof  Henrj  VU. ;  last  statutory  public 
lecture. 

SYBEL,  HEINRICH  von.  History  and  literature  of  the 
Crusades  ;  trans,  from  the  German.  London : 
Chapman  &  Hall.    1861. 


STMONDS,  JOHX  ADDINGTON.  The  Catholic  reaction. 
London  :  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.     1886.    2  v. 

These  are  the  concluding  volumes  of  Symonds'  "Re- 
naissance in  Italy." 

TRENCH,  RICHARD  C.  Lectures  on  mediaeval  Church 
history.    N.  Y.  :  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    1878. 

VAN  PRAET,  JULES.  Essays  on  the  political  history  of 
the  15th,  16th,  and  I7th  centuries  [trans,  from  the 
French].    London  :  Richard  Bentley.     1868. 

VILLEMAIN.  A.  F.  Life  of  Gregory  YU.  [Hildebrandl  ; 
preceded  by  a  sketch  of  the  Papacy  to  the  llth, 
century ;  trans,  from  the  French.  London  :  R. 
Bentley  &  Son.    1874.    2  v. 

VOLTAIRE,  F.  M.  AROUET  de.  Annals  of  the  empire, 
from  the  time  of  Charlemagne.  (Works,  trans,  by 
Smollett  and  others,  1761,  v.  20-a?.) 

WARD,   A.  W.      The    Counter-Reformation.     London : 
Longmans.    1889. 
In  the  series  entitled  "  Epochs  of  Church  History." 

WOODHOUSE.  F.  C.  The  military  reUgious  orders  of 
the  Middle  Ages.    London  :  S.  P.  C.  K.    1879. 


GREAT  BRITAIN:   GENERAL. 


BRIGHT,  J.  F.  History  of  England.  London  :  Riving- 
tons.    1880-1888.    4  v. 

A  very  carefully  written  history,  brought  down  to  1880; 
guite  full  in  detail,  and  necessarily,  therefore,  condensed 
in  the  narrative. 

BUCKLE.  HENRY  THOMAS.  History  of  civilization  in 
England.  London:  Longmans.  N.Y.:  D.Apple- 
ton  &  Co.    2  V. 

A  work  which  has  lost  thegreatlnfiuence  that  itexerted 
when  it  first  appeared,  but  which  is  full  of  suggestion, 
nevertheless,  to  one  who  reads  it  thoughtfully. 

BUCKLEY,  ARABELLA  B.  History  of  England  for  be- 
ginners.   London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.    1887. 

BURROWS.  MONTAGU.  Commentaries  on  the  history 
of  England  from  the  earliest  times  to  1865.  Edin.: 
W.  Blackwood  &  Sons.    1893. 

A  successful  "attempt  to  interpret  the  History  of  Eng- 
land In  accordance  with  the  latest  researches";  '*  a  digest 
and  a  commentary  rather  than  an  abstract  or  an  epit- 
ome." 

BURTON,  JOHN  HILL.  History  of  Scotland  from 
Agricola's  invasion  to  the  last  Jacobite  insurrec- 
tion; new  and  enlarged  ed.  Edin.:  W.  Blackwood 
&  Sons.    8  V. 

CALLCOTT,  Lady  M.  Little  Arthur's  history  of  Eng- 
land.   London :  J.  Murray. 

Very  high  in  the  esteem  of  those  who  Judge  books  for 
children  most  carefully. 

DICEY,  ALBERT  V.  The  Privy  Council :  the  Arnold 
prize  essay.    London:  Macmillan  &  Co.    1887. 

DUFFY,  Sir  CHARLES  GAVAN.  Birds-eye  view  of 
Irish  history.    Dublm  :  J.  Duflfy  &  Son.    1882. 

ENGLISH  WORTHIES  ;  ed.  by  Andrew  Lang.  London: 
Longmans.     1885-. 

Raleigh;  by  Edmund  Gosse.  — Blake;  by  David  Hannay. 
—  Claverhouse;  by  Mowbray  Morris.  —  Marlborougn  ■  by 
George  baintsbury.— bhaftesbury  ;  by  H.  D.  Traill.— Can- 
ning; by  F.  H.  Hill.— Darwin  ;  by  Grant  Allen. 

FORSYTH,  WILUAM.  Historv  of  Trial  by  Jury.  Lon- 
don  :  J.  W.  Parker.     1852. 

FREEMAN,  EDWARD  A.  The  growth  of  the  English 
constitution.    London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.    1872. 

GAIRDNER.  JAMES,  and  JAMES  SPEDDING.  Studies 
in  English  history.     Edin.    1881. 

A  volume  of  collected  essaja.  on  the  LoHards.  the  His- 
torical element  In  Shakespeare's  Falstaff,  Katharine  of 
Aragou's  Ilrst  and  second  marriages,  history  of  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Divine  Right  of  Kings,  Sundays,  ancient 
and  modern,  and  other  topics. 

GARDINER.  SAMUEL  RAWSOX.  Historical  biograph- 
ies.    London  :  Longmans.     1884. 

Contains  brief  but  excelleut  biographies  of  Simon  de 
Montfort,  Edward  the  Black  PriiKe.  Sir  Thomas  More,  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  Crom^vell,  and  William  HI. 

A  Student's  history  of  England,  from  the  earliest 
times  to  1885.  London:  Longmans.  1890-1.  3  v. 
Professor  Gardiner,  being  a  specialist,  dldtlnctly.  In  the 
one  period  of  English  hii.tory  to  which  he  haa  devot«<l 
himself  -  thi*  period  of  the  Stuarts  — wouid  not  claim 
authority,  of  course,  as  an  original  investigator  of  other 
time3;  aud  some  parts  of  this  general  text-book  have  been 
found  open  to  criticism.  But.  on  the  whole,  it  can  claim 
the  HrsC  rank  among  text-books  of  its  class. 

GNEIST,  RUDOLPH.    History  of  the  English  Constitu- 
tion; trans  from  the  German.    London:  W.Clowes 
&  Son.     1886.    2v. 
The  English  Parliament  in  its  transformations  through 
a  thousand  years.     Loudon  ;  Grevel  &  Co.     188t>. 

"The  work  of  Gneist  on  the  English  Constitution  la 
scarcely  leas  inf1isi>enBable  to  the  English  atudent  than  the 
works  of  Stubbs  and  Hallam,  while,  aa  a  distinguished 
juriist  and  politician  in  Germany,  he  surveys  his  subject 


from  a  different  standpoint." — S.  R.  Gardiner  and  J.  B. 
Mullinger ,  Introduction  to  the  8ludy  of  E7tglish  History, 
p.  410. 

GREEN,  JOHN  RICHARD.  Short  history  of  the  English 
people,  lllus.  edition,  ed.  by  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green 
and  Miss  Kate  Norgate.  London:  Macmillan  & 
Co.    N.  Y. :  Harper  &  Bros.    4  v. 

"The  success  of  the  'Short  History'  was  rapid  and 
overwhelming.  Everybody  read  it.  It  was  philosophical 
enough  for  scholars,  aud  popular  enough  lor  school  boys. 
No  historical  book  since  Macaulay's  has  made  iis  way  so 
fast.  .  .  .  The  characteristic  note  of  his  IGreen'sj  geuiua 
was  also  that  of  Gibbon's,  the  combination  of  a  perfect 
mastery  of  multitudinous  details  with  a  large  ajid  lumi- 
nous view  of  those  far-reaching  forces  and  relations 
which  govern  the  fortunes  of  peoples  and  grulde  the 
course  of  empire."— J.  Bryce,  John  Richard  Oreen  (Jlfao- 
millan's  Jfafl.,  May,  1883). 

History  of  the  English  people.    London;  Macmillan 
&  Co.     N.  Y.:  Harper  &  Bros.     1878.    4  v. 
An  enlargement  of  the  "  Short  History." 
JOYCE,  P.  W.    Short  history  of  Ireland,  from  the  earliest 

times  to  1608.    London:  Longmans.    1893. 
KNIGHT,  CHARLES.    Popularhistory  of  England.    Lon- 
don: Bradbury  &  Evans.    8  v. 

A  work  of  great  merit  as  a  popular  history,  making  no 
pretensions  to  original  research  ;  liberal  In  spirit  aud  ad- 
mirable in  tone.  It  was  one  of  the  Srst  works  of  the  kind 
to  be  pictorially  Illustrated  In  a  really  historical  way. 

LANGMEAD,  THOMAS  P.  TASWELL-.  English  consti- 
tutional history,  from  the  Teutonic  conquest  to 
the  present  time.  2d  ed.  rev.,  with  add's.  Lon< 
don:  Stevens  &  H.    1880. 

LINGARD,  JOHN.  History  of  England  from  the  first 
invasion  by  the  Romans.  London:  Bums  & 
Oates.    10  V. 

English  history  written  with  general  fairness  from  the 
Roman  Catholic  standpoint. 

LOFTIE,  W.  J.  History  of  London.  London:  E.  Stan- 
ford.    1883-4.    2  V.  with  suppl't. 

MACAULAY,  THOMAS  BABINGTON,  Baron.  History 
of  England  from  the  accession  of  James  n.  Lon- 
don: Longmans. 

A  brief  sur\-ev  of  previous  events  Introduces  the  history 
proper,  which  begins  with  the  accession  of  James  II.,  In 
1686.  As  the  death  of  the  author  brought  his  work  to  an 
abrupt  end  before  he  had  flQished  his  account  of  the 
reign  of  William  III.  (1689-171'.;),  the  history  covers  a 
period  of  lesd  than  eightt-en  years.  Its  extraordinary 
brilliancy,  on  the  one  hand,  and  its  defects  of  partisan 
prejudice  and  misjuilgnienton  the  other,  are  well  known. 
*'l  can  see  Macaulay  a  great  and  obvious  faults  as  well 
as  any  iiitin  ;  I  know  as  well  as  any  man  the  cautions  wtUi 
which  his  brilliant  pictures  must  be  studied  ;  but  1  can- 
not feel  that  I  have  any  right  to  speak  lightlv  of  one  to 
whom  I  owe  so  much  In  the  matter  of  actual  Knowledge, 
and  to  whom  I  owe  more  than  to  anv  roan  as  the  master 
of  historical  narrative."— E.  A.  Freeman,  Methods  of  His- 
torical Study,  p.  105. 

POWELL,  F.  YORK.  History  of  England,  to  the  death 
of  Henrj'  VU.    London:    F.  Rivingtons. 

An  excellent  school  text-book  of  the  early  centuries  of 
English  history,  presenting  really  one  of  the  best  succinct 
studies  that  can  be  found  of  the  four  centurit-s  from  the 
first  Norman  to  the  first  Tudor.  It  belongs  to  a  series  of 
three  volumes,  only  one  other  of  which  itbe  third,  by 
Professor  Tout)  has  appeared. 

RANNIE,  DAVID  W.  Historical  outUne  of  the  English 
Constitution,  for  beginners.  London:  Long- 
mans.   1882. 

SKOTTOWE,  B.  C.  A  short  histoiy  of  Parliament. 
London:    Sonnenschein  &  Co.    189:i. 

SMITH,  G.  BARNETT.  History  of  the  English  Parlia- 
ment ;  with  an  account  of  the  Parliaments  of  Scot- 


136 


SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


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Co.     1802.    2  V. 

SOUTHEY,  R<.)BERT.  Lives  of  the  British  admirals; 
completed  by  Robert  Bell.  London :  Longmans. 
1833.    5v. 

TRAILL.  HENRY  D.,  ed.  Social  England:  a  record  of 
the  progress  of  the  people  in  religion,  laws,  learn- 
ing, arts,  industry,  commerce,  science,  literature, 
and  manners,  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present 
day,  by  various  writers.  London:  CasseD  it  Co. 
N.  Y.:    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    18&4-5. 

A  work  somewhat  uneiually  executed  by  the  different 
writera enijragodjbut  gentrally  admirable, and  exceeding- 
ly tnteresiing.    Three  volumes  have  thus  far  been  issued. 

TWELVE  EN'dUSH  STATESMEN.  London:  Macmil- 
lan  &  Co.     1888-. 

William  the  Conqueror;  by  Edward  A.  Freeman. — 
Heory  the  Second ;   by  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green.— Eklward  the 


First ;  by  Prof.  T  F.  Tout.— Henry  th<»  Seventh :  by  Jamee 
Galrdner.— Curdmal  WoI»4.-y;  by  niehup  Cri-ii?htou.— 
Elizabeth;  bv  K.  S.  Bcesly.— Oliver  Cromwt-M:  by 
Fredt-Ho  U'»riih;on  ^WllIlumtheThiiHl ;  by  il.  D.  Traill. — 
Waluoltf ;  ny  John  Morley. -Obathuiii  [lu  preparallonh 
by  Johti  Morley.— Pitt ;  by  Lord  Kosebery.— I'eel ;  by 
J.  R.  T hurstleld. 

YONGE,  CHARLOTTE  M.  Cameos  from  English  his- 
tory. London:  Macmillan.  18T1-1890.  Phil.: 
Lippincott  &  Co. 

Seven  eeriea  of  clear-cut  hifltorical  narratives,  each 
quite  distinct  In  subjtct,  but  follovring  one  another  In 
close  relations  of  tlnit*.  Slany  oi;  the  subjects  mx*  from 
Continental  events  which  have  honio  oIo-ho  eonneetlon 
with  EiiK'lsh  history.  The  jierluda  ouvered  by  Uu*  st-v.-ial 
peries  am  dii'liuvd  and  t-ntltk-d  nfi  fulluus;  i.  liuilo  to 
Edvsard  II.— 2.  The  wars  in  France— 3.  The  warHof  the 
Roues.— 4.  Heforuiatluu  times. — b.  England  and  K[)aln. 
— fl.  Forty  years  of  Stewart  rule. -7.  Rebellion  and 
Restoration. 


GREAT  BRITAIN:    EARLY  AND  MEDIEVAL. 


BROWNE,  MATTHEW.    Chaucer's  England.    London: 

Hurat  &  Blackett.     1669.    2  v. 
CHURCH,  R.  W.    Saint  Anselm.    London :  Macmillan  & 

Co.    1870. 

CREIGHTON,  MANDELL.  Life  of  Simon  de  Montfort, 
Earl  of  Leicester.    London  :  Rivingtons.    1876. 

ELTON,  CHARLES.  Origins  of  English  history.  Lon- 
don:  B.  Quaritch.    1882. 

"An  attempt  to  rearruiiR-e  in  a  convenient  form  what 
Is  known  of  the  history  «>f  llilacouniry  from  those  obscure 
a«e8  which  preot-ded  the  Konian  luvaaions  to  the  time 
wnen  the  EDyll'*li  accepted  the  Christian  religion."— 
Author^s  opening  chapter. 

ENGLISH  HISTORY  FROM  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT- 
ERS :  The  misrule  of  Henry  HI.— Edward  HI. 
and  his  wars.— Strongbow's  conquest  of  Ireland. 
— Simon  de  Montfort  and  his  cause.— The  Wars  of 
York  and  Lancaster.     London  :  D.  Nutt.    5  v. 

FEEEMAN,  EDWARD  A.    History  of  the  Nonnan  Con- 
quest   of    England  ;    its  causes  and  its  results. 
Oxford :  Clar.  Press.    1870.    5  v.  and  index. 
Old  English  history  for  chUdren.    London :  Macmil- 
lan &  Co.     1869. 

An  attempt  by  the  late  I*rofes8or  Freeman  to  make 
"Old  EoBlisn  historr  "  interesting  to  children,  and  one 
In  which  he  did  not  fall. 

The  reign  of  William  Kufus  and  the  accession  of 
Henrj'  I.    Oxford  :  Clar.  Press.     1882.    2  v. 

"Taken  as  a  whole,  the  Beven  volumes  ['Norman  Con- 
quest'and  *WIIIlain  Rufis'l  give  us  such  a  masterly 
phUoso]>hlc  analjMls  and  sucn  a  plcturewjue  and  vivid 
narrative  of  the  hl.story  of  England  in  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury that  It  mui^t  be  pronounced  the  monumental  work 
upon  wlilch  Mr.  Freeman's  reputation  will  chletly  re«<»  '■— 
John  Flake,  Etlward  August ua  Freeman  (Atlantio 
Jilonthly,  Jan.  isuJ). 

9AIRDNER,  JAMES.  History  of  the  life  and  reign  of 
Richard  III.    London :  Longmans.    1M78. 

'*  1  have.  In  working  out  this  Bubject,  always  adhered  to 
the  plan  of  placing  my  chief  reliance  on  contemporary 
Information  ;  and,  no  far  as  1  am  aware,  1  have  neglected 
nothing  Iraporlont  that  I  neither  directly  stated  by  original 
authorities  and  contemporary  reeortia.  or  that  can  be 
reasonably  inferred  from  what  thi-y  Bay."— .4u//ior'a 
preface. 

The  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  with  the  conquest 
and  loss  of  France.  Loudon:  Longmans.  N.  Y. : 
0.  Scribner'fl  Sons. 

Belonging  in  the  excellent  serit^  of  the  "Epochs  of 
Modem  History  "—  small,  but  satisfactory. 

QREEN,  J.  R.    The  making  of  England.    London:    Mac- 
millan &  Co.    1881. 
The  conquest  of  England.     London:    Macmillan  & 
Co.     1883. 

In  the  flrnt  of  theno  hooka,  Mr.  Green  has  told  the 
■tor7  of  the  Saxons  and  Angiefi  In  Kngland  down  to  the 
union  of  the  land  under  Kogberht :  the  period  of  their 
settlement,  "  In  which  their  political  and  social  life  took 
the  form  which  it  still  rctairiH."  In  the  second  work  he 
continues  the  narrative  to  the  Norman  conquest. 

QREEN,  Mrs.  J.  R.  Town  life  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
Ix>ndon  and  N.  Y.:     Macmillan  &  Co.    1894.    2  v. 

"  H>ory  page  gives  proof  of  careful  research,  skilful  or- 
nngeinont  of  lactH,  and  felicitous  treatment. " — O.  J. 
Robinson,  Reviexc  {Academy,  June  10,  t8M). 

GROSS,  CHAR.    The  Olid  Merchant;  a  contribution  to 
British  municipal  history.     Oxford.     1890. 
Concededly  the  liost  work  on  the  subject. 

KEMBLE,  JOHN  M.  The  Saxons  in  England.  New  edi- 
tion, edited  and  revised  by  W.  De  Gray  Birch. 
London:     B.  Quaritch.     1876.    2  v. 

"An  account  of  the  principles  upon  whleh  the  public 
and  political  life  of  our  Anslosaxon  fon-fathorn  was 
ba«cd,  and  of  the  institutions  In  which  those  nrinciploB 
were  most  clearly  monlfested."  — .■lurftfir'u  I*rf/acr.— 
"Kemblo  has  no  narrallvo  work  to  compare  with  that  of 
Palgrave ;  but  the  '  Baxoos  In  England  '  may  fairly  bo  oom- 


jpared  with  the  '  History  of  the  English  Commonwealth.' 
They  are  two  great  works,  worU.i  of  two  great  scholars, 
who  assuredly  are  not  yet  superseded.  They  will  pive  you 
two  sides  of  the  same  general  wtory." — L.  A.  Freeman, 
Methoda  of  Historical  Study,  p.  281. 

LECHLER,  G.    John  Wiclif  and  his  English  precursors; 

trans,  from  the  German.    L.oudon:    C.  K.  l'aul& 

Co.     1878.    2v. 
LONGMAN,  A\aLLIAM.     History  of  the  life  and  times  of 

Edward  HI.    London:    Longmans.    18G9. 

MAURICE,  C.  EDMUND.  Lives  of  English  popular 
leaders  in  the  Middle  Ages.  London:  H.  S.  King. 
1872-5.    2v. 

Stephen  Langton,  Wat  Tyler,  John  Ball  and  Sir  John 
Oldcoitle  are  the  subjecis. 

NORGATE,  KATE.  England  under  the  Angevin  kings. 
London:     Macmillan  &  Co.     1887.    2  v. 

"In  point  of  historical  scholarahip  it  Is  rarely  Indeed 
that  mas  Norgate  tflvt-s  anything  to  complain  of.  What 
strikes  us  before  all  thltiKS  is  her  llrm  grasp  of  facte  and 
authorities.  ...  It  ia  a  sterling  book,  one  wMch  places 
Its  writer  very  high  indceci  in  the  ranks  of  real  scholars." 
— E.  A.  Freeman,  Jievicto  (Eng.  Hist.  Hev.,  Oct.,  1S87). 

OMAN,  CHARLES  W.  Warwick,  the  Kingmaker.  Lon- 
don:    MacmUlan  &  Co.     1891. 

An  excellent  sniatl  book  on  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  writ- 
ten for  a  series  eulltlod  "  English  Men  of  Action." 

PALGRAVE,  Str  FRANCIS.  History  of  Normandy  and 
England.  London:  Macmillan  &  Co.  1851  and 
1878.    4  V. 

A  work  which  can  almost  be  described  as  the  hlotory  of 
Western  Europe  from  the  eighth  to  the  end  of  the  eleventh 
century,  viewed  especially  in  its    connection  with    the 
movements  and  settlements  of  the  Northmen. 
History  of  the  An^lo  Saxons.     London:     W.  Tegg. 

Written  from  siudiei*  made  more  than  sixty  yearw  ago, 
and  BubjL-etnow  to  considerable  inodlllcatlon  ;  but  it  Is 
still  valuable,  and  no  later  work  has  quite  replaced  it. 

The  rise  and  progress  of  the  English  Commonwealth: 
Anglo-Saxon  period.   Ix)ndon:  Murray.    Ittil.    2  v. 
Bee  not«  to  Kemble's  "  Saxons  lu  Kngland,"  above. 

PASTON  LETTERS,  THE;  1422-1509;  a  new  edition, 
edited  by  James  Gairdner.  London:  [E.  Arber.] 
1872.    3v. 

"  A  collection  of  family  letters  written  during  the  Wars 
of  the  Roses,  which  are  now  commonly  known  as  the 
'  Paston  Letters,"  because  most  of  them  were  written  by 
or  to  particular  ptTHons  of  the  family  of  Pnston  In  Nor- 
folk. .  .  .  Mr.  Ualidner's  Introduction  of  130  closely 
printed  pages  to  the  tli-st  volume,  60  to  the  second,  and  60 
to  the  tiilrd,  isa  book  lu  Its(^'ir,  glTlng  a  clear  reconl  of 
the  public  and  private  life  of  England  from  U22tu  iriuO,  so 
far  UM  they  art'  ilhiMtrated  by,  or  Illustrate,  the  *  I'ajtton 
Lettei-s."'-U.  Morley,  ICnoUah  M'ritera,  v.6,pp.2&&  and 
281. 

PAULI,  R.  Life  of  Alfred  the  Great;  ti-ans.  from  the 
Gennan  by  B.  Thoi'pe.     London:     IJohn.     1853. 

PEARSON,  CHARLES  H.  History  of  England  during 
the  Early  and  Middle  Ages.  London:  Hell  & 
Daldy.    1867,    2  v. 

A  work  of  ability  which  presents  views  of  early  English 
history  considcranly  antagonistic  to  those  or  Stublts, 
Freeman  and  (Jreen,  eftpeclully  concerning  the  dectruc- 
tlvenessof  the  Haxon  connucHt  and  the  cotnpletenetis  of 
the  break  In  Instllutloiuil  hlwtory  which  that  event  pro- 
duced ;  also  touclilng  tlie  renulls  of  the  Nonnan  OoD- 
Queet. 

PROTHERO,  GEORGE  W.  Life  of  Simon  Do  Montfort. 
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RAMSAY,  Sir  JAMES  H.  Lancaster  and  York:  a  cen- 
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Clar.  lYess.     1H92.    2  v. 

"  '  Ijincu«ter  and  York '  ts  essentially  a  book  of  rofor- 
onco,  to  Imj  at  the  elbow  of  every  coreful  student  who 
would  know  the  lionext  fact,  or  wnuld  bo  saved  lnde(1nlt« 
quext  tlirough  a  scoria  pf  records.  .  .  .  We  must  admit 
tliat  it  In  not  a  nvidable  book."— O.  Gregory  Smith.  lif' 
vUwiAcademy,  Oct.  29,  ISM). 


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This  work  "  consfpts  of  four  different  treatises,  which 
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of  'Letters  ana  Papers  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VIII.,' 
edited  by  Professor  Brewer  for  the  Master  of  the  Kolla. 
.  .  .  They  do  not  .  .  .  contain  a  detailed  systematic  nar- 
rative of  all  that  w-as  done  in  the  times  of  which  they 
treat ;  but  they  certainly  do  contain  a  review  of  the  reign 
of  Henry  Vlll.  down  to  the  death  of  Wolsey,  as  clear 
sighted  as  It  is  comprehensive,  drawn  from  the  latest 
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"  What  is  unique  In  his  cose  is  the  value  of  hia  facte,  as 

contrasted  with.  nay.  as  demonstrating,  theinconsetiuence 

of  his  reasonings.    Other  historians,  when  they  go  wrong, 

can  be  refuted  only  by  refcn^iice  to  other  authorities*; 

Clarend'-n  can  be  answered  out  of    his  own    lips."  — p. 

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COOKE,  GEORGE  W.    History  of  Party,  from  the  rise 

of  the  Whig  and  Tory  factions,  in  the  reign  of 

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Phil.  :  J.  H.  Coates  &  Co. 
The  principal  author  of  this  bit  of  compact,  careful 

hislorical  wriling  is  now  better  known  as  Mrs.  Bertha  M. 

Gardiner,  wife  of  the  historian,  Samuel  Kawson  Gardiner. 

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The  rise  of  the  People  and  the  growth  of  Parliament, 
from  the  Great  Charter  to  the  accession  of  Henry  VII., 
1215-US5 ;  by  James  Rowley.— The  Tudoi-s  and  the  Refoi^ 
matioii,  HSo-lGOS :  by  Rt.  Rev.  M.  Creighton.— The  struggle 
against  absolute  Monarchy.  1603-1088  ;  by  Mrs.  8.  R.  Gardi- 
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*'  Mr.  Furster  .  .  .  was  not  only  an  historical  writer,  but 
hia  time  and  energies  were  also  largely  absorbed  in  the 
journalism  of  the  Whig  party  of  his  day,  and  his  treat- 
ment of  important  ijUL'stioiia  too  often  betrays  the  influ- 
ence of  a  strong  feeling  of  partiKanfhip.'"—f>.  R.  Gardiner 
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FROUDE,  J.  A.  History  of  England,  from  the  fall  of 
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"The  well-known  work  of  Mr.  Froude  abounds  with 
graphic  descriptions,  accompanied  by  much  admirable 
and  just  criticism.  In  ilscuniposition  ne  was  largely  aid- 
ed by  his  researches  among  the  arcliives  at  SiniaucjLs,  col- 
lections which  at  tliat  time  had  been  vt-ry  imperfectly 
investigated.  Unfortunately,  the  conception  ho  has 
formed  of  the  character  and  conduct  of  Heniy  VIII.  is  of 
so  strange  and  unreal  a  kind  as  to  deprive  this  portion  of 
his  History  of  much  of  Its  value.  The  reign  of  Edward 
VI.  is  described  with  more  impartiality,  but  the  pt>licy  of 
Somerset  is  somewhat  harshly  judged.  .  .  .  The  vol- 
umes that  relate  to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  are  the  most 
valuable  part  of  the  work."— S.  R.  Gardiner  and  J.  B.  Mul- 
linger, Introduction  to  the  study  of  English  History, 
p.  3'.iJ. 

Life  and  times  of  Thomas  Becket.  N.  Y.  :  C.  Scribner, 

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the  place  from  which  the  eneakt-if  nddrewted  ttio  meet-- 
Ini?,  and  gradually,  a.i  we  advanced  into  the  present  cen- 
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natural  transition,  came  Into  penernl  use  and  accepta- 
tion, not  merely  in  the  technical  senstj.  an  tlie  place  from 
which  tho  Bpt^ch  was  made,  but  as  descriptive  of  the 
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"  Mr.  L4-eky'H  book  ought  to  have  been  entitled  *  Essays 
on  the  Uruwlh  of  the  HrittHb  Eninlre  during  too 
Elgl»te4*nth  ('entury.'  .  .  .  He  has  nelzed  more  cleorly 
than  ni<>?<t  vs  rltci-s  tht^  fruitful  idt'U  that  the  Iniportanco 
of  tli.wl,;h(e<-nth  century  in  Ennliwh  history  lies  in  the 
trnnHlnrnintion  of  Knuliind  Intn  the  HrHLsli  Kmpire,  and 
further,  that  no  part  of  Urttifh  history  can  bo  under- 
ptoud  unlcM  the  development  of  the  Empire  be  regarded 
OH  a  whole."— A-  V.  Dicey,  Lecky^s  History  [Nation,  Apr. 
18.  ISTS,  p.aJl). 

LETTERS  AND  PAPERS,  foreign  and  domestic,  of  tho 
reign  of  Henry  VUI.,  preserved  in  the  Public  Rec- 
ord Olflce.the  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  in 
England;  arranged  and  catalogued  by  J.  S. 
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MACKINTOSH.  Sir  JA3IES.  History  of  the  Revolution 
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*'  Almost  all  the  distinguished  writers  who  have  treat€«d 
of  Englltih  history  are  advocates.  Mr.  Hallam  and  Sir 
James  Mackintosh  alone  are  entitled  to  be  called  judges. 
But  the  extreme  austerity  of  Mr.  Hallam  tukea  away 
something  from  the  pleasure  of  reading  his  learned, 
eloquent  and  judicious  writings.  He  is  a  jutlge,  hut  a 
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tion, .  .  .  Sir  James,  perhaps,  erred  a  little  on  the 
other  side.  He  Uked  a  maiden  assize,  and  cume  away 
with  white  gloves,  after  sitting  fn  judgment  on  batches 
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"Though  the  volumes  of  Lord  Mahon  are  distinguished 
by  research  and  varied  learning,  by  a  spirit  at  once 
candid,  patient,  and  investigating —  though  his  lordsldp 
possesses  considerable  ability  OS  a  uarrator.and  Is  a  master 
of  a  style  at  ouceeosy.  flowinE,  and  thoroughly  Englieh, 
yet  with  all  his  cahn  discrimlhatiou,  and  all  his  spirit  of 
truth  and  justice,  there  is  something  of  the  leaven  of 
old  Toryism  about  his  tone  of  thought."— i-Vtw^r'a 
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Bentley&Son.  5  v.  N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  4  v. 
History  of  the  consulate  and  the  empire  of  France 
tmder  Napoleon;  trans,  from  the  French.  Lon- 
don: G.  Bell  &  Sons  (Bohn).  Phil.:  J.  B.  Lip- 
pincott  &  Co.    5  V. 

The  histories  of  M.  Thiers  have  been  losing  their  early 
reputation,  under  criticisms  which  challenge  thflr  accu- 
racy and  qUMStlon  their  spirit.  Me  wrote  aa  a  champion 
of  the  kevolution  and  an  admirer  of  the  "  glory  "  of  the 
Napoleonic  .period,— not  always  in  the  temper  of  a 
scrupulous  historian. 

THOUVENEL.       Episode    d'    histoire    contemporalne. 

Paris:  Calmann-L6vy.    1893. 
THUREAU-DANGIN.      Historle    de    la    monarchie    do 

Juillet.    Paris:    Plon.    7  v. 
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TOCQUEVILLE,  ALEXIS  de.    On  the  state  of  society  In 

Franco  before  1789;  ti-atis.  by  H.  Reeve.    London: 

John  Murray.    1856. 
Souvenirs.    Paris:    Calmann-L6vy.    1893. 
TUCKERMAN.  BAYARD.     Life  of   Lafayette.     N.  T.: 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     1889.    2  v.     London:  Low, 

Marston  &  Co. 
VfiSINIER,^  P.    History  of  the  commune  of  Paris;  trans. 

byj.  V.Weber.  London:   Chapman  &  Hall.  1872. 
VYRfi,  F.  DE.    Marie  Antoinette,  sa  vio,  sa  mort.    Paris: 

Plon.     1889. 
WASHBURNE,   ELIHU  B.    Recollections  of  a  minister 

to  France,  1809-1877.    Umdon:  Low,  Marston  & 

Co.    N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    1887.    2  v. 
YOUNG,  ARTHUR.    Travels  In  France  1787-1789;  ed.  by 

M.     B.     Edwards.      London;    G.    Bell   &   Sons. 

1889.    2  v. 


ITALY.* 


ARRIVABENE,  Count  CHARLES.  Italy  under  Victor 
Emmanuel,  London:  Hiu-st  &  Blackett.  1862. 
2  v. 

BALBO,  C.    Storia  d'  ItaUa  [47&-1&18]. 

BENT,  J.  T.    Genoa.    London:  C.  K.  Paul  &  Co.    1881. 

BERSEZIO,  V.  Regno  di  Vittorio  Emanuele  H.  1878.  4  v. 

BONGHI,  R.    Vita  ill  Valentino  Pasini. 

BOSSI.    Istoria  dltalia,    1819. 

*  Works  In  the  Italian  language  were  selected  for  this  list  by 
Hr.  Wllltam  Roscoe  Thayer,  author  of  "The  Dawn  of  Italloo 
Independence." 


BOTTA,  C.    Storia  del  popoli  Italianl  [300-1780]. 
BROWN  HORATIO  F.    Venice;  an  historical  sketch  of 

the  republic.    N.  Y.:  O.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    1898. 
BROWNING,  OSCAR.    Guelphs  and  Ghlbelllnes;  a  short 

history  of  medltcval    Italy,  1250-1409.     London: 

Methuen  &  Co.    1893. 
BURCKHARDT,  JACOB.    The  civilization  of  the  period 

of  the  Renaissance  In  Italy;  trans,  from  the  Ger- 
.man.     I.onilon:    C.  K.  Paul  &  Co.    1878.    2  v. 
CANTU,  C.    Cronistoria  dell'  Indlpendenza  Itallana, 
Oil  eretlcl  d'  Italia. 


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BURKE.  U.  R.    History  of  Spain.    London  and  N.  Y.: 

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"  Georpe  Finlay,  more  perhaps  than  any  other  modem 
writer,  belouES  to  the  same  class  as  those  earlier  his- 
torians who  began  a  stoiy  of  remote  opes  and  carried  it 
on  into  times  and  scenes  in  which  they  were  theraseWes 
spectators  and  actors.  .  .  .  While  Grote  put  forth  volume 
after  vnlume  amid  the  general  applause  of  scholars, 
Flnlay  toiled  on  at  his  thankless  task,  amid  every  form  of 
neglect  and  discouragement,  till  be  made  a  few  here  and 
there  understand  that  there  was  a  Roman  Empire  of  the 
East.  Full  of  faults  his  book  is,  in  form,  in  matter,  in 
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FLETCHER,  C.  R.  L.    Gustavus  Adolphus  and  the  strug- 
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GEIJER,  ERIC  GUSTAVE.  History  of  the  Swedes,  first 
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GRIFFIS,  W.  E.  Brave  Uttle  Holland,  and  what  she  ha» 
taught  us.  Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co 
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HAMLEY',    General   Sir    EDWARD.      The  war  in  thf 
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MOLTKE,  Count  HELJIUTH  voN.  Poland:  an  historical 
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MOTLEY,  JOHN  LOTHROP.  The  rise  of  the  Dutch  Re- 
public.   N.  Y.:  Harper  &  Bros.    1856.    3  v. 

History  of  the  Uiiited  Netherlands,  from  the  death  of 
William  the  Silent  to  the  Synod  of  Dor».  N.  Y.:  Harper 
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146 


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SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


"He  paints  the  confused  Eicenc!)  of  the  period  he  has 
choeeo  to  describe —  its  Rreut  and  Uctle  passions.  Its 
Atrocious  and  its  uoble  men,  its  territile  slegesand  pictnr* 
eaoue  festivals,  bridals  In  the  midst  ot  massacres,  its 
fljK&ts  upon  the  sea  itnd  under  the  nea.  Its  torture- fires  and 
tHood'bath^  — in  vivid  colon*,  with  a  bold  free  hand,  and 
with  a  masterly  knowledire  of  etfcct.  Whatever  was  dra- 
matic In  those  fleroo  coutliftri  he  has  siezed ;  whatever  Is 
ptK;ullar  or  Htnkiiig  in  cliaracter,  he  lioa  ptuetrated  ; 
whatever  is  signlllcant  of  time  or  nlat-e.  he  approprl- 
ateH:  wMle  he  haa  never  forgotten  Itie  great  purpose  of 
history,  which  Is,  the  illustration  of  moral  power."— P. 
Godwin,  Out  of  the  Past.  p.  4^9. 
PONTAUS.  A.  L.  John  DeWitt,  Grand  Pensionary  of 
Holland.    London;  Longmans.    1885.    2  v. 

POOLE,  STAXLEY  LANE-.   The  story  of  Turkey.    N,Y.: 

G.   P.   Putnam's   Sons.     London:    T.  F.  Unwin. 

1888. 
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Lippincott  &  Co.     1882.    3  v. 


PRESCOTT,  W.  H.    History  of  the  reign  of  Philip  U.,  king 

of  Spain.    Boston:  1855-^.    v.  1-3  [left  unflnishedj, 
RAMBAUD,  ALFRED.    History  of  Russia,  to  1877;  trans. 

from  the  French.     London:   S.  Low,  Marston  & 

Co.    1879.    2t. 
RANKE,  LEOPOLD  VON.    History  of  Servia;  trans,  from 

the  German.    London:  H.  G.  Bolm.    1853. 
SCHUYLER.  EUGENE.     Peter  the  Great,  emperor  of 

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STEPHENS,  H.  MORSE.    The  story  of  Portugal.    N.  Y.: 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    1891. 
One  of  the  best  books  In  the  series  entitled  "  The  Story 

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VOLTAIRE,  M.  dk.      History  of  Charles  XII.;  ed.  by  O. 

W.  Wight.      Boston:    Houghton,   Mifflin  &  Co. 

1881. 
"WATSON.   PAUL   B.      The   Swedish   revolution   under 

Gustavus   Vasa.     Boston:    Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

1889. 


UNITED   STATES   OF   AMERICA:    GENERAL.* 


AMERICAN  C05IM0NVYEALTHS:  edited  by  Horace  E. 
Scudder.  Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  14  v. 
Virginia;  by  John  Esten  Cooke.— Oregon  ;  by  William 
Barrows. —  Marj-lond  ;  by  William  Hand  Browne.  — Ken- 
tucky ;  bv  N.  S.  Shaler.— Michlffan:  by  T.  M.  Cooley.— 
Kansas;  by  L.  W.  Spring.— California;  by  Josiah  Royce. 
—  New  York;  by  Ellis  H.  Roberts  (2  v,).— Connecticut ; 
by  Alexander  Johnston.— Missouri ;  by  Lucien  Carr. — 
Indiana;  by  J.  P.  Dunn,  Jr.— Ohio;  by  Rufus  King.— 
Vermont;  by  Rowland  E.  Robinson. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY  SERIES.  N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner's 
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The  Colonial  Era ;  by  George  Park  Fisher.-  The  French 
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AMERICAN  STATESMEN;  ed.  by  John  T.  Morse,  Jr. 
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Georpe  Washington;  by  Henry  Cabot  Lodge.— Benja- 
min Franklin;  by  John  T.  Morse.  Jr.  -  Samut- 1  Adams: 
by  Jomeg  K.  Hosmer.— Patrick  Henry;  by  Moses  Colt 
Tyler.— John  Adams;  by  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.- Alexander 
Hamilton;  by  Henry  Cabot  Lodge,— Thomas  Jffferson; 
by  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.— John  Jay;  by  Geoi-ge  Pellew.— 
OouverneurMorrii*;  by  Theodore  KooHevelt.—Jamea  Mad- 
ison ;  by  Sidney  Howard  Gay.— John  Marshall;  by  Allan 
B.  Mogruder— Albert  Gnllatln  ;  by  John  Austin  StL'veua. 
— James  Monroe ;  by  Daniel  C  Gllman,  —John  Uulney 
Adams;  by  John  T,  Morse.  Jr.  — John  iUndolph  ;  by  Henry 
Adams.- Andrew  Jackfon  ;  by  William  G.  Sumner.  -Mar- 
tin Van  Buren;  by  Edward  M.  She pard.— Thomas  H. 
Benton:  by  Theodore  Roosevelt.— Daniel  Webster;  by 
Henry  Cabot  Lodge. — Henry  Clay:  by  Carl  Schiirzfj  v.). 
— John  C.  Calhoun;  by  Dr.  H.  von  Hoist.  — Lewis  Cass  ; 
by  Andrev?  C.  McLaughlin.— Abraham  Lincoln;  by  John 
T.  Morse,  Jr.  (8  v.>. 

ANDREWS.  EUSHA  BENJAMIN.  History  of  the  United 
SUtes.     N.  Y.:   C.  Scribner's  Sons.     189-1.    2  v. 

Not  such  a  history,  either  in  style  of  writing  or  skill  of 
handling,  as  Hhoiild  have  been  ej(i>ected  from  the  Presi- 
dent of  Brown  University,  but  jet  to  be  welcomed  until 
Bomething  better  comes  to  supply  the  need  of  an  inter* 
mediate  work,  between  the  school  text-books  and  the 
blstortes  of  special  periods. 

BANCROFT.  GEORGE.  History  of  the  United  States  of 
America  from  the  discoven'  of  the  Continent : 
author's  last  revision.  X.  Y. :  Appleton  &  Co. 
I883-.'S.     T)  v.     [Sec,  also,  nt;.\t  p:igf.] 

Ends  at  the  closing  of  the  War  of  Independence.  "  The 
l&«t  volumes  are  limited  tn  scope,  giving  ahlMtoryof  little 
but  military  and  diplomatic  movetiu-ntn  during  the  Rev- 
olution. Perhaps  It  Is  as  well.  Bancroft's  talenta  for  the 
narration  of  military  and  diplomatic  history  were  of  a 
very  high  order.  He  had  great  skill  in  ntanhnlUng 
large  arrays  of  facta,  good  Judgment,  and  a  lurid  and 
picturesque  style.  On  thu  other  band,  a  historv  of  pop- 
ular movement«,  of  public  opinion  and  of  the  Inter- 
nal development  of  the  t'nitexl  Ptatt-s.  would  exhibit  at 
the  greatest  disadvantage  the  author's  faults."— J.  F. 
Jameson, //tstorv  of  Historical  Writing  in  America, 
p.  108. 

BANCROFT,  HUBERT  H.  History  of  the  Pacific  States 
of  North  America.  San  Francisco:  A.  L.  Ban- 
croft &  Co.     1882-90.    34  v. 

"From  twelve  to  twenty  aocompllahed  linguists,  we 
are  told,  have  b«-ea  constantly  einjiloyeil  in  Mr.  Ban- 
croft's service  since  IWO  Secretaries  have  all  this  time 
been  reading,  translating.  Humtnarlr.lng,  cataloguing, 
and  indexing  th<^  whole  collection.  The  reniilt.  attained 
•t  the  cost  of  half  a  million  dollars,  i.H  a  maw  of  pyHtema- 
tlzod  Inforiimtlon,  Htich  as  mii.^i  make  the  UHcni  and  the 
dealrcrgof  historical  materials  fl^4!\vhere  deeply  envious. 
.  .  .  Mr.  Bancroft  hnn  pri-i>ari'<t  from  those  materials,  and 
published,  a  glk'anlic  *  Mistory  of  the  Pacific  States  of 
Amt*rlea.*  in  thirty  four  uniixually  large  volumes."- 
J.  F.  Jameson,  IJivt.  of  Historical  n'nting  in  Amer- 
ica, p.  163. 

BOLLES.  ALBERT  S.    Financial  history  of  the  United 
States.    N.  Y. :  D.  Appleton  &  Co.    1879-85.    3  v, 

A  pttlnstakinB  niece  of  work,  embodytne  a  Urge  amount  of  Inve** 
Mntion  and  study,  but  not  very  broauly  Tuminoui  lu  iu  dlaciiAnon 
of  the  (acta. 


BROOKS,  ELBRIDGE  S.  The  Century  book  for  young 
Americans.    N.  Y. :  Century  Co.    1894. 

Descriptive  of  the  machinery  of  government  at  Wash- 
ington, in  its  practical  working,  as  seen  by  an  imaginary 
party  of  young  visitors. 

BROOKS.  NOAH.  Short  studies  in  party  poUtics.  N.  Y. : 
C.  Scribner's  Sons.     1895. 

Some  first  things  in  American  politics.— The  passing  of 
the  Whigs.— When  Slavery  went  out  of  PoUtics.— The 
Party  Platforms  of  Sixty  Years. 

BRYANT,  ^^^LUAM  CULLEN,  and  SYDNEY  H.  GAY. 
Popular  history  of  the  United  States,  to  the  end 
of  the  first  century  of  the  Union.  N.  Y. :  Scrib- 
ner,  A.  &  Co.    1876.    4  v. 

Understood  to  have  been  substantially  the  work  of  Mr. 
Gay,  Mr.  Bryant's  contribution  to  it  having  been  very 
slight.  Although  it  brings  nowhere,  perhaps,  new  light 
from  original  studies  to  bear  on  American  history,  it  ia  a 
work  ot  much  merit. 

BRYCE,  JAMES.  The  Amorican  Commonwealth  ;  3d 
ed.,  completely  revised,  with  additional  chapters. 
London  and  N.  Y.  :  Macmilian  &  Co.     1895.    2  v. 

"  One  may  doubt  If  such  n  living  picture  of  Democracy 
in  all  its  ways,  in  its  strength  and  its  weakness,  its  dan- 
gers and  its  future,  In  nil  its  straiiyo  nakedness  of  ap- 
pearance, and  its  amazing  vitality  and  force,  in  its 
golden  ho[ies,  and  It.s  sitiipllcitv  anti  limitations  as  of  a 
raw,  hicky,  lne.\i>erieiir.d  y.iilli  entering  on  a  match- 
less inheritance  for  u''">(l  or  for  evil,  1ms  ever  yet  been 
drawn  by  a  coinfiftonl  li^ui'l."  — Frederic  Harrison,  jVr. 
Bryce'H  "American  t'ummoincealth"  {Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury, Jan.,  l»S9). 

CAMPBELL,  DOUGLAS.  The  Puritan  In  Holland,  Eng- 
land and  America. 

A  work  which  has  commanded  attention  to  the  influ- 
ence exerted  by  ttie  Dutch  on  tlie  development  of  iouas 
and  institutions  lu  the  United  States,  and  which  has  done 
so  with  giKKl  elTeet,  though  with  some  exaggeration. 

COFFIN.    CHARLES    CARLETON.      BuiUlInf,'    the    na- 
tion  ;  from  the  Revolution  to  the  beginning  of  the 
war  between  the  states.    N.  Y. :  Harper  &  Bros. 
1883. 
For  young  readers,  especially, 

DAWES.  ANNA  L.  How  we  are  governed  ;  an  explana- 
tion of  the  constitution  and  government  of  the 
United  States,  for  young  people.  Boston  :  Loth- 
rop  &  Co.    1885. 

DRAKE.  SAMUEL  ADAMS.    The  making  of  the  Great 
West,  1512-1883.    N.  Y.:  C  Scribner's  Sons.    1887. 
The  making  of   the    Ohio  Valley  States,  ltiOO-1837. 
N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    180-1, 

EPOCHS  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY;  edited  by  Albert 
Buslmell  Hart.  N.  Y.  and  London:  Longmans. 
1891-3.    3  v. 

The  colonies.  H92-I760;  bv  Reulwn  Gold  Thwaltes.— 
Formation  of  the  Union.  I760-1K»:  liy  Allwrt  Ilunhnelt 
Hart.- Division  and  reunion.  1829-1889;  by  Woodrow 
Wilson. 

FISKE,  JOHN.    Civil  government  in  the  United  States 
considered  with  some  reference  to  its   origins. 
Boston:  Houghton.  Mifflin  &  Co.     1890. 
History  of  the  United  States  for  schools.    Boston: 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    189-1. 

FOSTER,  W.  E.  References  to  the  history  of  Presi- 
dential administrations,  1789-1885.  N.  Y.:  Soc, 
for  Pol.  Ed.    1885. 

HART,  ALBERT  BUSHNELL.  Topical  outline  of  the 
courst'.^i  in  constitutional  and  |>olitioal  history  of 
the  United  States  given  at  Harvard  College,  1887- 
88.    Part  1  C1783-1H;J9J.    Cambridge.    1880. 

HIGGINSON.  THOMAS  WENTWORTH.  Larger  history 
of  the  United  States,  to  the  close  of  Jackson's 
administration.     N.  Y.:    Harper  &  Bros.    1886. 


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HIGGINSON,  THOMAS  WENTWORTH.    Young  folks' 
history  of  the  United  States.     Boston:    Lee  & 
Shepard.    1875-83. 
Always  attractive  to  yoan?  readers. 

HILDBETH.  RICHARD.  History  of  the  United  States 
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"  A  man  of  very  decided  convictions,  and  ardently  In- 
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HINSDALE,  B.  A.    How  to  study  and  teach  history,  with 
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The  Old  Northwest.    N.  Y.:  T.  MacCoun.    1888. 

HOI£T,  Dr.  H.  'voN.  Constitutional  and  political  his- 
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JOHNSTON,  ALEXANDER.  History  of  American  poU- 
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LALOR,  J.  J.,  ed.  CyclopEedia  of  political  science,  polit- 
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MACLAY,  EDGAR  STANTON.  History  of  the  United 
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McMASTER,  JOHN  BACH.  History  of  the  people  of  the 
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"  Mr.  McMaster's  book  Is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our 
history,  and  will  be  the  cause  of  work  better  than  ita 
own.  His  industrious  collection  of  materials,  and  his 
effective  ari-angement  and  courageous  presentation  of 
them,  cannot  fail  to  stimulate  other  workers  in  the  same 
field.  But  he  does  not  always  disciiminate  as  to  the 
value  of  authorities,  and  his  history  suffers  somewhat  in 
consequence."- llellen  Chamberlain,  JilcMaster's  History 
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POPULAR  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF 
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A  book  which  has  been  successful  in  Interesting  young 
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PRATT,  MAE.\  L.  American  history  stories.  Boston : 
Educational  Pub.  Co.    1890,    v.  1-4. 

For  readers  of  the  youngest  class,  and  happUy  adapted 
to  their  taste, 

PRESTON,  HOWARD  W,  Documents  illustrative  of 
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ROOSEVELT,  THEODORE.  The  Winning  of  the  West. 
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"Before  Mr.  Roosevelt  began  his  work,  there  was  no 
satisfactory  account  of  our  westwai-d  exp.ansion  as  a 
whole.  ,  ,  .  Mr.  Roosevelt  had  the  historical  Insight  and 
the  good  fortune  to  make  use  of  a  vast  mass  of  original 
material.  .  .  .  These  abundant  materials  fhe]  has  used 
with  the  skill  of  a  practised  historian. "—r/ie  Sation, 
March  ■^8.  1895. 

SCHOULER,  JAMES,  History  of  the  United  States  of 
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A  sound,  painstaking  piece  of  historical  work,  but  with- 
out much  literary  attractiveness. 

SMITH,  GOLD^VIN.  The  United  States  ;  an  outline  of 
political  history,  149'i-1871.  N.  Y. :  Maemillan  & 
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There  is  pi-obably  no  other  living  man  who  could  put  so 
much  into  a  bird's-eye  view  of  American  history,  and  put 
it  into  English  of  such  classical  flnenesa,  OS  Professor 
Goldwia  Smith  ha£  done  in  this  little  book. 

STANWOOD,  EDWARD,  History  of  Presidential  eleo 
tions,    8d  ed.,  rev,    Boston  :  Ticltnor  &  Co,    1888. 

TUCKER,  GEORGE.  History  of  the  United  States. 
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By  a  southern  writer  and  representing  the  better- 
minded  southern  view  of  events  and  movements  in  the 
first  half  century  of  American  national  history. 

WASHINGTON,  GEORGE.  Writings  ;  coll.  and  ed.  by 
Worthington  C.  Ford.  N,  Y. :  G,  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.     1889-91.     14  v. 

WILSON,  WOODROW.  Congressional  government:  a 
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WINSOR,  JUSTIN,  ed.  Narrative  and  critical  history  of 
America.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  1886- 
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"  With  Its  chapters  of  historical  narrative  by  our  most 
learned  and  able  historical  scholars,  each  writing  upon 
his  own  special  field,  and  with  ita  critical  es-^ys  upon 
the  sources  of  information,  it  seems  without  doubt  to  be 
the  most  important  and  useful  contribution  ever  yet 
made  to  Araericau  historical  science.  It  splendidly 
suras  up  the  historical  labors  of  a  century," —  J.  F. 
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UNITED   STATES:    TO   THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


ADAMS,  HENRY.  History  of  the  United  States  of 
America  [during  the  administrations  of  Jefferson 
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ADAMS,  JOHN  QUINCY.  Lives  of  James  Madison 
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Memoirs,  comprising  portions  of  his  diary  from  1795 
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ARNOLD,  SAMUEL  G.  History  of  the  State  of  Rhode 
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BANCROFT,  GEORGE.  History  of  the  formation  of  the 
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BEER,  GEORGE  LOUIS.  The  commercial  poUcyof  Eng- 
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One  of  the  "  Studies  In  History.  Economics  and  Law," 
ed.  by  the  Faculty  of  PoUdcal  Science  of  Columbia  College, 

BENTON,  THOMAS  H.  Thirty  Years'  View;  or  a  his- 
tory of  the  working  of  the  American  government 
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debates,  private  papers  of  General  Jackson  and 
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BEVERLEY,  ROBERT.  History  of  Virginia  [to  17061; 
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BRODHEAD,  JOHN  R.  History  of  the  State  of  New 
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BROWN.  ALEXANDER,  ed.  The  (Jenesis  of  the  United 
States:  a  narrative  of  the  movement  in  England^ 
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A  collection  of  historical  manuscripts  now  first  printed, 
with  a  reissue  of  rare  contemporaneous  tracts,  accom- 
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BUTLER.  NICHOL-\S  MURRAY.  Effect  of  the  War  of 
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CARRINGTON,  HENRY  B,  Battles  of  the  American 
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A  volume  of  battle-maps  and  charts,  with  notes,  to 
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COFFIN,  CHARLES  CARLETON.    The  bovs  of  "76:  a 
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DWIGHT,  THEODORE.  History  of  the  Hartford  Con- 
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The  last  named  of  the«o  two  la  a  small  book  which  pre- 
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"  •  It  Is  not  too  innch  to  say  that  the  period  of  five  years 
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Eroposltion  Mr.  Fiske  makes  abundantly  good,  and 
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GREENE,  GEORGE  W.  The  German  element  in  the 
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HAMILTON,  ALEX.\NDER,  JAMES  MADISON  and 
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HAMILTON,  JOHN  C.  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  by 
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HENRY,  WILLIAM  WIRT.    Patrick  Henry:  life,  corre- 
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HUTCHINSON,  THOMAS.    History   of   the   Colony  of 
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Life  of  Washington;  abridged  for  schools,  with  a  brief 
outline  of  Unite<l  States  history,  by  John  Fiake. 
Boston:  Ginn  &  Co.    1887. 
JOHNSON,  ROSSITER.     History  of   the   French  war, 
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JONES,  THOMAS.  History  of  New  York  during  the  Rev- 
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KAPP,  FRIEDRICH.     Life  of   Frederick  William   von 

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LOWELL,  EDWARD  J.  The  Hessians,  and  the  other 
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MORSE,  JOHN  T.,  Jr.  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 
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PALFREY,  JOHN  Q.  History  of  New  England  during 
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Mr.  Blaine's  contribution  to  the  history  of  his  own  time 
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BOWMAN,  Colonel  S.  M.,  and  Lieutenant  Colonel  R. 
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Peninsula  :  McClellan's  campaigii  of  1863  ;  by  Alexander 
S.  "Webb.— 4.  Tlie  Army  under  Pope;  by  J.  C.  Rows.— 
5.  The  Antietam  and  Frederlclisburg  ;  by  F.  W.  Palfrey. 
—6.  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg  ;  by  Abner  Double- 
day. — 7.  The  Army  of  the  Cumberland  ;  by  Henry  M. 
Cist.— 8.  The  Mississippi  ;  by  F.  V.  Greene.— 9.  Atlanta  ; 
by  Jacob  E).  Cox  —10.  The  March  to  the  Sea ;  by  Jacob  D. 
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CHAMPLIN,  JOHN  D.,  Jr.  Young  folks'  history  of  the 
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COFFIN.   CHARLES  CARLETON.     The   drum-beat  of 
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Redeeming  the  Republic.    N.    Y.:    Harper  &  Bros. 

1890. 
Freedom  triumphant.    N.  Y'.:  Harper  &  Bros.      1891. 
The  first  of  the  four  books  lost  named  narrates  the  his- 
tory of  the  Civil  War  to  the  close  of  1862 ;  the  second  re- 
lates the  events  of  1S63,  the  third  those  of  1864.  and  the 
foui-th  to  the  end  of  the  war.    They  are  great  favorites 
among  young  readers. 
The  boys  of  '61,  or  four  years  of  fighting;    personal 
observation  with  the  army  and  navy.     Boston: 
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War.    Boston  :  Osgood  &  Co.    1883. 

DOUBLED  AY,  A.  Gettysburg  made  plain.  N.  Y. :  Cen- 
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DRAPER,  JOHN  W.  History  of  the  American  Civil 
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FAMOUS  ADVENTURES  AND  PRISON  ESCAPES  OF 
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FARRAQUT,  LOYALL.  Life  of  David  Glasgow  Farra- 
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GIDDINGS,  JOSHUA  R.  History  of  the  RebeUion,  iti 
authors  and  causes.  N.  Y. :  FoUett,  Foster  & 
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Really  a  Congressional  history  of  the  years  preceding 
the  Rebellion. 

GORDON,  GEORGE  H.  History  of  the  campaigns  of 
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GRANT,  ULYSSES  S.  Personal  memoirs.  •  N.,Y. :  C.  L. 
Webster  &  Co.    1885-6.    2  v. 

'*  Nine-tenths  of  the  value  of  autoblopraphy  Is  in  the 
revelation  of  the  writer  himself  to  the  world.  This  book 
is  no  exception  to  the  rule.    The  history  of   hia  com- 

Fiaigns  may  be  got  elsewhere.  Badeau's  book  is  more 
ull  and  lias  scarcely  less  of  Grant's  authority,  for  he 
revised  its  statements  and  certified  that  it  contained  hia 
views.  .  .  .  It  is,  then,  for  the  new  light  which  they  throw 
upon  Grant  liimself  that  these  memoirs  will  be  prized. 
His  personality  was  too  strong  to  be  hidden.  Wnen  ho 
took  his  pen  to  tell  the  story  of  his  career,  the  tbioga 
which  flowed  most  easily  from  his  mind  were  the  judg- 
ments and  opinions  of  men  and  of  events  in  the  gross, 
and  not  the  detailed  Incidents  which  the  experienced 
writer  would  use  to  fill  and  color  his  narrative.  ...  As  to 
his  style,  it  haa  the  principal  element  of  thoroughly  good 
writing,  since  we  are  made  to  feel  that  the  writer's  only 
thought,  in  this  regard,  is  how  to  express  most  directly 
and  simply  the  thing  he  has  to  say."— J.  D.  Cox,  Kevieio 
(Nation,  Fe6. 26. 1886). 
GREELEY,  HORACE.  The  American  conflict :  a  history 
of  the  Great  Rebellion  in  the  United  States  of 
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ford :  O.  D.  Case  &  Co.    1867.    2  v. 

A  hurried  and  careless  piece  of  work,  poor  In  style  and 
quite  unworthy  of  the  eminent  journalist  who  produced 
it.  but  valuable  as  a  document  representing  the  viewg 
and  feelings  of  the  time. 

HALE,  EDW.4.RD  E.,  ed.  Stories  of  war,  told  by  sol- 
diers.   Boston  :  Roberts  Bros.    1879. 

HARRIS,  T.  M.  The  assassination  of  Lincoln:  a  history 
of  the  great  conspiracy,  trial  of  the  conspirators 
by  a  military  commission,  and  a  review  of  the 
trial  of  John  H.  Surratt ;  by  a  member  of  the 
commission.    Boston  :  Am.  Citizen  Co.    1892. 

HIGGmSON,  THOMAS  W.  Army  life  in  a  black  regi- 
ment.   Boston:  Fields,  Osgood  &  Co.    1870. 

HUGHES,  ROBERT  M.  General  [Joseph  E.]  Johnston. 
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HUMPHREYS,  ANDREW  A.  From  Gettysburg  to  the 
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IRWIN,  RICHARD  B.  History  of  the  Nineteenth  Army 
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JOHNSON,  ROSSITER.  Short  history  of  the  War  of 
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EffiFFER,  H.ARRY  M.  Recollections  of  a  drummer-boy. 
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LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM.  Complete  works  ;  comprising 
his  speeches,  letters,  state  papers,  and  miscel^ 
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LTVERMORE,  MARY  A.  My  story  of  the  War;  a  woman's 
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LONG,  A.  L.  Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee.  N.  Y.:  Stod- 
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McCLELLAN,  GEORGE  B.  McClellan's  O'wn  story:  the 
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1 

i 


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T.  1.  Peolnsul&r  campaign  of  General  McClellan  in 
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MAVY  DJ  THE  CIVIL  WAR,  The.  N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner's 
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1.  The  blockade  and  the  cniisers :  by  J.  R.  BoleT.— 2. 
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NICHOLS,  GEORGE  WARD.  The  story  of  the  great 
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Descriptive  of  Sherman's  moxoli  from  Atlanta  to  the 
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NICOLAY,  JOHN  G.,  and  JOHN  HAY.  Abraham  Lin- 
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The  most  competent  and  thorough  military  history  of 
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PARTON,  JAMES.  General  Butler  in  New  Orleans. 
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PTTTENGER,  WILLIAM.  Captviring  a  locomotive;  a 
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An  extraordinarily  thrllllnff  true  story  of  war  adven- 
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PORTER,  DAVID  D.     Naval  history  of  the  Civil  War. 

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2  V.  and  atlas  of  maps. 
A  hlatorv  largely  baaed  on  the  private  military  journal 

of  Oeneral  George  H.  Thomas,  and  written  at  bis  request. 
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HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPHY.* 


ADAMS,  SEBASTIAN  C.  Chronological  chart  of  ancient, 
modem  and  biblical  history  ;  with  thirteen  his- 
torical maps  by  J.  A.  Paiu'e.  N.Y.:  Colby  &  Co. 
No  date. 

ANDRA,  J.  C.  Kleiner  historischer  schul-atlas.  Twelve 
maps,  covering  19  pages,  with  t«xt.  Leipzig: 
Voigtiander.    1890. 

ANDRTVEAU-GOUJON,  G.  G.  Atlas  classique  et  uni- 
versel  de  geographic,  ancienne  et  modeme. 
Paris:  Andriveau-Goujon.    1866. 

ANSART,  FELIX.  Atlas  historique  et  g6ographique 
dress6  pour  I'usage  des  lyases,  des  colleges,  etc., 
nouvelle  Edition  par  Edinoud  iVnsart  Ills.  121 
maps.  Paris:  Fourant. 
Cours  d'histoire  et  de  g6ographle,  &  Pusage  de  tons 
les  ^tablissements  d'instructlon  secondaire, 
Paris  :  Fourant.  5  v. 
Atlas  historique  universel  drcssfi  d'apres  ratios 
historique  des  flats  Europeens  de  Kruso.  19 
maps.    Paris:  Andriveau-(,ioujou.    1861. 

ANTHON,  CHARLES.  A  system  of  ancient  and 
mediaeval  Geography.    N.  Y.:  Harper.    1850. 

ANVILLE,  J.  B.  B.  d'.  Compendium  of  ancient  geog- 
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ARNOLD,  WILHELM.  Ansiedelungen  und  wandcr- 
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BARBARET,  C,  and  C.  PERIGOT.  Atlas  general  de  gSo- 
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•  This  bibliography  has  bwn  prepared  by  Mr.  Alnn  C.  Relley, 
who  wrltfB  the  followflng  explanatory  note:  "The  original  pur- 
pose of  this  bibliography  was  simply  to  bring  together  In  a  group 
by  thcinwlvcH  the  atlas  works  on  historical  geogrnnby  ;  but  the 
f2»-tlliiit.illi.r  tlu.  c<iMlrihullon9  to  tho  llUTaturc  of  tlic  subject 
do  not  ♦■ilj.t  111  map  form  rf<i«lrt'8  a  Blight  ciii(Uit.l.in  of  tin-  oi  Igl- 
nal  plan.  The  list  contains,  thort-fore,  In  niMUlon  to  the  ntlnses,  a 
nuinlHT  of  carefully  cliown  text  works.  Honie  of  them  not  dcvottni 
exclusively  ^>  historical  geography,  but  that  subject  forming  iB 
all  them  a  prcflomlnant  feature.  The  term  'hlfttorlciil  geogra- 
phy' fis  here  used  refen*  distinctly  to  the  geograpliy  of  history, 
pivfcrably  the  political  gcogrophy  of  history,  anil  all  of  the  much 
more  iitiineroas  class  of  works  on  whot  may  be  called  the  history 
of  geography,  save  as  thev  may  In  some  ft«fttlirc  fall  within  the 
strict  Interpretation  of  this  deQaition,  have  been  carefully 
excluded." 

Mr.  l{*'lley  Is  not  resiK.nslblo  for  the  tyi>ograpliical  style  In 
alucii  Oenuan  titles  are  printed. 


BAZIN,  rRAN90IS.  Atlas  spScial  de  gfographie  phys- 
ique, politique  et  historique  de  la  France.  Pane: 
Delalam.    185C. 

BECK,  J.  Historisch-geograpliischer  atlas  fUr  schule 
und  haus.  26  maps.  Freiburg :  Herder.  1877. 
3  pis. 

BEDEUS  VON  SCHARBERG,  JOSEPH.  Historisoh- 
geuealoglRch-geographisoher  atlas  zur  tiebersicht 
aer  geschichti-  di's  ungrischan  Reichs,  seiner 
nebenliituier  und  tier  augrenzendeu  staalen  und 
proviiizen.    Hermaniistadt.     1853. 

BIANCO,  ANDREA.  Der  atlas  vom  jahre  14.36  in  10 
tafeln.    9  plates  and  text.    Venice:  MUnster.  1869. 

BOECKH,  R.,  liiiii  11.  KIEPEKT.  ilistoriselie  karte  von 
Elsass  und  Ixithriligen  zur  uebersichl  der  tern- 
torialen  veriinderung  im  17  und  18  jahrhundert. 
Berlin  ;  D.  Reimer.    1871. 

BOUFFARD,  L.  Atlas  politique  de  I'Europe,  1814-1864, 
exposant  le  dfiveloppement  des  principes  de  '89, 
etc.,  accompagne  d'uu  texle  par  Alexandre  Bon- 
neau.    Paris:  Dcnlu.    1864. 

BOUILLET,  NICOLAS.    Atlas  universel  d'histoire  et  da 
geographic.    88cartesgraveesotcolori6e8.   Paris: 
Hac-hette  et  Cie.     1872. 
Dictionnairo  universel  d'histoire  et  de  g6ographie. 
Paris:  Hachette  et  Cie.    1878. 

BRASELMANN,  J.  E.  Bibelatlas  zum  schul  und  privat 
gebraucbe.    DUsseldorf :  H.  Jlichels.    1892. 

BRECHER,  ADOLF.  Darstellung  der  gebietsverHnder- 
ungen  in  den  liindern  Sacusens  und  Thilringens 
von  dem  zwBlf  ten  jahrhundert  bis  heute.  Berlin; 
D.  Reimer.     1888.  , 

Darstellung  der  geschlchtllchen  entwiekelung  dea 
baverischen  stoatsgubietes.     Berlin:    D.  Reimer. 

IH'jl). 

Darstcllimg  der  territorialen  entwiekelung  des  bran- 
denhurglsch-preussischen  staates  tod  1416  bis 
jetzl     Berlin:  D.  Reimer.    1893. 

Historische    wandkarte   von   Preussen.     9  bUlttar. 
Berlin:  D.  Reimer,    1888. 
BRETSCHNEIDER.    See  SprtmcrBretachnelder. 

BRU£,  ADIUEN.  Atlas  universel  de  g6ographle  phys- 
ique, politique,  ancienne.  du  moyen  Age  et  mod- 
erne,  et«.;    nouvelle  6dltion  par  C.  Piquet,  com' 


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Schul-atlas  zur  biblischen  geschichte.     6  maps  and 
text.     Essen:  Baedeker.     1892. 
LEIPOLD,  G.    See  Kaemmel. 

LEJOSNE.  L.  A.     G6ographie  physique,  politique,  his- 
torlque  et  6conomiquo  de  la  France  et  de  ses  colo- 
nies;  revue  et  corrlg6e  par  A.  Dufreane.    Paris: 
Bertaux.    1877. 
LELEWEL,  JOACHIM.      Gfeographie   du    moyen    ftge. 

Brussels.  1858-57.  6  v.  and  atlas. 
UCVESQUE,  P.  C.  Atlas  de  I'histoire  de  Russie  et  des 
principales  nations  de  I'empire  Russe,  60  maps. 
Paris.  1812. 
LIBRARY  ATLAS.  Contains  90  maps,  including  16  of 
historical  geography  by  W.  F.  Collier  and  14  of 
classical  geography  by  Lconhard  Schmitz.  N.  Y' . : 
G.  P.  E^ltnam'8  Sons.  1876.  (See  International 
Atlas.) 


LONG,  GEORGE.    See  Hughes. 

LONGNON,   A.     Atlas  hlstorique   de  la   France  depul 
C6sar  Jusqu'  &  nos  jours.    Paris:  Hachette  et  Cie. 
1884-1889.    To  be  completed  in  7  parts  containing 
5  plates  each;  3  parts  issued. 
Gfiographie  de  la  Gaule  au  VI  sificle.    With  atlas  con- 
taining 11  maps.    Paris:    Hachette  et  Cie.    1878. 
LUCAS,  C.  P.    Historical  geography  of  the  British  colo- 
nies.   31  maps.    Oxford:  Clarendon  Press.    1890. 
3  v. 
MacCOUN,  TOWNSEND.    Historical  geography  chart* 
of  Europe.    37  charts,  18  ancient  and  19  medi- 
aeval and  modem.     N.  Y.;  Townsend  MacCotin. 
1894. 
Historical  geography  charts  of  the  United  States. 

18  charts.    N.  V.:  SUver,  Burdett  &  Co.    1889. 
An  historical  geography  of  the  United  States.    N.  T.: 
Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.    1892. 
MANDROT,  A.  VON.    Historischer  atlas  der  Schweiz  vom 

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MEES,    A.      Historische   atlas   van   Noord    Nederland. 

Rotterdam.    1852-1865. 
MKISSAS,  A.,  et  MICHELET.    Atlas  universel  de  geog- 
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geographie  sacr^e,  compose  de  54  cartes  ecHtea 
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MENKE,  THEODOR.      Bibel-atlas.     8    plates.    (3otba : 
J.  Perthes.    1868. 
Orbfs    antiqui    deecriptio.       18  maps.      Gotfaa :    J. 

Perthes.     1865. 
Historico-geograidiical    hand-atlas    [continuation  of 

the  above].    -*7  maps.    Gotha:  J.Perthes.    1872. 
See  also  Spruner-Menke. 
MEYER,  C.  F.  und  A.  KOCH.    Atlas  zu  Caesar's  bellum 

Gallicum.    Essen :  Baedeker.    1889. 
MEYER  voN  KNONAU,  GEROLD.    See  VSgelin. 
MOMMSEN,  THEODOR.     The  provinces  of  the  Roman 
empire  from  Caesar  to  Diocletian :  trans,  by  Wm. 
P.  Dickson,  with  10  maps  by  Klepert.     N.  Y. : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    1887.    2  v. 
OHMANN,  C.  L.  Palaestina  zur  zeit  Jesu  und  der  Apos- 
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kreuzzUger.    Berlm:  Wruck.    1868. 
OHMANN,  C.  L.    See  Freudenfeldt. 
PAQUIER,  J.  B.    Histoire  de  I'unlte  politique  et  terrl- 
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1879-1880.    S  V. 
PAWL()WSKI,  J.N.   Historisch-geographische  karte  vom 
alten  Preussen  und  PommereUen    wtLhrend  der 
herrschaft  des  deutschen  Ritterordens.     Grau- 
denz:  Gaebel.     1890. 
PEARSON,  CHARLES  H.    Historical  maps  of  England 
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PERIGOT,  C.    See  Barbaret. 

PLANE  DER   SCHLACHTEN  UND   TREFFEN.    Feld- 
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PORPHYHOGENITUS,  CONSTANTINUS.      De  thematl- 
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P0R8CHKE,  E.    Schulwandkarte  der  brandenburgisch- 
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PiJTZ,    WILHELM.      Historisch-geographischer    schul- 
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T.  K.  Aniolil.    N.  Y.:  Appli'ion.    18.5:1. 
Manual  of  mediaeval  geography  and  history;  trans. 

byR.  B.  Paul.    N.  ■?.:     Appleton.     1863. 
Manual  of  modem  geography  and  history;  trans,  by 
R.  B.  Paul.    N.  Y.:  Appleton.     1851. 
PUTZGER,   F.   W.      Historischer  schul-atlas  der  alten, 
mittleren  und  neuren  geschichte.  38  large  and  51 
small  iiwip.'i.    Leipzig:  Velhagen  &  Klasing.     1887. 
Kleiner  geschichtsatlas.    17  large  and  83  small  maps. 
Leipzig:  Velhagen  &  Klasing.     1889. 
(DUIN,  EDWARD.    Atlas  of  universal  history.    21  mops 
on  uniform  scale.    London  and  Glasgow:  R.  Grif- 
fin  &  Co. 
RAFFY,  CASIMIR.     Atlas  classlque  des  repetitions  et 
des  lectures  d'histoire  et  de  geographie.  40  maps. 
Toulouse:  Durand.    1803. 
RAMSAY,  WILLIAM  M.    Historical  geography  of  Asia 
Minor.     (Royal  Geographical  Society.     Supple- 
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1890. 
RA8CHE.    R.,  unrf    R.    ZIMMERMANN.      Historischer 
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154 


APPENDIX   I. 


A  LIST  OF  THE  WORKS  FROM   WHICH   PASSAGES   HAVE   BEEN 

QUOTED    IN  "HISTORY    FOR    READY    REFERENCE 

AND    TOPICAL    READING." 


ABBOT,  J.  WILLIS.  Battle-fields  and  victory.  N.  Y.: 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    (c.  1891.) 

ABBOTT,  EVELYN.    History  of  Greece.    London  :  Riv- 
ingtons.    1888-92.    v.  1-2. 
Pericles  and  the  Golden  Age  of  Athens.    N.  Y.:  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.    1891. 

ACADEMY,  The.    London. 

ACTS  OF  THE  APOSTLES.    Revised  version. 

ADAMS.  BROOKS.  The  emancipation  of  Massachusetts. 
Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflm  &  Co.    1887. 

ADAMS,  Major  CHARLES.  Great  campaigns  in 
Europe  .from  1796  to  1S70.  Edin.:  Wm.  Black- 
wood &  Sons.    1877. 

ADAMS,  CHARLES  FRANCIS.    Massachusetts  :  its  his- 
torians and    its   history.     Boston :     Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.    1893. 
Railroads:  their  origin  and  problems.    N.  Y.:  G.  P. 

Putnam's    Sons.     1878. 
Richard  Henry  Dana.    Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.     1890.     3  V. 

ADAMS,  CHARLES  KENDALL.     Democracy  and  mon- 
archy  in   France.     N.  Y.:    Henry   Holt   &   Co. 
1874. 
ilanual  of   historical  literature.     N.  Y.:  Harper  & 
Bro.s.    imi. 

ADAMS,  FRANCIS.  Preliminary  discoiu-se  [Genuine 
works  of  Hippocrates.  London  :  Sydenham  Soc. 
1849.    2  V.]. 

ADAMS,  Sir  FRANCTS  O.,  and  0.  D.  CUNNINGHAM. 
The  Swiss  Confederation.  London  and  N.  Y.: 
Macmillan  &  Co.    1H8'J. 

ADAMS,  GEORGE  BURTON.  Civilization  during  the 
Middle  Ages.    N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner'sSons.    It^. 

ADAMS,  HENRY.    History  of  the  United  States  [1801- 
1817].    N.  Y.:  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    1889-91.    9  v. 
John  Randolph.     Boston :    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
1882. 
Life  of  Albert  Gallatin.    Phil.:  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co. 
1879. 

ADAMS,  HERBERT  B.  Marjland's  influence  upon  land 
cessions  to  the  United  States.  {.Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies,  3d  series  no.  1.)  Baltimore. 
188.5. 
Methods  of  historical  study.  (Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity Studies,  'id  series  1-2.)    Bait.    1884. 

ADAMS,  JOHN  QUINCY.    Life  of  John  Adams,  com- 
pleted by  Charles  Francis  Adams.    Phil. :  J.  B. 
Lippincott  &  Co.    1871.    2  v. 
Memoirs  ;    ed.   by  Charles  Francis  Adams.     Phil. : 
J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.    1874-5. 

ADAMS,  W.  H.  DAVENPORT.  The  Queen  of  the  Adri- 
atic.   Boston  :  D.  Lothrop  &  Co.    1889. 

ADDISON,  C.  G.  The  Knights  Templars.  8d  ed.  Lon- 
don :  Longman.    18v»4. 

ADLER,  G.  J.  Introduction  to  Fauriel's  "History  of 
Provencal  poetry "  [N.  Y. :  Derby  &  Jackson, 
18I1U|. 

ADOLPHUS,  JOHN.  History  of  England,  reign  of 
George  lU.    London  :  John  Lee.    1840.    7  v. 

ADVOCATE,  The. 

AIRY,  OSMUND.  The  English  restoration  and  Louis 
XIV.  London :  Longman,  Green  .&  Co.  1888. 
N.  Y. :  C.  Scribner's  Sons.    1889. 

ATTCHISON,  Sir  CHARLES.  Lord  Lawrence.  Oxford: 
Clarendon  Press.    1892. 

ALBANY  LAW  JOURNAL,  The. 

ALEXANDE^R,  W.  D.  Brief  history  of  the  Hawaiian 
people.    N.  Y. :  American  Book  Co.  (c.  1891.) 

ALGER,  JOHN  G.  Glimpses  of  the  French  Revolution. 
London  :  S.  I./Ow.  Marston  &  Co.    18»1. 

ALISON.  Sir  ARCHIBALD.    History   of   Europe,   1789- 
18ir..    10  V.    1815-1852.    6  v.    EdIn. :  Wm.  Black- 
wood &  Sons.    N.  Y.:  Harper  &  Bros. 
Epitome  of  History  of  Europe.    Edin. :  Wm.  Black- 
wood &  Sons.    1880. 


ALISON.  Sir  ARCHIB.'U:.D.    Military  life  of  John,  Duke 

of  Marlborough.    Edin.:  Wm.  Blackwood  &  Sons. 

1817.    N.  Y.:  Harper  &  Bros.    1848. 
ALLAN,  WILLIAM.    The  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  in 

1862.    Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    1892. 
ALLEN,  JOSEPH  HENRY.    Christian  liistory  in  its  three 

great  periods.    Boston:  Roberts  Bros.    188:^. 
Hebrew  men  and  times.     London:  Chapman  &  Hall. 

Boston:  Walker,  Wise  &  Co.    1861. 
ALLEN,  WALTER.    Governor  Chamberlain's  administra- 
tion in  South  Carolina.    N.  Y.:  G.  P.  Putnam's 

Sons.    1888. 
ALLEN,  WILLIAM  B.    History  of   Kentucky.     Louis- 
ville, Ky.:  Brady  &  Gilbert.    1872. 
ALLIES,  THOMAS  W.    The  Holy  See  and  the  Wandering 

of  the  Nations.    London:  Bums  &  Gates.    N.  Y.; 

Catholic  Publication  Soc.     1888. 
ALZOG,  JOHN.    Manual  of  universal  Church  History. 

Dublin:  M.  H.  GiU  &  Son.    1879-82.    4  v. 
AMERICAN  ACADEJIY  OF  POLITICAL  AND  S0CL4.L 

SCIENCE.    Annals.    Phil. 
AMERICAN  ANNALS  OF  EDUCATION.    Boston:  Otis, 

Broaders  &  Co. 
AMERICAN  BAR  ASS0CL4.TI0N.    Reports. 
AMERICAN  ECONOMIC  ASSOCIATION.    PubUcations. 

Bait. 
AMERICAN    F.DUCATIONAL  CYCLOPEDIA.     N.  Y.: 

J.  W.  Sohernierhorn  &  Co.     1875. 
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ADDENDA. 


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CHESNEAU,  ERNEST.  The  Enfrlish  school  of  paint- 
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COLDSTREAM,  JOHN  P.  The  institutions  of  Austria. 
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-.■«v 


180 


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UPCOTT,  L.  E.  An  introduction  to  Greek  sculpture. 
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■WAKEFIELD,  ■WILLIASl.  Tlie  happy  valley:  sketches 
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WALLACE,  ALFRED  RUSSEL.  The  Malay  archi- 
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WORNUM,  RAXPH  NICHOLSON  The  epochs  of 
painting.    London :  Chapman  &  Uall. 


181 


APPENDIX    J. 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY  OR  READrnG 


PREPARED   BY  C.    W.    CHASE 


As  an  aid  to  those  possessors  of  this  work  who  may  wish  to  pursue  in  it  regular  courses  of  read- 
ing or  study,  the  following  directory,  as  it  may  be  called,  has  been  prepared  by  a  gentleman  whose 
acquaintance  with  the  contents  of  the  volumes  and  with  their  arrangement  is  very  thorough,  and 
whose  equipment  of  historical  knowledge  is  large.  This  responds  to  a  great  number  of  requests 
and  suggestions  that  have  been  coming  to  the  publishers  of  "  History  for  Ready  Reference,"  ever 
since  it  began  to  make  itself  known  as  the  best  of  compilations  for  "Topical  Reading"  in  history, 
as  well  as  for  "Ready  Reference,"  because  drawn  from  the  best  historical  writers  in  their  own  ex- 
act words. 

Those  who  make  use  of  these  "  Studies  "  should  bear  in  mind  that  the  first  five  volumesof  "  His- 
tory for  Ready  Reference"  cover  all  times,  from  the  earliest,  down  to  its  publication  in  1895,  and 
are  under  one  comprehensive  arrangement,  for  which  reason  the  numbering  of  pages  in  those  vol- 
umes is  consecutive  from  the  first  to  the  last ;  whereas  Volumes  VI.  and  VII.  deal  with  two  suc- 
ceeding periods,  of  Recent  History,  and  have  separately  numbered  pages.  Hence  reference  in  the 
"  Studies  "  to  pages  in  the  first  five  volumes  is  without  mention  of  the  number  of  the  volume. 

On  revision  of  the  original  five-volume  work  in  1901  some  rearrangement  of  matter  occurred 
which  changed  the  page  numbers.  This  necessitates  the  giving  of  both  new  and  old  numbers  in 
the  reference  to  every  matter  within  those  volumes.  For  copies  of  the  work  purchased  before  1901 
the  numbers  are  in  parenthesis,  and  those  for  the  later  edition  precede  them. 

The  following  is  a  subject  index  to  the  "Studies"  appended: 


Alexander's  Conquests  ;  Study  X. 

America :   Study    XXIII.      (See,   also,   United 

States,  Canada,  and  Spanish  America.) 
Austria-Hungary  :  Studies  XIV.,  XV.,  XXVII., 

XXXIV.,  XXXV.,  XXXVI. 
Babylonia  and  Assyria;  Study  IV. 
Canada :  Study  XLIX. 
China:  Studies  VII.,  LI. 
Christianity:    Studies    XVIII.,     XIX.,     XX.. 

XXIV. 
Crusades:  Study  XXV. 
Egypt,  Ancient-  Study  V. 
England:    Studies  XXVIII.,   XXIX.,    XXX., 

XXXI.,      XXXII..       XXXIII.,       XXXV., 

XXXVI.,  XLII.,  XLVIII. 
Europe  at  Large:  Studies  XIL,  XIIL,   XIV., 

XVIIL,  XIX.,  XX.,  XXIL,  XXIIL,  XXIV., 

XXV.,  XXVIL,  XXXIV.,  XXXV,  XXXVI. 
France:  Studies  XIIL,   XIV..   XVL,    XXIIL, 

XXIV.,  XXV..  XXXIV.,  XXXV.,  XXXVL, 

XLIIL 
French    Revolution    and     Napoleon :    Studies 

XXXV.,  XXXVL 
Germany:  Studies  XIIL,  XIV.,  XV.,  XXHL, 

XXIV.,       XXVIL,       XXXIV..      XXXV., 

XXXVL.  XLIV. 


Great  Britain.     See  England. 

Greece,  Ancient:  Studies  VIII. ,  IX.,  X. 

History  and  its  Study:  Study  I. 

India,  Ancient :  Study  VII. 

Italy,  Mediicval  and  Modem:  Studies  XIV.. 
XVII. ,  XXIIL,  XXXV., XXXVL,  LV. 

Japan :  Study  L. 

Jews:  Study  VL 

Middle  Ages:  Studies  XIIL,  XIV.,  XV.,  XVI., 
XVII. 

Mohammedanism:  Studies  XXL,  XXU. 

Monasticism :  Study  XX. 

Netherlands  :  Study  XXVI. 

Papacy  :  Study  XIX..  XXIV.,  XXV. 

Primitive  Peoples:  Studies  II.,  III.  

Reformation,  Protestant:  Studies  XXLV.,  XXV. 

Renaissance-  Study  XXIIL 

Rome,  Ancient:  Studies  XL,  XIL,  XIII. 

Rus.sia:  Study  LII. 

Spain:  Studies  XXVI. ,  XXX^T 

Spanish  America:  Study  LIV.  (See,  also,  Amer- 
ica.) 

Turkish  Empire:  Study  LIII. 

United  States  of  Am.:  Studies  XXXVII., 
XXXVIII. .  XXXLX..  XL.,  XLL,  XLV.. 
XLVL,  XL VII. 


COURSES   FOR   STUDY   OR   READING 


Note.  —  The  text  of  "  History  for  Ready  Reference  "  is  made  up  of  matter  taken  from  the  best 
writers  aud  special  students  of  all  ages  and  all  nations.  Under  the  various  topics  in  these  Studies, 
therefore,  the  historical  works  referred  to  are  those  from  which  the  matter  of  the  text  is  taken  ;  the 
figures  following  each  citation  indicating  the  pages  in  "  History  for  Ready  Reference  "  where  the 
matter  may  be  found.  —  the  figures  inclosed  in  parentheses  showing  where  the  same  matter  may  be 
found  in  the  first  (1895)  edition  of  the  work.  These  extracts  vary  from  a  quarter  of  a  column  to  five 
or  six  columns  in  length. 


STUDY   I. 


HISTORY   AND   ITS   STUDY. 


"  It  is  seldom  appreciated  wbat  a  very  large  share  of 
the  world's  literature  is  history  of  some  sort.  The  prim- 
itive savage  is  probably  the  only  kind  of  a  man  who 
takes  no  interest  in  it.  But  as  soon  as  a  spark  of  civil- 
ization illumines  this  primitive  darkness  men  begin  to 
take  interest  in  ctther  men,  —  not  only  beyond  their  im- 
mediate surroundings,  but  beyond  the  limits  of  their 
own  generation.  Interest  in  tne  p.ist  and  provision  for 
the  future  are  perhaps  essential  differences  between 
the  civilized  man  and  the  savage.  Accordingly  as  this 
care  for  the  past  and  future  increiises,  all  literature 
divides  itself  into  that  which  concerns  the  forces  of 
nature,  and  that  which  concerns  the  history  of  man." 

FUOFESSOB  J.  P.  MAUAFFV. 

1.  Variods  Views  as  to  what  History  is  : 

R.  Flint ;  History  of  the  Philosophy  of  History, 
1686-7  (1648-9). 

"  With  us  the  word  '  History,'  like  its  equivalents  in 
all  minlern  languages,  signilies  either  a  form  of  literary 
composition,  or  the  appropriate  subject  matter  of  sucn 
composition,  — eittier  a  narrative  of  events,  or  events 
which  m.iy  be  narrated."    R.  Flint. 

2.  The  Propek  Subjects  and  Objects  op  His- 
tory: 

E.  A.  Freeman :  Practical  Bearings  of  European 

History,  1687-8  (1648-9). 
T.  B.  Mucauliiy  :  History  (Essays),  1692  (1653). 

"The  perfect  historian  is  he  in  whose  work  the  char- 
acter and  spirit  of  an  age  is  exhibited  in  miniature.  .  . 
Bv  judicious  selection,  rejection,  and  arrangement,  he 
gives  to  truth  those  attractions  which  have  been 
usurped  by  fiction.  .  .  .  He  shows  us  the  court,  the 
camp,  and  the  senate  But  he  also  shows  us  llie  na- 
tion. He  C()nsiders  no  anecdote,  no  peculiarity  of  man- 
ner, no  familiar  saying,  as  too  insignitlcant  for  his  no- 
tice, which  is  not  too  insignificant  to  illustrate  the 
operation  of  laws,  of  religion,  .and  of  education,  .and 
to  mark  the  progress  of  the  human  mind."    T.  B.  Ma- 

CAUI.AV. 

3.  The  Puilosopuy  of  History  : 

R.  Flint:  Philosopliy  of  History,  1688(1649). 

4.  History  as  a  Science  ;  and  History  as  the 
Root  ok  .\ll  Science  : 

H.T.  Buckle:  History  of  Civilization  in  England, 
16H.H(U>49). 

J.  G.  Drovscn:  Outline  of  the  Principles  of  His- 
tory. 1689(16,50). 

T.  Carlyle:  On  History  (Es.say.s).  1689-90(16.50-1). 

"  There  is.  I  speak  humbly,  in  common  with  Natural 
Science,  in  the  study  of  livinc  History,  .a  gradual  ap- 
proximation to  a  consciousness  that  wo  are  growing 


into  a  perception  of  the  workings  of  the  Almighty  mler 
of  the  world.  .  .  .  The  study  of  History  is  in  this  re- 
spect, as  Coleridge  said  of  Poetry,  its  own  great  reward, 
a  thing  to  be  loved  and  cultivated  for  its  own  sake.  .  .  . 
For  one  great,  insoluble  problem  of  astronomy  or  geol- 
ogy, there  are  a  thousand  insoluble  problems  in  the  life, 
in  the  character,  in  the  face  of  every  man  that  meets  you 
in  the  street.  'Thus,  whether  we  look  at  the  dignity  of 
the  subject  matter,  or  at  the  nature  of  the  mental  ex- 
ercise which  it  requires,  or  at  the  nature  of  the  field 
over  which  the  pursuit  ranges.  History,  the  knowledge 
of  the  adventures,  the  development,  tiie  changeful  ca- 
reer, the  varied  growths,  the  ambitions,  a.spirations, 
and,  if  you  like,  the  approximating  destinies  of  man- 
kind, claims  a  place  second  to  jio/ic  in  the  roll  of  Sci- 
ences."   Bisuoi'  Stubbs. 

5.  How  TO  Study  History  : 

A.  B.  Hart :  How  to  Study  History,  1693  (1654). 

6.  The  Educational  and  Practical  Value 
OP  History;  Its  Moral  Lessons: 

J.  A.  Froude :  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects, 

1690  (1651). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky :  The  Political  Value  of  History, 

1690  (1651). 
C.  K.  Adams:  Manual  of  Historical  Literature, 

1690-1  (1651-2). 
W.  Stubbs  :  The  Study  of  Modern  History.  1691 

(1652). 

"The  effect  of  historical  reading  is  analogous, in  many 
respects,  to  that  produced  i)y  foreign  travel.  The  stu- 
dent, like  the  tourist,  is  transported  into  a  new  state  of 
society.  He  sees  new  fashions.  He  hears  new  model 
of  expression.  His  mind  is  enlarged  by  contemplating 
the  wide  diversities  of  laws,  of  morals,  and  of  man- 
ners."   T.  B.  Macaulay. 

7.  The  Province  and  Value  of  the  Histori- 
cal Romance: 

G.  II.  Lewes:  Historical  Romance,  1692-3(1653-4). 
A.  Thierry;  The  Merovingian  Era,  1693  (1654). 
,1.  R.  Seeley  ;  History  and  Politics,  1693  (1654). 

"To  say  that  there  is  more  real  history  in  his  (Scott's) 
novels  on  Scotland  ami  England  than  In  the  philo- 
sophically false  compilations  which  still  possess  that 
great  name,  is  not  advancing  .anything  strange  in  the 
eves  of  those  who  have  read  and  utirlrrslcoil  '  (_)ld 
Alortality,'  '  Wavorley,'  '  Kob  Hoy,'  the  'Fortunes  of 
Nigel,'  and  the  •  Heart  of  .Midlothian."  "    A.  TllIKIUtv. 

"  We  can  hardlv  read  the  interesting  Life  of  Lord 
Macaulay  withont'percelvlni,-  that  the  most  popular  his- 
torical w'ork  of  modern  times  owes  ils  orijiln  In  a  great 
measure  to  the  Waverley  Novels.  Macaulay  grew  up  in 
a  world  of  novels:  his  youth  and  early  inannood  wit- 
nessed the  appearanio  of  tlic  \Vavcrley  Novels  them- 
selves. He  became  naturally  possessed  by  the  l<lea 
which  is  expressed  over  and  over  again  in  ills  Essays, 
and  which  at  last  he  realized  with  such  \vo»derfnl  suc- 
cess, the  idea  that  it  was  quite  possible  to  make  history 
as  Interesting  as  romance."    J.  K.  Seelev. 


183 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


8.  The  Importance  op  a  Knowledge  of  Uni- 
versal Histort: 
O.    Browning :    The  Teaching    of    History   in 
Schools,  1694  (1655). 

" To  know  History  is  impossible;  not  even  Mr.  Free- 
man, not  Professor" Ranlie  liimself,  can  be  said  to  linow 
history.  .  .  .  No  one,  therefore,  should  be  discouraged 
from  studying  History.  Its  greatest  service  is  not  so 
much  to  increase  our  knowledge  as  to  stimulate  thought 
and  broaden  our  intellectual  horizon,  and  for  this  pur- 
pose no  study  is  its  equal."    W.  P.  Atkiksoh. 


♦STUDY  II. 


THE  DAWN  OF  HISTORY  ;  PRIMITIVE 
PEOPLES. 


1.  The  Three  Marked  Divisions  of  the  Hu- 
man Race  when  the  Earliest  Historic 
Record  begins: 

(a)  The  Aryan:  144,  145  (137,  138)  and  Ap- 
pendix A.,  Vol.  V.  (Vol.  I). 

(6)  The  Semitic:  2963-2966(2886-2889). 

(c)  The  Turanian:  3245,  1740,  2265  (3129, 
1701,  2221). 

2.  These  Divisions  were  not  properly  Ra- 
cial, BUT  Linguistic,  though  Usage  has 
given  them  a  Racial  Significance  : 

"  Aryan  in  Scientific  language  is  utterly  inapplicable 
to  race.  It  means  lano;uage,  and  nothing  but  language 
...  I  have  declared  again  and  again  that  if  I  say 
'  Aryas,'  I  mean  simply  those  who  speak  the  'Aryan' 
language."  Max  MiVller. 

"  The  '  Semitic  race  '  owes  its  name  to  a  confusion  of 
ethnolog\'  and  philology.  A  certain  family  of  speech, 
composed  of  languages  closely  related  to  one  another, 
and  presupposing  a  common  mother  tongue,  received 
the  title  of  '  Semitic  "...  But  whatever  justification 
there  may  have  been  for  speaking  of  a  Semitic  family 
of  languages,  there  was  none  for  speaking  of  a  Semitic 
race."    A.  H.  Sayce. 

3.  Birthplace  op  the  Aryans  : 

C.   F.    Keary:    The  Dawn  of    History,    144-5 

(137-8). 
J.  N.   Larned :  A  Historical  Sketch  of  Europe, 

1018  (990). 
J.  Rhys  :  Race  Theories.  145  (138). 

4.  E-VRLY  Aryan  Migrations  : 
(a)    J'o  India. 

"W.    W.    Hunter:     History    of    India, 

(1701-2). 
M.    Duncker:    History  of    Antiquity, 

(1702-3). 
M.  Williams :  Religious  Thought  in  India,  1743 

(1703). 

<b)  To  Greece. 

E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  2603  (2535). 
owe.   Oman :  History  of  Greece,    1604-5 

(156'&-7). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1019-21  (991-3). 
D  G.  Hogarth  ;  Authority  and  Archaeology,  Vol. 

VI.,  23-5. 

(c)  To  Italy. 
T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,   1016-17,  1845 

(988-9,  1805). 

F.  Haverfield:  Authority  and  Archaeology,  Vol. 
VL,  25. 

(rf)  To  Western  Europe. 
J.  Rhys ;  Celtic  Britain,  412  (403). 
J.  N.  'Larned:  Europe,  1019  (991). 

(«)  In  General. 
Appendix  A.  at  end  of  Volume  V.  (Volume  I.) 
Ethnological  Map,  before  Title  Page,  Volume  I 


1740-1 
1741-2 


and  the 


5.  Origin  of  the  Semitic  Peoples  : 

Geome  Adam  Smith:  Historical  Geography  of 
the^Holy  Land.  2964-5  (2887-8). 

6.  The  Various  Divisions  of  the  Semites  : 
(a)  In  General. 

J.    F.    McCurdy :  History,  Prophecy 

Monuments,  2963-1  (2886-7). 

(i)   The  Babylonian. 
J    F.  ]\IcCurdv :  History,  Prophecy,    and   the 

Monuments,"2965-6  (2888-9). 
Z.  A.  Ragozin:  The  Story  of  Chaldea,   246-7 

(239-40). 
A.  H.  Sayce  :  Recent  Discoveries  in  Babylonia, 

Vol.  VI.,  14-15. 

(c)  TJte  Canaanitic  and  Phoenician. 

P.  Lenormant :  Ancient  History  of  East,  2598-9 
(2530-1). 

(d)  The  Hebraic. 

A.  Kuenen  :  Religion  of  Israel.  1936  (1895). 
H.  Ewald:  History  of  Israel,  1937  (1896). 
S.  R.  Driver :  Authority  and  Archaeology,  Vol. 
VL,  12. 

7.  Distinctive  Characteristics  of  Semites, 
and  thelr  contribution  to  the  world 
Civilization  : 

A.  H.  Sayce :  Babylonian  Literature,  246  (239). 
E.  Renan:   Studies  in   Religious  History,  2965 

(2888). 

"  We  owe  to  the  Semitic  race  neither  political  life, 
art,  poetry,  philosophy,  nor  Science.  What,  then,  do 
we  owe  to  them  ?  AVe  owe  to  them  Religion.  The  whole 
world,  if  we  except  India.  China,  Japan,  and  tribes  al- 
together savage,  has  adopted  the  Semitic  religion."  E. 
Renajj. 

8.  Relation  between  the  Early  Semites 
AND  THE  Primitive  Chinese  : 

R.  K.  Douglas:  China,  430-2  (416-18). 
T.  de  Lacouperie:  History  of  Chinese  Civiliza- 
tion, 246  (239). 

9.  Origin  and  Racial  Connections  of  the 
Primitive  Egyptian  Peoples  : 

H.  Brugsch-Bey:   Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs, 

777  (750). 
G.  Rawlinson:   History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  777 

(750). 
"W.  M.  F.  Petrie:  Recent  Research  in  Egypt, 

Vol.  VI.,  18-20. 

10.  The  Earliest  Semites  known  to  His- 
tory: 

J.   F.  McCurdy:   Historv,    Prophecy,   and  the 

Monuments,  3965-6  (2888-9). 
Max  Mliller:  The  Enormous  Antiquity  of  the 

East,  2966  (2889). 
A.  H.  Sayce :  Babylonian  Literature,  246  (239). 

"  The  Babylonians  were  .  .  .  the  first  of  the  Semites 
to  enter  the  arena  of  history,  and  they  did  so  by  virtue 
of  the  civilization  to  which  they  attained  in  and 
through  their  settlement  on  the  lower  Euphrates  and 
Tigris."    J.  F.  McCurdy. 

*  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  1. 


*  STUDY  III. 


THE  LIFE  OF  PRIMITIVE  PEOPLES; 
ARCHiEOLOGICAL   RESEARCH. 


1.  General  Character  of  Work  of  Exca- 
vation OF  Buried  Cities  : 
W.  M.  F.  Petrie:  The  Story  of  a  "Tell,"  782  (755). 


184 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


G.  Smith:  Assyrian  Discoveries,  149-50  (143). 
H.    V.    Hilpretht :   Recent  Research   in    Bible 

Lands,  Vol.  VI.,  12 
:  Sunday  School  Times,  Vol.  VI.,  13. 

2.  PREnlBTORIC    CCLTUUE    AND    CIVILIZATION: 

(a)  Babylonia. 
A.  H.  Sayce:  Babylonian  Literature,  246  (239). 
J.  F.  McCurdy:    History,   Prophecy,  and   The 

Monuments,  296.>-6  (2888-9). 
S.  R.  Driver  :  Authority  and  Archfeology,  Vol. 

VI.,  12. 
Ferret  and  Chipiez :  Art  in  Chaldrea  and  Assyria, 

2969  (2892). 

"  When  civilization  makes  up  its  mind  to  reenter  upon 
that  country,  nbtliinc  more  will  be  needed  for  the  re- 
awakening; "in  it  nf  life  and  reproductive  enert;y,  than 
the  restoration  of  the  preat  works  undertaken  by  the 
contemporaries  of  Abraham  and  Jacob."  Perrot  Aia> 
Chipiez. 

(i)  E;nipt. 
H.  G.  Tomkins:  Studies  on  Times  of  Abraham, 

778-9  (751-2). 
W.  5L  F.  Petrie:  Recent  Egyptian  Exploration, 

Vol.  VI.,  20,  21. 

(c)  Greece. 

C.  W.  C.  Oman  :  History  of  Greece,  1605,  last 

column,  (15G7). 
P.  Gardner ;  New  Chapters  in  Greek  History, 

160,5-6  (1567-8). 
S.  H.  Butcher:  Aspects  of  Greek  Genius,  1675 

(1636). 
A.  J.  Evans  :  London  Times,  Vol.  VI.,  23,  24. 
A.    L.   Frothingham :   Archaeological   Progress, 

Vol.  VI.,  25. 

(d)  Itali/  and  Rome. 

Padre  de  Cara:  The  Academy,  1845  (1805). 
J.  N.  Lamed :  Europe,  1020-1  (992-3). 
F.  de  Coulanfres-  The  Ancient  City,  2731  (2657). 
Goldwin  Smith:  The  Greatness  of  the  Romans, 
2782-3  (2658-9). 

"It  may  seem  a  paradox,  but  we  suspect  that  In  their 
imperial  ascendency  is  seen  one  of  the  earliest  and  not 
least  important  steps  in  that  gradual  triuinjih  of  intel- 
lect over  force,  even  in  war.  which  has  been  an  essential 
part  of  the  progress  of  civilization.  The  hai)pyday  may 
come  when  Science  in  the  form  of  a  benign  old  pentle- 
man  with  a  bald  head  and  spe(^taclc8  on  nose,  holding 
some  heneliccnt  compound  in  his  hand,  will  confront  a 
standing  armv.  and  the  standing  army  will  cease  to 
exist.  That  will  be  the  final  victory  of"  intellect.  liut 
In  the  meantime,  our  acknowledgments  are  due  to  the 
primitive  inventors  of  military  discipline.  They  shiv- 
ered Goliath's  spear."    Goldw"i>-  Smith. 

(f)  India. 
"W.  W.  Hunter:  History  of  Indian  People,  1740-1 

(1701-3). 

If)  China. 
R.  k.  Douglas :  China,  430-2  (416-18). 

3.  Eahly  Language  AND  LiTEKATURE: 
(a)  Babylonia  and  Assyria. 

A.  II.  Sayee:  Fresh  Liglit  from  the  Monuments, 

150,  245-6,  664-5  (143,  238-9,  641-2). 
;  Social  Life  of  Assyrians  and  Babylonians, 

2044  (2000). 

:  Races  of  the  Old  Testament,  2963  (2886) 

A.  Lef^vre;  Race  and  Language,  2971  (2894). 

(A)  Bf/ypt. 
H.  BrugschBey:  History  of  Egypt,  777  (750). 
M.  Duncker:  History  of  Antiquity.  777  (7.')0). 
E.  A.  W.  Budge:  The  Mummy,  1684-5  (1645-6). 
A.  MarietteBey:  Monuments  of  Upper  Egypt, 

2826  (2752). 

(c)  Phoenicia. 
Perrot  and  Chipiez  :  Art  in  Phoenicia,  2601  end 

of  last  column,  (2533). 


((f)  Oreece. 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  1674-5  (1635-6). 
"W.  E.  Gladstone :  Homer,  1699-1700  (1660-1). 
W.  Leaf;  Companion  to  the  Iliad,  1700  (1661). 
A.  Lang:  Homer  and  the  Epic,  1700  (1661). 
D.  G.    Hogarth;    Authority   and  Archaeology, 

Vol.  VI.,  25. 

(f)  I!a!>/  and  Ronu. 
T.  Momniseu ;  History  of  Rome,  1845  (1805). 
G.  A.  Simcox;  History  of  Latin  Literature,  2734 

(2660). 


History    of    Antiquity,    1741-2 
Religious  Thought  In  India,  1742 


(/)  India. 
M.    Duncker: 

(1702-3). 
M.  Williams; 

(1703). 

4.  Eddcation  : 

(a)  Babylonia  and  Assyria. 
A.  H.  Sayce :  Babylonian  Literature,  246,  697-8 

(239,  674-5). 
:  Social  Life  among  the  Babylonians,  698 

(675). 
:   Fresh   Light  from  the  Monuments,  150 

(143). 

"  The  primitive  Chaldeans  were  preeminently  a  lit- 
erary people,  and  it  is  by  their  literary  relics,  by  the 
scattered  contents  of  their  libraries,  that  we  can  know 
and  judge  them.  As  befitted  the  inventors  of  a  sys- 
tem of  writing,  like  the  Chinese  they  set  the  highest 
value  on  education,  even  though  examinations  may 
have  been  unknown  among  them.  Education,  how- 
ever, was  widely  diffused."     A.  H.  Satoe. 

(h)  Egypt. 
G.  Maspero :  Life  in  Ancient  Egypt,  697  (674). 
H.  Brugsch-Bey  :   History  of  Egypt,  697  (674). 

"In  the  education  of  youth  the  Egyptians  were  partic- 
ularly strict;  and  'they  knew,*  says  Plato,  'that  chil- 
dren ought  to  be  early  accustomed  to  such  gestures, 
looks,  and  motions,  as  are  decent  and  proper;  and  not 
to  be  suUered  either  to  hear  or  learn  any  verses  and 
Bongs  other  tlian  those  which  are  c:ilculated  to  inspire 
them  with  virtue.'  "    J.  G.  Wilkinson. 

(f)   Greece. 

(1)  Athenian. 

Plato;  Protat'oras,  701  (678). 

Aristotle:  Politics,  701-2  (678-9). 

J.  P.  MahafTy :  Old  Greek  Education,  703  (680). 

J.  A.  St.  John:   The  Hellenes,  703^  (680-681). 

"W.    "W.    Capes:    University    Life    in   Ancient 

Athens.  5  (5). 
Guhl  and  Koner ;  Life  of  Greeks  and  Romans, 

1657  (1619). 

(2)  Spartan. 

C.Tliirhvall:  History  of  Greece,  704-5  (681-2). 

(rf)  Alexandria. 
J.H.Newman:  Historical  Sketches,  708  (685). 

(e)  Rome. 
J.J.  DOUinger:  Gentile  and  Jew,  708-9  (685-6). 

(/)  Judaa. 
E.  Schllrer  ;  History  of  Jewish  People.  700  (677). 
H.  Graetz  :  History  of  the  Jews.  700-1  (677-8). 

(o)  China. 
W.  A.  P.  Martin;  The  Chinese,  698-9  (675-6). 

(/()  Persia. 
G.    Hawlinson;    The   Five    Great    Monarchies, 

699-700  (676-7). 

5.  Religion: 

(a)  China. 


China,  432-8  (418-19). 
The  Academy.  805  (296). 


R.  K.  Douglas: 

(*)  Kfiyp't. 
A.  B.  Edwards: 

{c)  Oreece. 
C  C.  Felton :  Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern.  804-5, 

2453  (777-8,  2401). 


185 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

E.  Curtius :  History  of  Greece,  2452  (2400). 
W.   M.    Leake:    Topography  of  Athens,   2451 

(2399). 
C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  2451  (2399). 
G.  Grote :  History  of  Greece,  680  (657). 

(d)  India. 

M.   Williams :  Religious  Thought  in  India,  1742 
(1703). 

:  Hinduism,  1743-4  (1704-5). 

J.  T.  Wheeler:  History  of  India,  406  (396). 

(e)  Persia. 

Q.  Rawlinson  :  Religions  of  the  Ancient  World, 

3788-9  (3666-7). 
M.  Haug  :  Lectures  on  Zoroaster,  3790  (3668). 

(/)  Home. 
T.  Arnold :  History  of  Rome,  2981  (2903). 
H.  Macmillan:  Roman  Mosaics,  2981  (2903). 
T.  Mommsen :  History  of  Rome,  195  (188). 
W   Ramsay:  Roman  Antiquities,  196-7(189-90). 
Guhl   and  Koner:    Greeks  and   Romans,   3743 

(3623). 
N.  Hawthorne :  The  Marble  Faun,  2476  (2417). 
•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


Note.  —  In  nearly  all  cases,  in  the  Studies  that 
follow,  all  chronological  divisions  previous  to  the 
sixth  or  seventh  centuries  b.  c.  must  be  regarded 
as  approximate  only.  The  dates  given  are  those 
generally  accepted  by  the  best  scholars  of  the 
present  day. 


♦STUDY  IV. 


BABYLONIA  AND   ASSYRIA. 


1.  Geography: 

G.    Rawlinson:    Five   Great    Monarchies,    2198 
(2154). 

F.  Lenormant :  Ancient  History  of  the  East,  2964 
(2887). 

G.  Adam  Smith:  Historical  Geography  of  the 
Holy  Land,  2964  (2887). 

2.  Chaldea-Babtlonia: 

A.  H.  Sayce  :  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments, 
245-6  (239),  and  following  authorities. 

3.  The  Accadians,  Sdmerians,  Elamitks,  and 
cubhites  : 

A.  H.  Sayce:  Babylonian  Literature,  246,  698 

(239,  675). 
:  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments,  150,  246 

(143,  239). 

:  Races  of  the  Old  Testament,  2963  (2886). 

Z.  A.  Ragozin:  Story  of  Chaldca,  795(768). 
J.  F.  McCurdy  :  History,  Prophecy,  and  Monu 

ments,  2965-6  (2888-9). 
Dr.  Tiele  :  History  of  Babylonia,  2967  (2890). 
F.   Lenormant:    Ancient  History   of  tlie  East, 

128-9  (121-2). 
A.  H.  Sayce:  Contemporary  Review,  Vol.  VI., 

14. 

4.  The  Era  op  City  States  (5000  to  3800  b.  c): 
Z.  A.  Ragozin:  Story  of  Chaldea,  246-7  (239-40). 

5.  Conquests  op  Sargon  I.  (3750  b.  c); 

Dr.  Tide  :  History  of  Babylonia,  2967  (2890). 
F.  Max   Miiller:    Enormous    Antiquity  of  the 

East,  2966  (2889). 
Z.  A.  Ragozin:  Story  of  Chaldea,  247  (240). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

A.  H.  Sayce:  Contemporary  Review,  Vol.  VI., 
13,  14. 

6.  HAMMtTRABI  ESTABLISHES  THE  FlRST  BABY- 
LONIAN Empire  (2250  b.  c): 

E.J  Simcox:  Primitive  Civilizations,  2967  (2890). 
J.  F.  McCurdy  :    History,    Prophecy,  and  the 

Monuments,  2967  (2890). 
A.  H.  Sayce :  Ancient  Empires  of  the  East,  247 

(240). 

7.  The  City  OP  Babylon: 

A.  H.  Sayce :  Ancient  Empires  of  the  East,  247 
(240). 

G.  Rawlinson :  Herodotus,  245  (238). 

W   B.  Wright:  Ancient  Cities,  2969-70(2893). 

B.  T.  a.  Evetts:  New  Light  on  the  Bible  and 
Holy  Land,  2970-1  (2893-4). 

8.  The  Kassite  Empire  and  Egyptian  Inva- 
sions (1800-1250  B.  c): 

J.    F.    McCurdy:   History,  Prophecy,   and  the 

Monuments,  2967  (2890). 
A.   H.  Sayce :  Higher  Criticism  and  Verdict  of 

the  Monuments,  2968  (2891). 
A.  Lefevre  :  Race  and  Language,  2968  (2891). 
G.  Rawlinson  :  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  779- 

80  (752-3). 

9.  Assyria  GALNS  AND  holds  Supremacy  (1250- 
600  B.  c): 

Perrot  and  Chipiez  :  History  of  Art  in  Chaldea 

and  Assyria,  2968-9  (2891-2). 
L.  von  Ranke:  Universal  History,  2969  (2892). 

10.  The  City  op  Nineveh  : 

A.  H.  Sayce:  Higher  Criticism  and  the  Monu- 
ments, 2967-8(2891.) 

:  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments,  150 

(143). 

Z,  A.  Ragozin :  Story  of  Chaldea,  2415  (2363). 

Perrot  and  Chipiez :  History  of  Art  in  Chaldea 
and  Assyria,  2969  (2892). 

11.  The  Last  Babylonian  Empire  (625-536 
B.  c): 

E.  A.  W.  Budge:  Babylonian  Life  and  History, 

2969  (2892). 
A.  H.  Sayce :  Ancient  Empires  of  East,  247  (240). 
:  Introduction  to  Books  of  Ezra,  Nehemiah, 

and  Esther,  2577-8  (2510-11). 
:  Ancient  Empires  of  the  East,  2577  (2510). 

12.  Babylonian  and  Assyrian  Lipe  : 
(n)  Literature. 

A.  H.  Sayce  :  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments, 

245-6(238-9), 
:  Babylonian    Literature,   246,  697-8  (239, 

674-5). 
:  Social  Life  among  the  Babylonians,  698 

(675). 
A.  V.  Hilprecht :  Sunday  School    Times,   Vol. 

VI..  15-16. 

(4)  Education. 
A.  H.  Sayce :  Babylonian  Literature.  698  (675). 
:  Social  Life  Among  the  Babylonians,  698 

(675). 
:  Contemporary  Review,  Vol.  VI.,  14. 

(c)  Trade  and  Commerce. 

M.  Duncker:  History  of  Antiquitv,  3207-8  (3697). 

E.  J.  Lubbock  :  History  of  Money,  2243  (2199). 
Sir  .J.  Simcox  :  Primitive  Civilizations,  2243-4 

(3200). 

(d)  Treatment  of  Diseases. 

G.  Rawlinson  :  Herodotus.  3166  (2122). 

F.  Lenormant :  Chaldean  Magic,  2166-7  (2122-3). 


I 


186 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


13.  The  Pre-eminent  Figures  in  Babylonian 
AND  Assyrian  History: 

Sargon  I b.  c.  3750 

Hammurabi 2250 

Tiglathpileser  1 1110-1090 

TiglatUpileser  III.     .     .     .       745-727 

Sargon  II 722-705 

Sennacherib 705-681 

Assurbanipal  (Sardanapalus)    668-626 
Nebuchadnezzar    ....      605-562 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  V. 


EGYPT. 

1.  Origin  of  the  Name  and  People  : 

H.  Brugsch-Bey  :  History  of  Egypt,  776  (749). 

R.  S.  Poole  :  Cities  of  Egypt,  776  (749). 

G.   Rawlinson  :  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  777 

(750). 
M.  Duncker:  History  of  Antiquity,  777  (750). 
A.  H.  Keane :  The  African  liaces,  17  (19). 

2.  Historical  Antiquity: 

H.  Brugsch-Bey  •  History  of  Egypt,  776-7  (750). 
W.  M.  F.  Petrie :  History  of  Egypt,  777  (3743). 

:  Address,  Vol.  VI.,  20-1. 

8.  Prehistoric  Civilization  : 
W.  M.  F.  Petrie  :  Recent  Egyptian  Exploration, 
Vol.  VI.,  20. 

4.  The  Old  and  Middle  Empires  (4700-2750 
B.  c); 

F.    Lenormant:   Ancient  History,    777-8,  2127 

(750-1,  2083). 
W.  M.  F.  Petrie ;   Recent  Research  in  Egypt, 

Vol.  VI.,  18-19. 

:  History  of  Egypt,  777-8  (750-1). 

R.  S.  Poole;  Cities  of  Egypt,  2196,  3189  (2152, 

3104). 

5.  The  Pyramids,  and  the  Obelisks;  "Cleo- 
patra's Needles  ": 

F.  Lenormant :  Ancient  History.  777  (750). 

G.  Rawlinson  :  Ancient  Egypt,  780  (753). 

6.  The  Hyksos,  or  Shepherd  Kings  (2150-1700 
B.  c. ),  AND  Sojourn  of  Ahraiiam: 

G.  Rawlinson:  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  778 

(751). 
E,  Wilson:  The  Egypt  of  the  Past,  778  (751). 
E.  A.  W.  Budge :  The  Dwellers  on  the  Nile,  1937 

(1M9G). 
G.  Rawlinson:  Ancient  Egypt,  1937(1896). 
E.  Renan:  The  People  of  Israel,  1937-8(1896-7). 
A.  H.  Sayce:  The  Hittites,  116,1695  (109.  1656). 
H.  Brugsch-Bey  :  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs,  779 

(752). 

7.  TiiK  Eighteenth  Dynasty;  the  New  Em- 
pire (1600-1300  I!,  c): 

O.  Rawlinson  :  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  779- 

80  (752-3). 
C.  Bezold  :  Oriental  Diplomacy,  781  (754). 
A.  Lefivre:  Race  and  Language,  2968  (2891). 

8.  Israel  in  Eovpt  (175g-1300  n.  c): 

E.  A.W,  Budge:  I)wcllersontlieNiln,19.37 (1896). 
G.  Rawlinson:  Ancient  Egypt.  1937  (1896). 
H.   Unigsch-Bcy:    Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs, 
1937  (1896). 


F.  Lenormant:  Ancient  History,  782  (755). 
R.  S.  Poole :  Ancient  Egypt,  782  (755). 

9.  Decline  of  Empire  op  the  Pharaohs; 
Assyrian  Conquest  (1200-525  b.  c): 

G.  Rawlinson  :  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  782-8 
(755-6). 

:  Five  Great  Monarchies,  783  (756). 

10.  The  Persian  Conquest  (525-332  b.  c): 
G.  Rawlinson:  Five  Great  Monarchies,  784  (767). 
P.  Smith:  Ancient  History,  784  (757). 

A.  H.  Sayce  :  Int.  to  Books  of  Ezra,  Nehemlah, 
and  Esther,  2578  (2511). 

11.  Ancient  Egyptian  Life  and  Culture: 
(n)  Literature  and  Art. 

A.  B.  Edwards  :  The  Academy,  305  (296). 
Edinburgh  Review  :  The  Tel  El -Amarna  Tablets, 

780  (753). 
C.  Bezold :  Oriental  Diplomacy,  781  (754). 
W.  M.  F.  Petrie  :  Recent  Egyptian  Exploration, 

Vol.  VI.,  20-1. 

(A)  Education. 
J.  G.  Wilkinson,  and  others,  696-7  (673-4). 

(c)  Trade  and  Commerce. 
Earliest  Records  of  Trade,  3207  (3696). 

Sir  J.  Lubbock:  History  of  Money,  2243  (2199). 

E.  J.  Simcox:  Primitive  Civilizations,  3244(2200). 
M.  Duncker:  History  of  Antiquity,  2600  (2532). 

F.  Lenormant:  History  of  the  East,  129  (122). 
P.  Gardner :   New  Chapters  in  Greek  History, 

785-6  (758-9). 
C.  Merivale:    History  of  the   Romans,  3211-13 
(3700-2). 

(d)  Treatment  of  Diseases. 

G.  Rawlinson  and  others,  2164-6  (2120-22). 

12.  The  Conquest  of  Alexander  and  the 
KiNGDO.M  OP  the  Ptolemies  (332-30  n.  c): 

C,  Thirlwall  :  History  of  Greece,  785  (758). 

J.  P.  MalmfTy  :   Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

2103  (2059). 
A.  H.  L.  Ilceren:  Ancient  History,  2104  (2060). 
T.  Timayenis:  History  of  Greece,  2100  (2062). 
8.  Sharpe:  History  of"  Egypt,  785,  also  786  (758, 

759). 
C.  Merivale:  History  of  the  Romans,  786  (759). 

13.  The  City  of  Alexandria: 

J.  P.  Mahaffy :  The  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 
44-5  (37-8). 

A.  Ilirtius:  The  Alexandrian  War,  46(39). 

,1.  .T.  Dollinger:  History  of  the  Church,  2295-6 
(2347-8). 

E.  Gibbon :  Decline  and  Fall  of  Roman  Empire, 
46,  al.so  47  (39,  40). 

II.  II.  Milman:  History  of  Latin  Christianity, 
47  (40). 

Sir  W.  Muir:  Annals  of  the  Early  Caliphate, 
2115(2070). 

E.  Kirkpatrick:  Development  of  Superior  In- 
struction, 707-8  (684-5). 

Eraser's  Magazine:  Historical  Researches  on  the 
Burning  of  the  Library  of  Alexandria  by  Sara- 
cens, 3047-8  (2003^). ' 

Tlie  American  Journal  of  Archa'ology,  Vol.  VI., 
28. 

14.  The  Moslem  Conquest  (640-646  a.  d.): 
Sir  W.   Muir:    Annals  of   the  Early  Caliphate, 

2114-15  ('2009-70) 

15.  Egypt  and  the  Cuu8ADKs(12Ifi-1254  a.d.): 
O.  Procter:  The  Crusades,  656-7  (683-4). 

T.  L.  Kington:  History  of  Frederick  II.,  657 
(634). 


187 


COURSES   FOR  STUDY 


COURSES   FOR  STUDY 


F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  657-8  (634-5). 

16.  The  Ottoman  Conquest  (1517  a.  d.)  : 

S.  Lane-Poole :  The  Story  of  Turkey,  3254  (3138). 

17.  Overthrow  op  the  Ottoman  Power  by 
Napoleon  (1798): 

W.  Massey :  History  of  England,  1354-5  (1321-2). 
J.  G.  Lockhart:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1357-9(1324-6). 

18.  Overthrow  of  French  Power  by  Eng- 
land, AND  Restoration  op  Egypt  to  Tur- 
key (1801-2  A.D.): 

J.  R.  Green :  History  of  English  People,  1368-9 
(1335-6). 

19.  Bankruptcy  op  the  State  and  English 
Occupation  (1875-1883): 

H.  Vogt:  The  Egyptian  War  of  1882,  792  (765). 
J.  E.    Bowen:   Conflict  of  East  and  West  In 

Egypt,  792-4  (765-7). 
E.  Dicey:  Egypt,  Vol.  VI.,  198. 

20.  The  Anglo-Egyptian  Condominium  (1899) : 
Great    Britain,   Papers  by  Command;   Egypt, 

Vol.  VI.,  201-3. 

•  jSee  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY   VI. 
THE  JEWS. 

1.  The  National  Names  : 

H.  Ewald  :  History  of  Israel,  1936  (1895). 
A.  P.  Stanley  :  History  of  Jewish  Church,  1936 
(1895). 

2.  The  Origin  op  the  People  and  their 
Racial  Connections  : 

Geo.  Adam  Smith  :  Hist.  Geography  of  the  Holy 

Laud,  2964-5  (2887-8). 
A.  H.  Sayce  :  Races  of  the  Old  Testament,  2963 

(2886). 
J.  F.  McCurdy  :   History,   Prophecy,   and  the 

Monuments,  2963-1  (2886-7). 
A.  Leffevre:  Race  and  Language,  2971  (2804). 

3.  The  Migration  op  Abraham  (2200  b.  c): 
E.  A.  W.  Budge  :  Dwellers  on  the  Nile,  1937 

(1896). 

E.  Wilson :  Egvpt  of  the  Past,  778  (751). 
H.  Ewald  :  History  of  Israel,  1937  (1896). 

4.  The  Principal  Nations  with  whom  Israel 
CAME  IN  Contact: 

((j)  The  Canaanites. 
A.  H.  Sayce :  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments, 

365  (355). 
A  Kueneu:  The  Religion  of  Israel,  1936  (1895). 

F.  Lenormant:  Ancient   History  of  East,  2599 
(2531). 

(J)  TheEittites. 
A.  H.  Sayce:  The  Hittites,  1695  (1656). 
Padre  de  Cara:  Civilita  Cattolica,  1845  (1805). 

(f)   The  Amorites. 
A.  H.  Sayce  :  The  Hittites,  116  (109). 

(rf)  The  Moabites. 
A.  H.  Sayce  :  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments, 

2237(2193). 

(e)   The  Philistineg. 
F.  W.  Newman  :  History  of  the  Hebrew  Mon- 
archy, 2598  (2530). 
Oeo.  Adam  Smith :  Hist.  Geography  of  the  Holy 

Land,  2598  (2530). 


5.  The  Sojourn  of  Israel  in  Egypt  (1750-1300 
B.  C.)  ; 

H.    Brugsch-Bey:  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs, 

779,  1937  (752,  1896). 
E.  A.  W.   Budge:  Dwellers  on  the  Nile,  1937 

(1896). 
E.  Renan :  The  People  of  Israel,  1937-8  (1896-7). 
G.  Rawlinson:  Ancient  Egypt,  1937  (1896). 

6.  The  Exodus  ani?  the  Settlement  in  Ca- 
naan (1300-1230  B.C.): 

E.  Naville:  The  Store-City  Pithom,  1938  (1897). 
P.  Lenormant :  History  of  the  East,  782  (755). 
R.  S.  Poole :  Ancient  Egypt,  782  (755). 

E.  Naville:    Route    of    the    Exodus,     1938-9 
(1897-8). 

M.    Duncker:   History  of    Antiquity,    1939-40 
(1898-9). 

7.  The  Judges  (1250-1075  b.  c.)  : 

Dean  Stanley  :  Lectures  on  Jewish  Church,  1940 

(1899). 
S.  Sharpe:  History  of  the  Hebrew  Nation,  1940-1 

(1899-1900). 
W.  Robertson  Smith:  The  Prophets  of  Israel, 

1941  (1900). 
Dean  Stanley :  Lectures  on  Jewish  Church,  701 

(678). 

8.  Jerusalem  the  National  Capital  : 
T.  Lewin :  Jerusalem,  1921  (1880). 

F.  W.  Newman;  History  of  the  Hebrew  Mon- 
archv,  1922  (1881). 

Josephus  :  Antiquities,  1922  (1881). 

L.  von  Ranke  :  Universal  History,  1942  (1901). 

9.  The  Single  Monarchy  (1075-950  b.  c.) : 

L.  von  Ranke  :  Universal  History,  1941-3  (1900- 

1901). 
H.  Graetz  :  History  of  the  Jews,  1943  (1902). 
E.  Renan  :  The  People  of  Israel,  1943^  (1902-3). 
H.  Ewald  :  History  of  Israel,  3210  (3699). 

10.  The  Divided  Kingdom  ;   Israel,   Judah 
(950-730  B.C.): 

Dean  Stanley :  Lectures  on  the  Jewish  Church, 

1944  (1903). 

W.  Robertson  Smith :  The  Prophets  of  Israel, 

1945  (1904). 

J.  Wellhausen  :   History  of  Israel  and  Judah, 

1945  (1904). 

A.  H.  Sayce  :  Life  and  Times  of  Isaiah,  1945 

(1904). 
Dean  Stanley :  Lectures  on  the  Jewish  Church, 

1946  (1905). 

11.  Samaria,  the  Capital  City  of  Isr.ael  : 
Dean  Stanley:  Lectures  on  Jewish  Church,  1944 

(1903). 
W.  Robertson  Smith:  The  Prophets  of  Israel, 

1944  (1904). 
H.  Ewald  :  History  of  Israel,  2871  (2796). 
H.  Graetz  :  History  of  the  Jews,  2871-2  (2796-7). 
H.  H.  Milman  :  History  of  the  Jews,  2872  (2797). 

12.  The  Kingdom  of  Judah  (724-598  b.  c): 
M.  Arnold:  Isaiah  of  Jerusalem,  1946  (1905). 
J.  Wellhausen:  Israel  and  Judah,  1946  (1905). 
S.  R.  Driver :  Isaiah,  1946-7  (1905-6). 

C.  G.  Monteflore :  Lectures  on  Religion,  1947-8 

(1906-7). 
A.  Kuenen  :  Religion  of  Israel,  1948  (1907). 
J.  Wellhausen  :  Israel  and  Judah,  1945  (1904). 

13.  The  Exile  and  the  Restoration  (598- 
332  B.  c): 

H.  H.  Milman:  History  of  the  Jews,   1948-9 
(1907-8). 


188 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COraSES   FOR  STUDY 


A.  Kuenen  :  Religion  of  Israel,  1949  (1908). 

P.  H.  Hunter  :  After  the  Exile,  1949-50  (1908-9). 

M.    Duncker:    History    of    Antiquity,    1950-1 

(1909-10). 
J.  J.  DOlliiiger:  Gentile  and  Jew,  1952  (1911). 
H.  H.  Jlilmau  :  History  of  the  Jews,  1952(1911). 
A.  H.  Sayce:  Aucieut  Empires  of  the  East,  2577 

(2510). 
:  Introduction  to  Books  of  Ezra,  etc. ,  2577-8 

(2510-11). 

14.  The  Gkeek  Dominion  ajsd  the  Macca- 
BEAN  War  (332-40  B.C.): 

J.  P.  JIahaffv  :  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

2102-3  (2058-9). 
G.  Rawlinson:  Sixth  Great  Oriental  Monarchy, 

2960(2883). 
C.  Thirlwall :  History  of  Greece.  2960  (2883). 
H.  Ewakl :  History  of  Israel,  1953  (1912), 
J.  J.  Diilliuger  :  Gentile  and  Jew,  1954  (1913). 
E.  H.  Palmer ;  History  of  Jewish  Nation,  1954 

(1913). 
W.   D.    Morrison:  Jews  under    Roman    Rule, 

1954-5  (1913-14). 
J.  H.  Allen :  Hebrew  Men  and  Times,  1955  (1914). 
T.  Mommscn:  History  of  Rome,  1956  (1915). 
E.   Schllrer :   History   of  Jewish   People,  1957 

(1916). 
T.  Keim  :  History  of  Jesus  of  Nazara,  1958  (1917). 
E.  Schtlrer,  History  of  the  Jewish  People,  1677-8 

(1638-9). 

15.  Herod  and  the  Herodians  ;  Roman  Su- 
premacy (B.  c.  40-A.  D.  44) : 

T.  Keim :  History  of  Jesus  of  Nazara,  1958-9 

(1917-18). 
T.  Momrasen  :  History  of  Rome,  1960  (1919). 
H.  H.  Milman :  History  of  the  Jews,  1960  (1919). 

16.  The  Biiitu  ok  Jesus   and  the   Fall  of 
Jerusalem  (b.  c.  8-a.  d.  70) : 

T.  Keim :  History  of  Jesus  of  Nazara,  1960-1 

(1919-20). 
E.  dePresseuse:  Je.sus  Christ,  1961-2  (1920-21). 
C.  Merivale  :  History  of  the  Romans,  1962  (1931). 
Besant  and  Palmer  :  Jerusalem,  1962-3  (1921-2). 
H.  H.  Milman:  lli-story  of  the  Jews,  1903(1922). 

"Nations  tliat  are  fitted  to  i)lay  a  part  in  universal 
history  must  die  rtrst  tliat  the  world  may  live  through 
them.  A  ]icoiile  must  choose  between  the  prolonged 
life,  the  trantpiil  and  »il(si-nri'  <ie>tiny  of  one  who  lives 
for  himself,  and  the  tronbl<Ml,  stormy  career  of  one  who 
liven  for  Immanity.  Tlie  nation  which  revolves  within 
its  breast  social  and  religious  nrohlems  is  always  weak 
politically.  Thus  it  was  with  tne  Jews,  who  in  order  to 
make  the  religious  conquest  of  the  world  must  needs 
disappear  as  a  nation.  They  lost  a  material  citj';  they 
opened  the  reign  of  theSpirltualJerusalcm."     Renah. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  VII. 


EARLY   HISTORY   OF   INDIA  AND 
CHINA. 


A.  INDIA. 

1.  The  Name,  and  Original  Inhabitants  : 

J.  R.  Seeley  :  The  Expansion  of  England,  1739- 

40  (1701). 
H.  G.  Keene:  History  of  Hindustan,  1740  (1701). 
C.  F.  Keary:  Dawn  of  History,  144-5  (137-8). 
W.  W.  Hunter:  History  of  Indian  People,  1740-1 

(1701-2). 
See  Maps  of  India,  1748  (1708). 


2.  The  Aryan  Conquest  (b.  c.  1500-1400  (?)): 
M.     Duncker:    History    of    Antiquity,    1741-2 

(1702-3). 
M.  Williams:  Religious  Life  in  India,  1742(1703). 

3.  The  Invasion  and  Conquests  op  Alexan- 
der THE  Great  (b.  c.  327-322) : 

J.  T.  Wheeler  :  History  of  India,  1742-3  (1703-4), 
C.  A.  Fyffe :  History  of  Greece,  2103  (2059). 
G.  Rawlinson :  Sixth  Great  Oriental  Monarchy, 
2960  (2883). 

4.  The  Spread  op  Buddhism  (b.  c.  312-): 
M.  Williams:  Hinduism,  1743^  (1704-5). 
V.  Smith:  London  Times,  Vol.  VI.,  57-8. 

5.  Trade  and  Commerce  : 

Mrs.   Manning  :   Ancient  and  Mediffival  India, 

3208  (3G97). 
M.  Duncker  :  History  of  Antiquity,  3208  (3697). 

b.  china. 

1.  The    Name     and     Geography    of    the 
Country: 

H.  Yule:  Cathav,  428  (416). 

E.  Reclus  :  The  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,  428-30. 

2.  The   Origin  and  Early  History  op  the 
People: 

T.    de  Lacouperie  :   Babylonia  and  China,  246 
(239). 

:  History  of  Chinese  Civilization,  246  (239). 

R.  K.  Douglas:  China,  431-2  (416-18). 

3.  Life  op  the  Early  People  : 
(a)  Religion. 

R.  K.  Douglas :  China.  432-3  (418-19). 
T.  W.  Rhys  Davids  :  Buddhism,  483  (419). 

(4)  Education. 
W.  A.  P.  Martin :  The  Chinese,  699  (675-6). 

(c)   Trade  and  Commerce. 
Sir  J.  Lubbock :    History    of    Money,   2244-5 

(2200-01). 
E.   J.    Simcox :    Primitive    Civilizations,    3215 

(3704). 

•  See  Important  note  at  head  of  Study  T, 


♦STUDY  VIII. 


EARLY  GREECE  AND  THE  PERSIAN 
WARS. 


"  Our  interest  In  Ancient  history,  it  may  lie  said,  lies 
not  in  large  masses.  It  matters  little  how  early  the  Ar- 
<'adians  acquired  a  political  unity  or  what  Naliis  did  to 
.Mvci-na-;  tliat  wliiiii  interests  us  is  the  Constitution  of 
Afhciis,  the  reimlse  of  Persia,  the  brief  bloom  of 
Thclics."    S.  11.  Butcher. 

1.  TiiK  Land,  and  its  Influence  upon  the 

Pkoplk : 
C.  Thirlwall :  History  of  Greece,  8192  (3107). 
E.  Reclus:  The  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,  1608 

(1565). 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Practical  Bearings  of  European 
History,  1604  (15B6). 

F.  B.  Jevons:  History  of  Greek  Literature,  1676-7 
(1637-8). 

C.  A.  FylTe  :  History  of  Greece,  1606  (1668). 
E.  Abbott :  History  of  Greece,  1600  (1568). 
3.  The  Earliest  Inhabitants  : 

(n)  In  General. 
E.  Curtiiis  :  History  of  Greece,  2562-S  (2496-7). 
E.  Abbott  :  History  of  Greece,  2563  (2497). 


189 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


C.  F.  Keary  :  The  Dawn  of  History,  145  (138). 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  1674-5  (1635-6). 

(b)  The  Pelopids  and  Mycena. 

G.  Grote  :  History  of  Greece,  2563  (2497). 

E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  2563  (2497). 

P.  Gardner:  New  Chapters  of  Greek  History, 

1605-6  (1567-8). 
E.  Curtius :  History  of  Greece,  3241-2  (3125-6). 
The  Nation :  Dr.  Schliemann's  Work,  3242  (3126). 

(c)  The  Cretans  and  Knossos. 

G.  Sch5mann  :  Antiquities  of  Greece,  647  (624). 
A.  J.  Evans ;  London  Times,  Vol.  VI.,  23-4. 

D.  G.  Hogarth:  Authority  and  Archeology,  Vol. 
VI.,  24-5. 

A.   L.   Frothingham:   Archaeological   Progress, 
Vol.  VI.,  25. 

3.  Early  Migrations: 
(a)  In  Oeneral. 

C.  W.  C.  Oman :  History  of  Greece,  1605  (1567). 

E.  Abbott :  History  of  Greece,  146-7  (139^0). 
(6)  Dorians  and  lonians. 

C.  O.  MUller  :  History  of  Dorian  Race,  687, 1682 

(664,  1643). 
E.  Curtius :  History  of  Greece,  687  (664). 
G.  SchOmann  :  Antiquities  of  Greece,  687  (664). 
E.  Curtius  :  History  of  Greece,  3100  (3018). 

:  ,  194-5(187-8). 

J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1020-21  (992-3). 

(c)  ^tloliatis. 

G.  SchOmaun:  Antiquities  of  Greece,  9-10. 

E.  Abbott :  History  of  Greece,  146-7  (139-40). 

4.  The  Early  City  States,  and  Political 
Institutions  : 

C.  A.  Fyfife:  History  of  Greece,  1606  (1568). 
Thucydides :  History,  151-3  (144^6). 
J.  N.  Larned :  Europe,  1019  (991). 
Z.  A.  Ragozin:  Story  of  Chaldea,  246-7  (239-40). 
L.  von  Ranke:  Universal  History,  1607  (1569). 
Perrot  and  Chipiez  :  Chaldea  and  Assyria,  2968, 
top  of  second  column,  (2891). 

F.  B.  Jevons:  History  of  Greek  Literature,  1676, 
second  column,  (1637). 

P.  Gardner:  New  Chapters  in  Greek  History, 

189,  second  column,  (182). 
M.  Duncker:  History  of  Greece,  3189-90  (3105). 

5.  The  Renowned  Lawgivers  : 

(d)  Lycurfjus. 

E.  Abbott ;  History  of  Greece,  3100-2  (3018-20). 
C.  H.  Hanson  :  The  Land  of  Greece,  8103  (3021). 
(A)  Draco. 

G.  Grote  :  History  of  Greece,  153  (146). 
(c)  Solon. 

C.  F.  Hermann  :  Political  Antiquities  of  Greece, 

155  (148). 
W.   Wachsmuth;  Historical  Antiquities  of  the 

Greeks,  15.5-6  (148-9). 
G.  Grote:  History  of  Greeks,  673  (649-50). 

6.  The  Rise  of  Athens; 

E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  194-5  (187-8). 

Thucydides  :  History,  151-3  (144-6). 

W.  W.  Leiike:  Topography  of  Athens,  151  (144). 

See  Maps,  152  (145). 

E.  BulwerLytton:  Athens,  154  (147). 

7.  The  Pisistratid.b  and  Constitution  of 
Cleisthenes  (560-507  b.  c.) : 

E.  Abbott:  History  of  Greece,  156  (149). 

C.  Thirlwall;  Histbry  of  Greece,  156-7  (149-50). 

8.  Contest  with  Sparta  for  Supremacy  (509- 
506  B.C.): 

C.  H.  Hanson:  The  Land  of  Greece,  3102  (3021). 


C.  Thiriwall:  History  of  Greece,  156-7  (149-50). 
C.  W.  Cox :  The  Greeks  and  Persians,  157  (150). 

9.  The  Ionian  Revolt  and  Perslan  Warb 
(B.C.  500-i79): 

(a)  In  Oeneral. 
Herodotus:   Story  of  the  Persian  War,  1607-8 

(1,569-70). 
P.    Smith:   Ancient  History  of  the  East,  2579 

(2512). 

;  History  of  the  World.  1609  (1571). 

L.  von  Ranke :  Universal  History,  157-9  (150-2). 
G.  Rawlinson:  Ancient  History,  2580  (2513). 

(i)  Marathon. 
G.  Grote  :  History  of  Greece,  1609  (1571), 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  1609-10(1571-2). 

(c)  Ttiermopylce. 
Herodotus:  History,  1610-11  (1572-3). 
B.  G.  Niebuhr  :  Ancient  History,  160-1  (153-4). 

(rf)  Plataa  and  Mycale. 
Herodotus:  History,  1612,  1613  (1574,  1575). 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  1613  (1575). 
B.  G.  Niebuhr :  Ancient  History,  160-1  (153-4). 

10.  The  Confederacy  op  Delos  and  End  of 
Persian  Wars  (b.  c.  477-461): 

G.  W.  Cox :  History  of  Greece.  1613  (1575). 
W.  W.  Lloyd  :  The  Age  of  Pericles,  1614  (1576). 
T.  Keightley :  History  of  Greece,  164  (157). 
J.  Fiske:  Greek  Federations,  1137  (1109). 

11.  Political  Results  OP  Persian  Wars  : 
G.  Grote:  History  of  Greece,  163  (155-6). 
Aristotle  :  Constitution  of  Athens,  163^(156-7). 

'*  None  of  these  men  were  enervated  by  wealth  or 
hesitated  to  resign  the  pleasures  of  life.  .  .  .And  when 
the  moment  came  they  were  minded  to  resist  and  sufifer, 
rather  than  to  ttv  and  save  their  live.s;  they  ran  away 
from  the  word  of  dishonor,  but  on  the  battlefield  their 
feet  stood  fast,  and  in  an  Instant,  at  the  height  of 
their  fortune,  they  passed  away  from  the  scene,  not  of 
their  fear,  but  of  their  glory.  Such  was  the  end  of  these 
men;  they  were  worthy  of  Athens;  and  the  living  may 
not  desire  to  have  a  more  heroic  spirit  although  they 
may  pray  for  a  less  fatal  issue.  .  .  .  The  sacrifice  which 
they  collectively  made  was  individually  repaid  to  them; 
for  they  received  again  each  one  for  'himself  a  praise 
which  grows  not  old,  and  the  noblest  of  all  sepulchers  — 
I  speak  not  of  that  in  which  their  remains  are  laid,  but 
of  that  in  which  their  glory  survives,  and  is  proclaimed 
always  and  on  every  fitting  occasion  both  in  word  and 
deed.  For  the  whole  earth  is  the  sepulcher  of  famous 
men;  not  only  are  they  commemorated  by  columns  and 
inscriptions  m  their  own  country,  but  in  foreign  lands 
there  dwells  also  an  unwritten  memorial  of  them, 
graven  not  on  stone,  but  in  the  hearts  of  men."  From 
the  Funeral  Oration  of  Pericles,  pages  175-8  (168-71). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


STUDY  IX. 


THE  GOLDEN  AGE  OF  GREECE. 


"  To  Greece  we  owe  the  love  of  Science,  the  love  of  Art, 
the  love  of  Freedom;  not  Science  alone,  Art  alone,  or 
Freedom  alone,  but  these  vitally  correlated  with  one  an- 
other and  brouf^ht  into  organic  Union.  And  in  this  union 
we  recognize  the  distinctive  features  of  the  "West.  The 
(>reek  genius  is  the  European  genius  in  its  first  and 
brightest  bloom.  From  a  vivifying  contact  with  the 
(Jreek  spirit  Europe  derived  that  new  and  mighty  im- 
pulse which  we  call  Progress."    S.  H.  Butcher. 

1.  Athens  after  the  Persian  Wars  : 

{(/)  The  ReMiilding  of  the  City. 
E.  Curtius  :  History  of  Greece,  161-2  (154-5). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe.  1022-3  (994-5). 

{b)  The  Enlargement  of  the  Democracy. 
G.  Grote  :  History  of  Greece,  162-3  (155-6). 


M 


190 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


Aristotle :    The  Constitution  of  Alliens,  163-4 

(156-7). 
A.  J.  Grant :  The  Age  of  Pericles,  1615  (1577). 
C.  Thirlwall  :  History  of  Greece,  132  (125). 

(c)  Quarrels  icith  Sparta. 
C.  W.  C.  Oman :  History  of  Greece,  165-6  (158-9). 
C.  Thirlwall :  History  of  Greece,  166-7  (159-60). 
A.  J.  Grant :  Age  of  Pericles.  1614  (1576). 
E.  Curtius  :  History  of  Greece,  1615-16  (1577-8). 

2.  The  Rise  of  Pericles  (b.  c.  466-429): 

C.  W.  C.  Oman:  History  of  Greece,  165-6  (158-9). 
A.  J.  Grant :  The  Age  of  Pericles,  1615  (1577). 

3.  The  Age  of  Pericles  (b.  c.  445-429) : 
(a)   Tfie  Splendor  of  Athens. 

E.  Abbott:  Pericles,  167-8  (160-1). 
E.  BulwerLyttou:  Athens.  168  (161). 
(ft)  Art  and  the  Domestic  Life. 

E.  E.  VioUetle-Duc;  Habitations  of  Man  in  All 
Ages,  168-9  (161-2). 

R.  C.  Jebb ;  Influence  of  Classical  Greek  Poetry, 

1676  (1637). 

(c)  Education  and  Literature. 
Plato:  Protagoras.  701  (678). 
Aristotle:  Politics.  702  (679). 
J.    P.    Mahaffy:    Old   Greek  Education,   702-3 

(679-80). 
O.  Browning:  Educational  Theories.  703  (680). 
J.  A.  St.  John;  The  Hellenes,  703-4  (680-1). 

F.  B.  Jevons:  History  of  Greek  Literature,  1676-7 
(1637-«). 

8.  H.  Butcher:  Some  Aspects  of  Greek  Genius, 

1675  (1636). 

((/)  Law  and  its  Administration. 
Sir  H.  S.  Maine:  Ancient  Law,  170  (163). 
J.   P.    Mahaffy:   Social  Life  in  Greece,    170-1 

(163-4). 

(e)  The  Political  Life. 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Athenian  Democracy,  172 (165). 

:  Comparative  Politics,  171-2  (164-5). 

8.  H.  Butcher;  Some  Aspects  of  Greek  Genius, 

172  (16.5). 
J.   S.    Blackie;  What  does  History  Teach,  173 

(166). 
Pericles:  Funeral  Oration.  175-8  (168-71). 

4.  The  Gke.vt  Plague  and  Death  of  Pericles 
(B.C.  430-429): 

Thucydides:  History,  178  (171). 

5.  The  Rise  op  the  Demagogues  (429-421  b.  c.)  : 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  178-9  (171-2). 

E.  A.  Freeman;  Historical  Es.says,  179  (172). 

B.  Socrates  as  Soldier  and  Citizen  : 

F.  J.  Church  :  Trial  and  Death  of  Socrates,  179- 
80  (172-3). 

E.  Zeller  :  Socrates,  70.5-6  (682-3). 

7.  The  Peloponnesian  War  (n.  c.  431-404) : 

(a)  First  Period  (431-421)  to  Peace  of  Nicias. 
Thucydides;  Hi.storv,  1620(1.582). 

W.  M"itford  :  History  of  Greece,  1620-1  (1.582-3). 

C.  W.  C.  Oman  ;  History  of  Greece.  1622  (1.584). 
T.Timayenis:  History  of  Greece,  1623^(1.58.5-6). 
C.  W.  C.  Oman  ;  History  of  Greece,  181  (174). 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  181  (174). 

J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1023  (995). 

(b)  Alcil)ia<les ;   The  Sicilian  Expedition  (B.C. 
41.5-413). 

B.  G.  Ni(^bulir:  Ancient  History.  1624-5(1.586-7). 
v.  Duruy  ;  History  of  Greek  People,  182  (175). 
E.  A.  Freeman  ;  Story  of  Sicily,  182-;5  (17.5-6). 
E.  Curtius;  History  of  Greece.  162.5-7  (1.5.S7-9). 
T.  N.  Talfourd:  History  of  Greece.  1629  (1.591). 


W.   Wachsmuth ;    Antiquities  of    the   Greeks, 

184-5  (177-«). 
E.  Curtius ;  History  of  Greece,  185  (178). 

(c)  Battle  of  ^gospotami  ;  Overthrow  of  Athem 
(405  B.  c). 
G.  Grotc:  History  of  Greece,  185  (178). 
G.  W.  Cox:  Athenian  Empire,  1629-30  (1591-2). 

8.  The  Overthrow  of  Democracy  ; 

E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  18.5-6  (178-9). 

9.  Expedition  of  Cyrus;    Retke.\t  of  the 
"Ten  Thousand"  (b.  c.  401^00) ; 

E.  Curtius :  History  of  Greece,  2.581  (2514). 

10.  The  Supremacy  of  Thebes  (ii.  c.  379-362) : 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  1631-2  (1593-4). 
Xcnophon  :  Hellenica,  1632  (1594). 

C.  Sankey  ;  The  Spartan  and  Theban  Suprema- 
cies, 1632-4  (1594-6). 

11.  Ch^ronea;  End  of  Greek  Independence 
(B.  c.  838) : 

E.G.  Niebuhr:  Ancient  History,  1634-6(1.596-8). 
W.  W.  Fowler  ;  The  City  State,  186-7  (179-80). 
P.  Gardner :  Greek  History,  189,  first  column, 
(182). 

12.  Hellenic  Genius,  Culture,  and  Influ- 
ence : 

The  Funeral  Oration  of  Pericles,  175-8  (168-71). 
P.  Gardner:  New  Chapters  in  Greek  History, 

189-90  (182-3). 
J.  P.  Mahaffy  ;  Greek  Life  and  Thought,  188, 189, 

706  (181,  182,  683). 
T.  Davidson  :  Aristotle,  704  and  705  (681,  682). 
J.  P.  Mahaffy:    Old   Greek   Education,  702-3 

(679-80). 
O.  Browning :  Educational  Theories,  703  (680). 
The  Nation  :  Free  Schools  in  Greece,  705  (682). 
W.  W.  Capes:  University  Life  in  Ancient  Ath- 
ens, 706-7  (683-4). 
S.  H.  Butcher:  Some  Aspects  of  Greek  Genius, 

1675  (1636). 
R  C.  Jebb:  Growth  and  Influence  of  Classical 

Greek  Poetry,  167.5-6  (1636-7). 
F.  B.  .levons:  History  of  Greek  Literature,  1676-7 

(1637-8).  . 

J.  P.  Mahaffy :  The  Greek  World  under  Koman 

Sway,  1680(1641). 
L.  E.  Upcotl :  Introduction  to  Greek  Sculpture, 

2956—7 
J.  A.  St.  John:  The  Hellenes,  16.57  (1819). 
W.    M.   Leake :  Topography   of  Athens,   1657 

(1619). 
W.  W.  Capes:  University  Life  in  Ancient  Ath- 
ens, 5  (.5). 
T.   Mommsen;  History  of  Rome,  1679  second 

column,  (1640). 

•'  So  loiiir  as  Oreece  was  free  and  the  spirit  of  freedom 
animated  llie  Creeks,  so  lonR  their  literature  was  cre- 
ative and  genius  marlfed  it.  ^Vllen  lilierty  perished, 
literature  declined.  Tlie  field  of  Charonea  was  fatal 
alilte  to  the  nolitical  liberty  and  to  the  literature  of 
Irecce."    F.  It.  .lEvo.vs. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  X. 


THE  CONQUESTS  OF  ALEXANDER 
THE  GREAT. 


1.    MACBDONtA   AND   ITS   EaRLY    HiSTORY  : 

G.  Grotc :  History  of  Greece.  2101  (20.57). 


191 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


P.  Smith  :  Ancient  History  of  East,  2579  (3512). 
G.  Grote  :  History  of  Greece,  1631  (1593). 
3.  Rise   and   Career  of  Philip  op   Mace- 
don  (b.  c.  359-336) : 
C.  Tbirlwall :  History  of  Greece,  1634  (1596). 
B.G.Niebulir:  Ancient  History,  1634-6  (1596-8). 
E.  Curtius:  History  of  Greece,  1636  (1598). 
W.  W.  Fowler:  Tlie  City-State,  186-7  (179-80). 
A.  H.  L.  Heeren :    Politics  of  Ancient  Greece, 
188  (181). 

"  Xo  alliance  could  save  Greece  from  the  Macedonian 
power,  as  subsequent  events  plainly  showed.  What 
was  needed  was  a  real  federal  union  between  the  lead- 
ing states,  with  a  strong  central  controlling  force;  and 
Demosthenes'  policy  was  hopeless  just  because  Athens 
could  never  be  the  center  of  such  a  union,  nor  could 
any  other  city.  Demosthenes  is  thus  the  last,  and  in 
some  respects  the  most  heroic  champion  of  the  old 
Greek  instinct  for  autonomy.  He  is  the  true  child  of 
the  City-state,  but  the  child  of  its  old  age  and  decrepi- 
tude."    W.  W.  FOWLER. 

3.  The  Career  op  Alexander  the   Great 
(B.  c.  336-323) : 

L.  von  Ranke:  Universal  History,  1637(1599). 
J.   P.  Mahaffy :  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

3102-3  (2058-9). 
C.  A.  Fyffe:  History  of  Greece,  2103  (2059). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Alexander,  2103-4  (2059-60). 
J.  T.  Wheeler:  History  of  India,  1743-3  (1703-4). 
See  Maps,  2106-7  (2062-3). 

4.  The  Effects  of  the  Macedonian  Con- 
quests: 

E.  Zeller:  Stoics,  Epicureans,  and  Sceptics,  188 
(181). 

J.  P.  Mahaffy:  Greek  Life  and  Thought,  188-9 

(181-2). 
P.   Gardner:  New  Chapters  In  Greek  History, 

189-90  (183-3). 
J.   P.  Mahaffy:  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

1640.  first  column,  (1603). 

F.  B.   Jevons:   History  of    Greek    Literature, 
1676-7  (1637-8). 

R.  S.  Poole:  Cities  of  Egypt,  44  (37). 

J.   P.  Mahaffy:  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

44-5  (37-8). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1033-4  (995-6). 

5.  The  Division  of  Alexander's  Empire: 

(a)  Preliminary  Struggles  to  Battle  of  Ipsus 
(B.C.  323-301). 

J.   P.   Mahaffy;  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

1639-40  (1601-3). 
T.  Keightley:  History  of  Greece,  1637-9  (1.599- 

1601). 

A.  H.  L.  Heeren:  Ancient  History,  2104  (2060). 
W.  C.  Taylor:  Ancient  History,  3104-5  (3060-1). 
T.    T.   Timayenis:   History   of  Greece,    2105-6 

(2061-2). 
C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  2106-7  (2062-3). 

(b)  The.  SekucidtB. 

G.  Rawlinson:  Sixth  Great  Oriental  Monarchy, 
2960  (2883). 

C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  3960  (2883). 

B.  G.  Niebulir:  Ancient  History,  2960-1  (2883-4). 
P.  Smith:  History  of  the  World,  2961-3  (2884-6). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall  of  Roman  Empire, 

2959-60  (2882-3). 

(c)  The  Ptolemies. 

S.  Sharpe:  History  of  Egypt,  785  (758). 

P.  Gardner:  Xew  Chapters  in  Greek  History, 

78.5-6  (758-9). 
J.    H.    Newman:    Historical    Sketches,    707-8 

(684-5). 
J.    P.   Mahaffy:  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

44-5  (37-8). 


6.  The  Achaian  League  (b.  c.  280-146): 

E.    A.  Freeman:   Federal  Government,    1640-1 
(1602-3). 

- — •  ,  1136  (1108). 

John  Fiske:  American  Political  Ideas,1137  (1109). 

7.  The  Gallic  Invasion  (b.  c.  280-379) : 

C.    Merivale:  History  of    the    Romans,    1448-9 

(1415-16). 
C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  1449  (1416). 
J.   P.  Mahaffy;  Story   of  Alexander's  Empire, 

1443  (1409). 

8.  The  Rom.an  Conquest  (b.  c.  314-146): 

C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  1641  (1603). 

T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  191  (184). 

E.   S.  Shuckburgh;    History  of    Rome,  2753-3 

(3678-9). 
R.  C.  Jebb :  Influence  of  Classical  Greek  Poetry, 

1678  (1639). 
T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  1680  (1641). 

"  So  too  it  was  with  Greece.  As  a  people  she  ceased  to 
be.  When  her  freedom  was  overthrown  at  Chteronea, 
the  page  of  her  history  was  to  all  appearance  closed. 
Yet  from  that  moment  she  was  to  enter  on  a  larger  life 
and  on  universal  empire.  ...  As  Alexander  passed  con- 
quering through  Asia,  he  restored  to  the  East,  as  gar- 
nered grain,  that  Greek  civilization  whose  seeds  had  long 
ago  been  received  from  the  East.  Each  conqueror  in 
turn,  the  Macedonian  and  the  Roman,  bowed  before  con- 
quered Greece  and  learnt  lessons  at  her  feet.  To  the 
modern  world  too  Greece  has  been  the  great  civilizer, 
the  oecumenical  teacher,  the  disturber  and  regenerator 
of  slumbering  societies.  She  is  the  source  of  most  of 
the  quickening  ideas  which  remake  nations  and  reno- 
vate literature  and  art.  If  we  reckon  up  our  secular 
possessions,  the  wealth  and  heritage  of  the  past,  the 
large  share  mav  be  traced  back  to  Greece.  One  half  of 
life  she  has  made  her  domain.  —  all,  or  well-nigh  all.  that 
belongs  to  the  present  order  of  things,  and  to  the  visible 
world.  S.H.  Butcher:  Sol7^e  Aspects  of  Greek  Qenius, 
p.  1675  (1636). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XI. 


RISE  OF   ROME  AND  CONQUEST  OF 
THE   ■WORLD. 


1.  Origin  of  the  Roman  People  : 

C.  F.  Keary  ;  Dawn  of  History,  144-5  (137-8). 
T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  37-8,   1844-5, 

3731  (30-1,  1804-5,  3657). 
A  Tighe  ;  Roman  Constitution,  14.5.5-6  (1432-3). 
H.  G.  Liddell :  History  of  Rome,  1456  (1433). 

F.  de  Coulanges :  The  Ancient  City,  3731  (3657). 
E.  A.  Freeman :  European  History,  2731-2  (2658). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1024  (996). 

H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2861  (2787). 
Padre  de  Cara:  Civilita  Cattolica,  1845  (1805). 
Appendix  A,  3793-4  (End  Vol.  I.). 

2.  Latium  and  the  Latin  Name  : 

T.  Mommsen;  History  of  Rome,  37-8,  1998(30-1, 

19.54). 
T.  Arnold:  History  of  Rome,  1997-8  (1953-4). 

3.  The  Founding  of  Rome,  and  its  Civiliza- 
tion (b.  c.  753-); 

Sir  H.  Nicholas :  Chronology  of  History,  2734 

(2660). 
E.  A.  Freeman  :  European  History,  2731-2  (3658). 
Goldwin  Smith :  Greatness  of  the  Romans,  2733 

(36.59). 

G.  A  Simcox :  History  of  Latin  Literature,  2734 
(3600). 

4.  The  Patrkwns  and  Plebs: 

E.  A.  Freeman;  European  History,  3732  (2658). 


192 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


A.  Tighe:  The  Roman  Constitution,  505  (491). 
F.  de  Coulanges:  The  Ancient  City,  2738  (3G64). 

5.  Origin  AND  Development  of  Political  In- 

STITnTIONS : 

(a)  TIi«  King. 
Sir  G.  C.  Lewis:  Early  Roman  History,  2734-5 

(2660-1). 
W.  W.  Fowler:  The  CityState,  2735  (2G61). 
H.  F.  Pelham,  Roman  History,  2735-6  (2661-2). 

(i)  Tlie  Comitia  Curiata,  Comitia  Centuriata, 
and  Comitia  Tributa. 
A.  Tighe  :  The  Roman  Constitution,  504,  505 

(490,  491). 
H.  G.  Liddell :  History  of  Rome,  3739  (2665). 
W.  Ihne  :  History  of  Rome,  2739  (2665). 

(f)  TJie  Senate. 
A.  Tighe  :  Tlie  Roman  Constitution,  2971  (2894). 
H.  G.  Liddell  :  History  of  Rome,  2971-2  (3894^5). 

(rf)  Tlie  Consuls  and  Prators. 
T.  Mommseu:  History  of  Rome,  2737  (2663). 
A.  Tighe:  Roman  Constitution,  633-4  (610-11). 
W.  Ihne:  History  of  Rome,  634,  2744(611,  2670). 

{e)   Tlie  Censors. 
T.  Arnold:  History  of  Rome,  413  (40a-3). 

(/)  The  Tribunes. 
R.  F.  Horton  :  History  of  Romans,  2737-8,  2739 

(2663-4,  2665). 
W.  Ihne  :  History  of  Rome,  634,  2738,  2739  (611, 

2664,  2665). 
F.  de  Coulanges  :  The  Ancient  City.  2738  (2664). 

6.  The  Leoendauy  Peuiod  op  tue  Kings  (b.  c. 
753-510) : 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis  ;  Early  Roman  History,  2734r-5 

(2660-1). 
T.  Livy  :  History  of  Rome,  2735  (2661). 
H.F.  Pelham:  Roman  History,  2735-6  (2661-2). 
A.  J.  Church  :  Stories  from  Livy,  2736-7  (2662-3). 

7.  Rise  of  the  Republic,  (n.  c.  509-)  : 

(a)  Struggle  between  Patricians  and  Plebeians 
(B.  c.  .'309-286). 
R.  P.  Horton  :  History  of  Romans.  2738  (2664). 
F.  de  Coulanges  :  Ancient  City,  2788  (2664). 
J.  Hadley  :  Int.  to  Roman  Law,  673  (6.50). 
J.  L.  Straohan-Davidson  :  Plebeian  Privilege  at 

Rome,  2740  (2666). 
J.  N.  Lamed  :  Europe,  1025  (997). 

(J)  Laws  establishing  Privileges  of  the  People. 

(1)  The  Valerian  Laws  (n.  c.  509). 

T.  Mommscn  :  Historv  of  Rome,  2737  (2663). 
"W.  Ihne:  History  of  Rome,  2737  (2663). 

(2)  Tlie  Publiliau  Laws  (b.  c.  472). 

H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2739  (2665). 
W.  Ihne:  History  of  Rome,  2739  (2665). 

(3)  The  Icilian  Law  (n.  c.  456). 

J.  L.  Struchan-Davidson:  Plebeian  Privilege  at 
Rome,  2740  (2666). 

(4)  The  Tercnlilian  Law  and  The  Twelve 
Tables  (b.  c.  451-449). 

W.  Ihne  :  History  of  Rome,  2740-1  (2666-7). 
H.  S.  Maine:  Ancient  Law,  2741  (2667). 

(5)  The  Valerio-Horatiau  Laws  (b.  c,  440). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2741(2667). 

(6)  The  Canulcian  Law  (b.  c.  445). 

V.  Duruy:  Hist,  of  Rome,  2741-2  (2667-8). 

(7)  Tlie  Licinian  Laws  (b.  c.  376-367). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2743  (2609). 
A.  Stephen.son:  Agrarian  Laws  of  Roman   Re- 
public. 2743-4  (2669-70). 

(8)  The  Publilian  Laws  (b.  c.  340). 

H.  G.  Lidilell:  History  of  Rome,  2745  (2671). 


(9)  The  Hortensian  Laws  (b.  c.  286). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2747  (2673). 
H.  F.  Pelham:  Roman  Historv,  2747-8  (2673-4). 
T.  Arnold:  Historv  of  Rome,  673  (650). 
T.  Mommsen :  History  of  Rome,  2727-8  (2653-4). 

8.  The  Expansion  of  Rome  : 

W.  Ihne :  Historv  of  Rome,  2739  (2665). 

R.  F.   Horton:  History  of  Romans,  2739,  2742 

(2665,  2668). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2743  (2669). 
J.  Michelet:  The  Roman  Republic.  2744-5  (2671). 
W.  Ihne:  History  of  Romans,  2745  (2671). 

F.  de  Coulanges:  The  Ancient  City,  2745  (2671). 
W.  Ihne:  History  of  Rome,  2746-7  (2672-3). 

T.  Arnold:  History  of  Rome,  2748  (2674). 

9.  Gallic  Invasion  and  Destruction  op  thb 
City  (b.  c.  390) : 

J.  Rhys:  Celtic  Britain,  412  (402). 

C.    Merivale:   History  of  the  Romans,   1448-9 

(141.5-16). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2743  (2669). 

10.  Union  op  Italt  under  •  the    Republic 
(B.  c.  27.5): 

T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome.  2748-9  (2674-5). 
J.  N.  Earned:  Europe,  1035  (997). 

11.  The  Punic  Wars  (b.  c.  264-202): 

M.  Duncker:  History  of  Antiquity,  403  (392). 
G   Grote:  History  of  Greece,  403  (393). 
T.  Arnold:  History  of  Rome,  2749  (267.5). 
W.  B.   Boyce:  Int.  to  Study  of  History,  3750 

(2676). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Outlines  of  History,  2750(2676). 
M.  Creighton:  History  of  Rome,  2750-1  (3676-7). 
R.  F.  Horton:  History  of  Romans,  2751  (2677). 
R.    F.    Leighton:    History    of    Rome,     2751-2 

(2677-8). 
R.  B.   Smith:  Carthage  and  the  Carthaginians, 

403-4,  2687-90,  2752  (393^.  2614^17,  2678). 
H.  F.  Pelham:  Roman  History,  2754  (2680). 

12.  Decline  op  the  Republic  (b.  c.  200-45) : 
E.  S.   Shuckburgh:   History  of  Rome,   2752-3 

(2678-9). 
T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  3753-4  (2680). 
H.  F.  Pelham  :  Roman  History.  3754-5  (3680). 
W.    T.    Arnold :   Roman  Administration,   2755 
,(2681). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2971-2  (2894-5). 
M.  Creighton :  History  of  Rome,  3756-7  (3683-8). 

13.  Attempts  at  Reform;  Agrakian  Laws; 
The  Gracchi  : 

G.  Long:  Decline  of  Roman  Republic,  37  (30). 
H.  G.  Liddell :  History  of  Rome,  27  (30). 

A.   Stephenson:    Agrarian    Laws,   etc.,   3743-4 

(3669-70). 
H.  F.  Pelham :  Roman  History,  3755  (3681). 
G.  Long:  Decline  of  Roman  Republic,  2755-6 

(3681-3). 
C.    Merivale:    Fall  of    Roman  Republic,   2756 

(3682). 

14.  The  Social  and  Civil  Wars  (b.  c.  90^.5): 
W.  Ihne :  History  of  Rome,  2757-8  (2683^). 

G.  Long:   Decline  of  ]{oman  Republic,  3758-9 

(3684^5). 
C.    Merivale  :    Roman    Triumvirates,    2759-60 

(368.5-0). 
W.  Forsyth :  Life  of  Cicero,  2762  (3688). 

15.  Julius  C.«sar  ;  Qu^stor  to   Impkrator 
(b.  c.  69-45) : 

W.  W.  Fowler:  .lulius  Cirsar,  2761-2  (2687-8). 
T.  Mommscn:  History  of  Rome,  2762-3  (3688-9). 


193 


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J.  Caesar :  Gallic  Wars,  1444-5  (1411-13). 
R.  F.  Horton :  History  of  Romans,  2763-4  (2690). 
Plutarch:  Caesar,  2764-r)  (2690-1). 
C.  Merivale  :  History  of  Romans,  2767-8  (2693-4). 
V.  Duruy:  History  of  Rome,  2768-9(2694-5). 
J.  A.  Froude :  Caesar,  2770-1  (2696-7). 
Gold  win  Smith:    Last  Republicans  of  Rome, 
2771  (2697). 

16.  The  Triumvirates  ;  Rise  op  the  Empire 
(B.  c.  44-31): 

C.    Merivale:   History  of  the  Romans,   2772-3 

(2698). 
W.  W.  Capes:  The  Early  Empire,  3773-5  (2699- 

2701). 
H.  F.  Pelham  :  Roman  History,  2775  (2701). 
C.  Merivale:  History  of  the  Romans,  355  (345). 

17.  Conquest  of  the  World  : 

G.    Long:    Decline  of  Roman  Republic,   3053 

(2973). 
J.  Ccesar  :  Gallic  War,  1444-5  (1411-12). 
C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  1641  (1603). 
P.  Smith:  History  of  the  World,  2961-3  (2884-6). 
R.  F.  Horton;  History  of  Romans,  2236-7  (2192-3). 
A.  Hirtius :  The  Alexandrian  War,  46  (39). 
J.  CiEsar:  Gallic  War,  329  (319). 
C.  Merivale:   History  of  the  Romans,  339-31, 

1463-4  (319-31,  1430-1). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XII. 


DECLINE  AND  FALL  OF  THE  ROMAN 
EMPIRE. 


1.  Transition  from  the  Republic   to  the 
Empire  : 

W.  W.  Capes:  The  Early  Empire,  3773-5  (2699- 

2701). 
C.  Merivale:  History  of  Romans,  196,  355  (189, 

345). 
W.  Ramsay:  Roman  Antiquities,  196  (189). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1033  (1004). 
C.  Merivale:  History  of  Romans,  2773  (2699). 

2.  The  Rising  Influence  of  the  Pr^toriajj 
Guards  : 

W.  Ihne:  History  of  Rome.  2040  (1996). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2040  (1996). 
W.  Ramsay:  Roman  Antiquities,  2655  (2583). 
C.  Merivale:  History  of  Romans,  2655  (2583). 
B.  G.  Niebuhr:  History  of  Rome,  2776  (3703). 

3.  The  Julian  AND  Christian  Era: 

Sir  H.  Nicholas:  Chronology  of  History,  357-8 

(347-8) 
W.    Hales:  Analysis  of  Chronology,  358,  1011 

(348,  984). 
T.  Keim:  Jesus  of  Nazara,  1960-1  (1919-20). 

4.  The  Julian  Line  (b.  c.  31-a.  d.  70): 
T.  De  Quincey:  The  Cfesars,  3782  (3708). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
1975  (1934). 

B.  G.  Niebuhr:  History  of  Rome,  2775-6  (2701-2). 
Suetonius;  Lives  of  the  Twelve  CiEsars,  2776-7 

(2702-3). 

C.  Merivale:  History  of  Romans,  3777-9  (3703-5). 
T.  Keightley:  Roman  Empire,  3779-80  (3705-6). 

5.  Nero  ;  The  Burning  op  Rome  and  Perse- 
cution OP  Christians  (a.  d.  64-8); 

T.  De  Quincey;  The  Ctesars,  3780-1  (3706-7). 


194 


F.  W.  Farrar:  Early  Days  of  Christianity,  3781-2 

(2707-8). 

6.  The  Flavi.a.n  Line  (a.  d.  69-192): 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 

1159  (1139). 

(a)  Ve^pasian^Domitian  (69-96): 
V.  Duruv:  History  of  Rome,  2783-5  (3709-11). 
Besant  and  Palmer;  Jerusalem,  1962-3  (1921-2). 
H.  H.  Milman;  History  of  the  Jews,  1963(1922). 
C.  Merivale;  History  of  Romans,  3633-3  (3560-1). 

E.  Edwards:    Memoirs    of    Libraries,    3049-50 
(2005-6). 

(6)  Nf.rva,  Trajan.  Hadrian  (a.  d.  96-138). 
R.  W.  Browne :  History  of  Rome,  3785-7  (2713). 
T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  1963-4  (1923-3). 

(c)  The  Ant07U)ies  (138-192). 

F.  W.  Farrar:  Seekers  after  God,  2787-8  (2714). 
E.  Rcnan;  English  Conferences,  3788  (3714). 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2788-9  (3714-15). 

'*  If  a  man  were  called  to  fix  the  period  in  the  history 
of  the  world  during  which  the  condition  of  the  human 
race  wa8  ino.st  happy  and  prosperous,  he  would,  with- 
out liesitation,  name  that  which  elapsed  from  the  death 
of  Domitian  to  the  accession  of  Commodus.  The  vast 
extent  of  the  Roman  Empire  was  governed  bv  absolute 
power,  under  the  guidance  of  virtue  and  wisdom.  The 
armies  were  restrained  by  the  firm  but  gentle  hand  of 
four  successive  Emperors  whose  characters  and  author- 
ity commanded  involuntary  respect."    E.  Gibbon. 

7.  Commodus  to  Constantine  (a.  d.  193-305): 
T.Keightley;  Outlines  of  History,  3789-90  (3716). 
J.  C.  Robertson:  History  of  Christian  Church, 

3790  (2716). 
W.C.Taylor;  Ancient  History,  2790-1  (3716-17). 
E.  Gibbon;  Decline  and  Fall,  2473-3  (3413-14). 
B.  F.  Westcott;  History  of  Religious  Thought, 

454  (440). 

G.  Uhlhorn:  Conflict  of  Christianity  with  Hea- 
thenism, 456  (443). 

8.  The  Constantineb  (a.  d.  305-361): 

E.  Gibbon:    Decline  and  Fall,    3793-4,    2795-6 

(3719-30,  2721-3). 
Eusebius;  Ecclesiastical  History,  3794  (2720). 
E.  L.  Cutts;  Constantine  the  Great,  3795  (2721). 

9.  Christianity  becomes  the  State  Religion 
(A.  D.  323-): 

E.  L.    Cutts:    Constantine    the    Great,    2794-5 

(2720-1). 
A.  Neander;  History  of  Christian  Religion.  3795 

(2721). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  2795 

(2731). 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Christian  Church,  465  (451). 
A.  Carr:  Christianity  and  Roman  Empire,  465-6 

(451-2). 
H.  H.  Milman:  History  of  Christianity,  467  (453). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1035-6  (1007-S). 

"  Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century 
there  occurred  an  event  which,  had  it  been  predicted  in 
the  days  of  Nero  or  even  of  Decius,  would  have  been 
deeme<l  a  wild  fancy.  It  was  nothing  less  than  the  con- 
version of  the  Roman  Emj>eror  to  the  Christian  faith. 
It  was  an  event  of  momentous  importance  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Christian  religion.  The  Roman  Empire, 
from  being  the  enemy  and  persecutor  of  the  Church, 
thenceforward  became  its  protector  and  patron.  The 
Church  entered  into  an  alliance  with  the  State,  which 
was  to  prove  fruitful  of  consequences,  both  gooil  and 
evil,  in  the  subsequent  history  of  Europe.  Christianity 
was  now  to  reap  the  advantages  and  incur  the  dangers 
arising  from  the  friendship  of  earthly  rulers,  and 
from  a  close  connection  with  thecivi!  authority." 

G.  P.  Fisher. 
"  This  important  crisis  in  the  history  of  Christianity 
almost  forcibly  arrests  attention  to  contemjilate  the 
change  wrought  in  Christianity  by  its  advancement 
into  a  dominant  power  in  the  State.  By  ceasing  to 
exist  as  a  separate  community,  And  by  advancing  its 


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pretensions  to  influence  the  general  goTemment  of  man- 
Kind.  Christianity,  to  a  certaiu  extent,  forfeited  its  in- 
dependence. It  was  no  lonjjer  a  republic,  governed 
exclusively  —  as  far,  at  least,  ;is  its  religious  concerns  — 
by  its  own  internal  policy.  Tlie  interference  of  the  civil 
power  in  some  of  its  most  private  affairs,  the  promul- 
gation of  its  canons  and  even,  in  some  cases,  the  elec- 
tion of  its  bishops,  by  the  State,  was  the  price  which  it 
ZDUSt  inevitably  pay  tor  its  association  with  the  ruling 
power."    H.  H.  SIilmaji. 

10.  The  New  Capital  of  tiik  Empire  (a.  d. 
330): 

E.  L.  Cutt3 :  Constantine  the  Great,  519  (505). 
E.  Gibbon;  Decline  and  Fall,  520-1  (506-7). 
G.  Finlay:  Greece  under  Romans,  531  (507). 

11.  JULL\N,    TO   THE    DIVISION    OF  THE   EMPIRE 

(A.  D.  361-395) : 
E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  2796  (2722). 
P.  Godwin  :  History  ot  France,  1445  (1412). 
G.  Rawlinson  :  Seventh  Oriental  Monarchy,  2583 

(251.5). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  Fall  ot  Roman  Empire,  2799 

(2724-5). 
T.  Hodgkin :  Dynasty  of  Theodosius,  2799-2800 

(272.5-6). 

12.  Revival  and  Final  Overthrow  of  Pagan- 
ism (A,  D.  361-395): 

G.  Uhlhorn:  Conflict  of  Christianity  and  Hea- 
thenism, 2796-8  (2723-4). 

E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  2800-1  (3726-7). 

J.  B.  Carwithen:  History  of  Christian  Church, 
2801  (2727). 

13.  The  Divided  Empire  (.a.  d.  395-) : 

T.  Hodgkin  :  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  2801  (2737). 
R.  H.  Wrightson:  Respublica  Romana,  2801-2 

(2727-8). 
G.   Finlay:  Greece  under  the  Romans,  3803-4 

(3729-30). 
J,  N.  Lamed  :  Europe,  1037  (1009). 

14.  The  Barbaiu.vn  Invasions  (a.  d.  400-): 
W.   Smith :  Note  to  Decline  and  Pall,   1591-3 

(1.5.53-4). 
T.  Hodgkin :  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  1592  (1554). 
J.  G.  Shcppard;  Fall  of  Rome,  3714-15  (3594-5). 
E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  1592-3  (1554-5). 
C.  A.  Scott:  Uiaias,  1594  (1.556). 
J,  C.  L.  de  Sismondi :  Fall  of  Roman  Empire, 

1595  (1.5.57). 
W.  C.  Perrv  ;  The  Frank.?.  1431  (1397-8). 
E.  Gibbon: "Decline  and  Fall,  1431  (1398). 
J.  B.  Bury:  Later  Roman  Empire,  2805  (2731). 

E.  A.  Freeman  :  European  History,  2805-6 
(2731-3). 

F.  Guizot :  History  of  Civilization,  2806  (2732). 
C.  .1.  Stille  :  Mediieviil  History.  2806-7  (2732-3). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  3807-8, 

3808-9  (2733-4.  2734-5). 
E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  2H08  (2784). 
R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  Middle  Ages,  2809 

(2735).      ■ 
J.  Bryce  :  Holy  Roman  Empire,  2809-10  (273.5-6). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1038-40  (1010-12). 

15.  Causf.s  and  Sionificance  of  the  Fall  of 
THE  Western  E.mpiiie  : 

G.  B.Adams:  Civilization  during  Middle  Ages, 
2807  (3733). 

H.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  Sliddle  Ages,  3810 

(2736). 
J.     H.    Seeley:    Roman    Imperialism,    2810-11 

(2786-7). 
C.  Mcrivale:  Ilistorv  of  Romans.  2811-12  (2738). 
A.  Thierry:  Jlerovlngian  Era,  3813  (2738). 


W.    Stewart:  The   Church  in  Fourth  Century, 

470-1  (456-7). 
C.    Merivale:    Epochs  of  Church  History,  471 

(457). 
E.  Hatch:  Organization  of  Christian  Churches, 

471  (457). 
16.  Civilization  of  the  Later  Republic  and 

Empire  : 

(a)  Education. 

.T.  J.  I.  DOUiuger:  Gentile  and  Jew,  70S-9  (685-6). 

E.  Kirkpatrick:  Development  of  Superior  Edu- 
cation, 709-10  (686-7). 

F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization,  710-11  (688). 
E.  Edwards:  Memoirs  of  Libraries,  2048-9  (2005). 
Guhl  and  Koner:  Life  of  Greeks  and  Romans, 

2049  (3005). 

T.  H.  Home:  Study  of  Bibliography,  3050  (3006). 

Historic  Researches  regarding  Library  of  Alex- 
andria, 2047-8  (3003-4). 

(b)  Religion. 

T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  195  (188). 

W.  Ramsay:  Roman  Antiquities,  196-7(189-90). 

(c)  Law. 

E.  Reich:   GriBcoRoman    Institutions,   2736-7, 

3738-9(3652-3.  26.55). 
Sir  F.  Pollock:  Oxford  Lectures.  2728  (2654). 
T.  W.  Dwight:  Int.  Maine's  Ancient  Law,  3737 

(36.53). 
J.    Austin:  Lectures  on  Jurisprudence,  2728-9 

(36.54-5). 
T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  3727-8  (3653-4). 
J.  Hadley:  Int.  to  Roman  Law,  673  (650). 

(d)  Trade  and  Commeree. 

C.  Merivale:  History  of  Rome.  3211-13  (3703). 
H.  Pigeonneau:  History  of  French  Commerce, 

3213-15  (3703-4). 
H.    Fo.x   Bourne:    Romance  of  Trade,   3345-6 

(2201-3). 
T.  Mommsen :  History  of  Rome,  3348  (3304). 

(e)  Medical  Science. 

Pliny:  Natural  History,  3171-3  (3137-8). 

W.  Whewell:  Inductive  Sciences.  3173-3  (3129). 

Roswell  Park:  History  of  Medicine,  3173  (3139). 

(/)  Slaneri/. 
T.  Mommsen :  History  of  Rome,  2753-4  (2680). 
W.  R.   Brownlow:  Slavery  and  Serfdom,  2990 

(2913). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  o/  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XIII. 


FROM  THE   BARBARIAN  INVASIONS 
TO  CHARLEMAGNE  (A.  D.  400-800). 


1.  Orioin  and  Migrations  of  the  Barbaric 
Nations: 

C.  F.  Keary:  Dawn  of  Civilization,  144-5(187-8). 
T.  Mommsen:  Hi.story  of  Rome,  42,  488  (85,  469). 
T.  Smith:  Arminius.  1464-5  (1431-2). 
Appendix  A.,  8798-6  (End  of  Vol,  L). 

2.  Gaul  and  the  Gaui.s  : 

J.  Rhys:  Celtic  Britain.  412  (402). 
C.  Merivale:  History  of  Romans,  1448-9  (1416). 
H.  G.  Liddell:  History  of  Rome,  2743  (2669). 
W.  Ihnc:  History  of  Rome,  2746-7  (2672-8). 
C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  144!)  (1416). 
J.    P.   MahafTy:   Story  of  Alexander's  Empire, 

1443  (1409). 
J.  Ciesar:  Gallic  Ware.  1444-5  (1411-13). 


195 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  1445,  1448  (1412, 

1415). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  1445-6  (1412-13). 
H.  Pigeonneau:  History  of  French  Commerce, 

3213-15  (3702-4). 

3.  The  Goths  : 

T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1592  (1554). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  1592-3  (1554-5). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  1593  (1555). 
C.  A.  A.  Scott:  Ulfilas.  1594  (1556). 
J.  C.  L.  Sistnondi:  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 

1595-6  (1557-8). 
G.   Finlay:  Greece  under  the  Romans,   1596-7 

(1558-9). 

(a)  The  Ostrogoths  and  Theodoric. 

B..  Bradlev:  Story  of  the  Goths,  1594  (1556). 
J.  G.  Sheppard:  Fall  of  Rome,  1728  (1689). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  1598  (1560). 
H.  Bradley:  Story  of  the  Goths,  1598-9  (1560-1). 

: ,  2812-13  (2738-9). 

V.  Duruy:  History  of  Rome,  2813  (2739). 

T.  Hodgkin:   Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  2814-15 

(2740-1). 
J.  G.  Sheppard:  Fall  of  Rome,  1600  (1562). 

(b)  The  Visigotfis  and  Alaric. 

5.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  1594-5 

(1556-7). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  1594, 1595 

(1556.  1557). 
H.  Bradley:  Story  of  the  Goths,  1.597  (1559). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  2807-8 

(2733^). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall.  1597  (1559). 
H.  Bradley:  Story  of  the  Goths,  1598,  1599  (1560, 

1561). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  1598 

(1560). 
R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  Middle  Ages,  1599- 

1600  (1561-2). 

4.  Bre.\king  op  the  Rhine  Barrier  (a.  d. 
406-500): 

J.  B.  Bury:  Later  Roman  Empire,  2805  (2731). 

E.  A.    Freeman:    European    History,    2805-6 
(2731-2). 

F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization,  2806  (2732). 
0.  J.  Stille:  Media?val  History.  2806-7  (2732-3). 

G.  B.  Adams:  Civilization  during  lliddle  Ages, 
2807  (2733). 

5.  The  Huns  and  Attila  : 

T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  1726  (1687). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  1594-5 

(1556-7). 
R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1726  (1687). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italv  and  Her  Invaders,  1727  (1688). 
J.  G.  Sheppard:  Fall  of  Rome,  1727  (1688). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  1727  (1688). 
T.    Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,   1727-8 

(1689). 
Sir  E.  Creasy:  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles,  1728 

(1689). 
T.   Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,   1728-9 

(1689-90). 

6.  The  Vandals  and  Genseric  : 

J.  G.  Sheppard:  Fall  of  Rome,  3714-15  (3594-.5). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and   Fall,   1445-6,  3053-4, 

3715  (1412-13,  2973-4,  3595). 
G.  Finlav :  Greece  under  the  Romans,  3716  (3596). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  3716  (3596). 

7.  The  Franks  and  Clovis  : 

W.  C.  PeiTy:  The  Franks,  1430-1  (1397-8). 


T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  1431  (1398). 

P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  1445  (1412). 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3207  (3121). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  French  under  the  Merovin- 
gians, 1432  (1399). 

E.  Gibbon:   Decline  and  Fall,  42-3  (35-6). 

R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  Middle  Ages,  1433 
(1399). 

P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  1433  (1400). 

S.  Baring  Gould:  the  Church  in  Germany,  473 
(458). 

8.  The  Reign  of  Justinian  (a.  d.  527-565): 
G.  Finlav :  Greece  Under  the  Romans,  2814  (2740). 
T.   Hodgkin :  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  2814-15 

(2740-1). 
J.   Hadley;  Introduction  to  Roman  Law,  637-8 
(614^15) 

9.  The  Merovingian  Dynasty  (a.  d.  448-752) : 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  The  French  under  the  Mero- 
vingians, 1432  (1399). 

R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1433  (1399). 
W.  C,  Perry:  The  Franks,  202,  1432-3(195, 1399- 

1400). 
P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  202  (195). 
T.  Smith:  Arminius,  1465-6  (1432-5). 
P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  1466  (1435). 

A.  Thierry:  The  Merovingian  Era,  1446  (1413). 

10.  The  Lombards; 

J.  G.  Sheppard:  Fall  of  Rome,  2076  (3032). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  2077 

(2033). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2077  (2033). 
P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  2077-8  (2033-4). 

11.  Civilization  AT  Beginning  of  the  Middle 
Ages  : 

(a)  Political  and  Social. 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Age.s,  2224  (2180). 
G.  B.  Adams:    Civilization  during  the   Middle 

Ages,  2224r-5  (2180-1). 

B.  Bosanquet:  Civilization  of  Christendom,  2225 
(2181). 

A.  Thierry:  Formation  of  the  Tiers  Etat,  1446-8 

(1413-15). 
W.  Robertson:  Charles  the  Fifth,  3990-1  (2913). 

(i)  Religion. 
W.  Stewart:  Church  of  the  Fifth  Century,  470-1 

(456-7). 

C.  Merivale :  Early  Church  History,  471  (457). 

E.  Hatch :  Organization  of  Christian  Churches, 
471  (457). 

G.  Stokes:  The  Celtic  Church,  472  (458). 
M.  Creighton:  The  Papacy,  2818  (2744). 
I.  Gregory  Smith:  Christian  Monasticism,  3339- 

40  (2195-6). 
Count  de  Slontalembert:  Monks  of  the  West, 

2240-1  (2196-7). 

(c)  Education. 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Renaissance  in  Italy,  710  (687). 

F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization,710-ll  (687-8). 
A.  T.  Drane:  Christian  Schools,  711-12  (688-9). 

12.  The  Rise  OP  Feudalism  : 

W.  Stubbs:  Constitutional  History  of  England, 

1145-6  (1117-18). 
E.  Emerton-  The  Middle  Ages,  1146  (1118). 
Schroder:  Deutschen  Rechtsgeschichte,  1146-7. 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1047-8  (1019-20). 
A.  Thierrv :  Formation  of  the  Tiers  £tat,  1446-8 

(1413-15). 

•  Set  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


196 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


*  STUDY  XIV. 


THE  RISE  OF  THE  MODERN  NATIONS. 


1.  The  Franks: 

R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1433  (1399). 

T.  Smith:  Arminius,  1465-6  (1432-5). 
P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  1466  (1435). 
F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization.  2163  (2119). 
W.  C.  Perry:  The  Franks,  1433-3  (1399-1400). 
S.  Baring  Gould:  The  Church  in  German j-,  473 

(458). 
E.  L.  Cutts:  Charlemagne,  473-3  (458-9). 

2.  The  Burgundiaks-; — '' 

J.  G.  Sheppard:  The  Fall  of  Rome,  8714r-15 
(3594-5). 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  338  (328). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  French  under  the  Me- 
rovingians, 339  (329). 

T.  Hodgkiu:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  339  (329). 

3.  The  Saxons: 

W.  Stubbs:  Constitutional  History  of  England, 

2884-5  (2809-10). 
R.  G.  Latham:  The  Germany  of  Tacitus,  2885 

(3810). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  2885  (2810). 

4.  The  Empire  of  Charlemagne  (a.  d.  800- 
814): 

C.  J.  Stille:  MediiEval  History,  1467-8  (1436-7). 
R.   W.  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1434  (1401). 

E.  Emerton:  Study  of  the  Middle  Ages,  1434U5 
(1401-2). 

J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1435(1402) 
Sir  J.  Stephen:  History  of  France.  1436  (1403). 
J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1468  (1437). 
A.  T.  Drane:   Christian  Schools  and   Scholars, 
713  (689). 

F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization.  3911  (3836). 
Eginhard :  Life  of  Charlemagne,  474  (460). 

J.  B.  Mullinger:  Schools  of  Charles  the  Great, 
474  (460). 

"  ( ;  ihbon  h.is  remarked,  that  of  all  the  heroes  to  whom 
the  title  of  'The  (ireaf  ha.s  been  piven,  Charlem.iKue 
aloni^  has  retained  it  .is  a  perni.inent  addition  to  his 
name.  Tlie  reason  may  perhaps  he  tllat  in  no  oilier  man 
were  ever  united,  in  so  largo  a  measure,  and  in  such 
perfect  harmonv.  the  (pialities,  which,  in  their  combina- 
ti<in,  ronstittitc'thc  li'Tnic  character,  —such  as  enerpry, 
or  loveuf  a.tioti ;  ;iiiihition,  or  the  love  of  power;  curios- 
itv.or  the  loveof  knnwlfdKn;  and  sensibility,  orthe  love 
of  pleasure.  Not.  indeed,  the  love  of  forbidden,  unhal- 
lowed, or  of  enervutiiit;  pli-asiire.  but  the  kei'n  relish  for 
those  bbiiiieh'srt  delights  by  which  the  burdened  mind 
anrl  i.irifd  spirits  recruit  and  renovate  their  powers.  .  .  . 
His  lofty  stature,  his  open  eounteiiance.  his  largo  and 
brilli.'int  eyes,  and  the  dome-like  structure  of  his  head, 
imparted,  as  we  learn  from  Kgiiiliard,  to  all  his  atti- 
tiiiles  the  dignity  which  becomes  a  King,  reliev«-d  by  the 
graceful  activity  of  a  prai^tiseil  warrior.  .  .  .  Whether  he 
was  engaged  in  a  frolic  or  a  chase  —  composed  verses  or 
Iist<*ned  to  homilies  —  fought  or  negotiated —  cast  down 
thrones  or  built  them  up  —  studied,  e<inversed,  or  legi.s- 
latid,  it  seemed  as  if  he,  and  he  alone,  were  the  one 
wakeful  an<l  really  living  agent  in  the  midst  of  an  inert, 
visicmary,  and  somnolent  generation."  Si«  James 
Sticphkn. 

.5.  The  Beginnings  of  Austria-Hungart  : 
F.  Lenormant:  Ancient  History,  3345  (3129). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  1726  (1687). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  1594-5 

(1.5,56-7). 
T.   Hodgkin:   Italy   and   Her   Invaders,  1728-9 

(1689-90). 
i.  G.  Sheppard:  FaU  of  Rome,  242-3  (335-6). 


G.  P.  R.  James:  History  of  Charlemagne,  248 

(236). 
L.  Leger:  History  of  Austro-Hungary,  205  (198). 

6.  Dissolution  of  the  Carolingian  Empire 
(A.  D.  814-877): 

J.   Bryce:   The   Holy  Roman    Empire,    1436-8 

(1403-5). 
II.  II.  Milman:  History  of  Latin  Christianity, 

1468  (1437). 

S.  Menzies:  History  of  Europe,  1468-9  (1437-8). 

7.  The  Treaty  of  Verdun  (a.  d.  843) : 

P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  3735  (3615). 

H.  Hallam:  Middle  Ages,  3736  (3616). 

E.  A.  Freeman:    Hist.  Geography  of  Europe, 

1469  (1438). 

J.   Brvce:    The   Holy  Roman  Empire,  1436-8 
(1403-5). 

8.  The  Beginninqs  of  the  Modern  European 
Nations  (a.  d.  843-1000): 

(rt)  France. 
P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  1187  (1157). 
E.  A.  Freeman!   The  Franks  and   Gauls,  1187 

(1157). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1187-8  (1157-8). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  1188  (1158). 
J.  Bryce:    The  Holy   Roman  Empire,    1436-8 

(1403-5). 
E.   A.  Freeman :  The  Franks  and  Gauls,  1488 

(1405). 
SirF.  Palgrave:  History  of  Normandy  and  Eng- 
land, 1188  (1158). 
G.    W.    Kitchin:    History    of   France,    1188-9 

(1158-9). 
E.  de  Bonnechose:  History  of  France,  1189(1159). 
E.  A.  Freeman:   The  Franks  and   Gauls,  1189 

(1159). 
E.  Lavisse :  Political  History  of  Europe,  1189 

(1159). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France.  3274(8158). 

{/>)  Gtrrruiiiy. 
T.  Smith  :  Arminius,  1464-5  (1431-2). 
C.  .1.  Stille:  Medi.'eval  History,  1467-8  (1436-7). 
R.  \V.    Church :   Beginnings  of  Middle   Ages, 

1434  (1401). 
E.  Kmerton  :  Study  of  Middle  Ages,  1434  (1401). 
J.   Bryce  :   The  Holy  Roman  Empire,   1486-8 

(1403-5). 
E.  A.  Freeman  :  Franks  and  Gauls,  1438  (1405). 

:  Hist.  Geography  of  Europe,  1469  (1438). 

H.  Hallam  :  The  Middle  Ages,  1470  (1439). 
A.  W.  Grllbe:  Heroes  of  History,  1470  (14;i9). 
C.  W.  Koch:  The  Revolutions  of  Europe,  1470-1 

(1439-40) 
L.     Kanke  ; 

(1440-1). 

(c)  Italy. 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall.  2816  (2743). 
J.  G.  Sheppard:  Fall  of  Home.  3076  (3083). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  Komim  Empire,  3077 

(3033). 
E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  3077  (2033). 
P.  Gixlwin  :  History  of  France,  2077-8(2033-4). 
8.  Menzies:  History  of  Europe,  1468-9(1487-8). 
J.    Bryce:   The  Holy  Roman  Empire,    1847-8 

(1807-8). 
A.  F.  Vlllemain:   Life  of  Gregory  VII.,  2820 

(3746). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  1848  (1808). 
.1.  C.  L.  Sismotidi:  Kalian  Hcpulilics,  1848  (1808). 
E    A.  Freeman:   Hist.  Geography  of   Kurojic, 

1840  (1809). 

•  5m  important  note  at  head  o/  Study  I. 


History    of    Reformation,    1471-2 


197 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 
♦STUDY  XV. 


GERMANY    TO     THE    END    OF    THE 
MIDDLE  AGES  (A.  D.  1000-1450). 


1.  General  Conditions  at  Close  of  the 
Tenth  Centdry : 

J.  I.  von  DoUinger:  European  History,  2820-1 
(2746-T) 

Cardinal  J."  H.  Newman :  Essays,  3485-6  (2426-7). 

W  B  Boyce:  Int.  to  the  Study  of  History, 
i472-3  (1441-3).  ,    ,     ^  .    -r, 

a  A  Dunham :  History  of  the  Germanic  Em- 
pire, 2730  (36.')6). 

H  Hallam  :  The  Middle  Ages,  2730  (2656). 

J.  H.  Allen:  Christian  History,  1473  (1442). 

2.  Beginning  op  the  Contest  between  the 
e.mpire  and  the  papacy  : 

G    B    Adams;   Civilization  during  the  Middle 

Ages,  1473-4  (1442-3). 
Count  de  Montalembert :   Monks  of  the  West, 

2486-7  (2427-8). 
J.  Alzog  :  Manual  of  Church  History.  2487  (2428). 
Hinschius:  Investiturstreit,  2488-9  (3794^6). 
W.  R.  W.  Stephens:  Hildebrand,  396-7  (886-7). 
C   T   Lewis :  History  of  Germany,  2887  (2812). 
j'  H.  Allen:  Christian  History,  1474  (1443). 
J  J  I.  D5lliuger:  History  of  the  Church,  1474^5 

"  (1443-4). 
3   Rise  of  the  College  op  Electors  (a.  d. 

1125-1373); 
K.    Lamprecht:    History  of  Germany,   14*5-6 

T   Carlyle;  Frederick  the  Great,  1476-7  (1445). 
:  ,  316-17  (306). 

4.  The  Disintegration  OF  THE  Empire  ; 

J    Jastrow:  Deutschen  Einheitstraum,    1477-8 

'  (3761-2). 
C.  Beard:  Martin  Luther,  487  (473). 
W.  J.  Wyatt:  History  of  Prussia,  487-8  (473-4). 

5.  Rise  of  the  Hohenstacfen  ;  the  Gdblfs 

AND   GhIBELLINES: 

U.  Balzani:  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 
1478  (1445). 

H  Hallam;  The  Middle  Ages,  1652  (1614). 

P  M  Thornton;  The  Brunswick  Accession, 
1653-3  (1614-15). 

A.  Gallenira;  Italy,  1014-15  (986-7). 

Sir  A  Halliday:  Annals  of  the  House  of  Han- 
over, 2888  (2813). 

T  A  TroUope;  Commonwealth  of  Florence, 
'1857-8  (1817-18). 

6.  The  Two  Great  Fredericks: 

(<i)  Frederick  I. ,  Barbarosaa  (a.  d.  1152-1190). 
O.  Browning:  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  1478-9 

(1445-6). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  Italian  Republics,  1851-2 

U.   Balzani :  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  Italian  Republics,  1852 

U  Barzani:  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

1852-3  (1812-13). 
\V  Menzel:  History  of  Germany,  1853  (1813). 
M.   Creighton:   History  of  the  Papacy,  2492-3 

(2433-3). 
The  Republic  of  Venice,  3726  (3606). 

(6)  PredeHck  t!u  Second  (a.  d.  1220-1250). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  European  History   1480  (1440 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

J,  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1854(1814). 
A.  B.  Pennington:  Emperor  Frederick  II.,  1854-5 

(1814-1.5).  „         ^    ,0^1.  . 

T    L.  Kington:   Frederick  the  Second,  1855-« 

'(181.5-16).  •  ^        ^-„   ^    . 

G.  Procter:  History  of  the  Crusades,  601,  tirst 

column,  (634). 
Besant  and  Palmer:  Jerusalem,  1926,  second  col- 
umn, (1885).  ^      .        ,,.^  „ 
J    Bryce:    The  Holy  Roman   Empire,    1481-3 
'  (1448-9). 

"  We  have  seen  the  Roman  Empire  revlTed  in  a.  d. 
800  by  a  prince  whose  vast  dominions  gave  ground  to 
his' claim  of  universal  monarchy;  again  erected,  in  a.d. 
962  on  the  narrower  but  firmer  basis  of  the  German 
Kincdom.  We  have  seen  Otto  the  Great  and  his  succes- 
sors during  the  three  following  centuries,  a  line  of 
monarchs  of  unrivalled  vigor  and  abilities  strain  ei^ry 
nerve  to  inalie  good  the  pretensions  of  their  oflice 
against  the  rebels  in  Italy  and  the  ecclesiastical  power. 
•Ae  Roman  Empire  might,  and,  so  far  as  practical  util- 
itv  was  concerned,  ought  now  to  have  been  suffered  to 
eipire;  nor  could  it  have  ended  more  gloriously  than 
with  the  last  of  the  Hohenstaufen.    That  it  did  not  so 


about  it  was  that  it  was  neither  Holy,  "or  R«™^' 5"  *?, 
Empire, -was  owing  partly  indeed  tot*<;  belief  .still 
unstaken,  that  it  was  a  necessary  part  of  the  world  3 
order,  vet  chiefly  to  its  connection,  which  was  by  this 
time  ibdissolubie,  with  the  German  Kingdom  The 
Germans  had  confounded  the  two  characters  of  their 
sovereign  so  long,  and  had  grown  so  fond  of  the  style 
and  pretensions  of  a  dignity  whose  possession  aPPeared 
to  exalt  them  above  the  other  peoples  »' Europe,  that 
it  was  now  too  late  for  them  to  separate  the  local  from 
the  universal  monarch."    James  Bbvce. 

7.  The  Hanseatic  League  (about  a.  d.  1250) : 
History  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  1663  (1626). 
R   Schroder:  Der  Deutschen  Rechtsgeschichte, 

1663-4.  ,„„,  . 

K.  Lamprecht:  Deutsche  Geschichte,  1664-5. 

8.  The  Rise  of  the  Hapsburgs: 

Sir  R  Comvn:  History  of  the  Western  Empire, 
1482-3  (1449-50).  .     „„. 

W.  Coxe:  History  of  the  House  of  Austria,  306 
(199). 

J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1481-2 
(1118  9). 

Sir  R.  Comyn:  The  Western  Empire,  206-7  (199- 

T.  H  bver:  Modem  Europe,  1710  (1671). 
The  Legend  of  Tell  and  Rutli,  3127,  first  column, 
(3043). 

9,  A  Century  of  Confusion: 

C   T  Lewis:  Historv  of  Germany,  1484  (1451). 
S.  A.  Dunham:  The"  Germanic  Empire,  1484-5 

(1451-3). 
H   Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1485-6  (1452-3). 
L   von  Ranke:  The  Reformation  in  Germany, 

'i486  (1453). 

10.  The  Holy  Roman  Empirb; 

J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1435  and 
2725  (1402  and  36"53). 

L   von  Ranke:  History  of  the  World,  2725-6. 

W.  von  Giesebrecht:  The  German  Empire,  2728. 

F  A.  Gregorovius:  History  of  Rome,  2726. 

C.  W.  Koch:  Revolutions  of  Europe,  1471,  sec- 
ond column.  (1440).  ^.r,-,   n 

L.  von  Ranke :  History  of  theReformation,1471-a 

(1440-1). 
J.    Bryce:    The  Holy  Roman  Empire,   1481-2 

(1448-9). 
L.  von  Ranke:  History  of  the  Reformation,  1488 

J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1541  (1507). 


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"On  Au6:u8t  1,  the  French  Envoy  at  Repenshurp  an- 
nounced to  the  Diet  that  his  majj.ter.  who  had  consented 
to  become  Trotector  of  the  Confederate  jirinces,  no 
lonj'er  recognized  the  existence  of  the  Kmpire.  Fran- 
cis II.  rcsolyed  at  once  to  anticipate  this  new  <><loacer. 
and  bT  a  dechiration,  dated  Aut;ust  6,  180(i.  resigned  tlie 
imi'erial  dignity.  .  .  .  Throughout,  the  term  (ierman 
Empire  (deutsclies  Reich)  ie  employed.  Rut  it  was  the 
crown  of  Augustus,  of  Constantine,  of  Charles,  of  Maxi- 
milian, that  Francis  of  Hapsburg  laid  down,  and  a  new 
era  in  the  world's  history  was  marked  by  the  fall  of  its 
most  venerable  institution.  One  thousand  and  six 
years  after  Leo,  the  Pope,  had  crowned  the  Frankish 
King,  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-eight  years  after 
Caesar  had  con(|uered  at  I'harsali'a.  tne  l{oly  Roman 
Empire  came  to  its  end."    James  Hkyce. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  o/  Study  /. 


♦STUDY  XVI. 


FRANCE    TO    THE    CLOSE    OF    THE 
MIDDLE   AGES  (A.  D.  1000-1453). 


1.  General   Conditions  at  the  Beginning 
OP  THE  Period  (abodt  a.  d.  1000): 

E.  deBonnechose:  History  of  France,  1189(1159). 
E.   A.  Freeman;   The  Franks  and  the  Gauls, 
1189  (1159). 

E.  Lavisse:   Political  History  of  Europe,   1189 
(1159). 

J.   C.   L.  Sismondi:   France  under  the   Feudal 

System,  1189-90  (1159-60). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  1190  (1161). 
M.    Arnold:  Schools  and  Universities,   717-18 

(694-5). 

2.  The  Kise  of  Free  Cities  and  op  the  Com- 
munes : 

AchilleLuchaire:  The  French  Communes,  1190-3 

(3748-50). 
W.  Stubbs:  Constitutional  History  of  England, 

50.5-6  (491-2). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  506  (492). 

3.  Consolidation  and  Expansion  ok  the  King- 
dom (a.  d.  1100-1225): 

C.  »I.  Yonge:  History  of  France,  1193  (1162). 
Mrs.  .1.  R.  Green:  Henry  the  Second,  826  (799). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1193-4  (1162). 

E.  Smedley:  History  of  France,  2.551  (2485). 
W.  Stubbs:  Constitutional  History  of  England, 

828  (801). 
See  Maps  between  pages  1200-1201  (1168-9). 

4.  The  Not  .milk  Reion  of  Saint  Louis,  Louis 
IX.  (1226-1270): 

G.  Miisson:  St.  Louis,  1194  (1168). 

A.  L.  la  Marclie:   France  under  Saint  Louis, 

1194-6  (3750-8). 
Saint.  Louis  of  Franco,  1196  (1164). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1197  (116.5). 
H.  H.  Milmanr  Latin  Christianity,  1197  (1165), 

F.  P.  Guizot;  History  of  France,  657-8  and  658-9 
(634-5  and  63.5-6). 

Origin  nf  the  Houses  of  Valois and  Bourbon,  1197, 

3714  (1165,  3.594). 
Due  d'Auniale:  The  House  of  Conde.  314  (3041. 

'*  St  Louis  struck  at  tlu-  spirit  nf  the  IMitldlc  Ape,  an<i 
therein  iiiwurert  the  downlall  nf  its  forms  and  whole 
emhndiment.  .  .  .  He  umternilned  Feudalism,  lierause 
he  hated  injustice;  he  warred  with  the  Mitldle  Ace,  be- 
cause he  could  not  tolerate  Its  disrecard  of  human 
rights;  and  he  paved  the  way  for  rhilip-le-liel'sstnipt^le 
with  the  Tapaey.  because  he  looked  upon  reli(>ion 
and  the  Church  as  instruments  for  man's  salvation, 
not  .as  tools  for  worldly  at;{;randi7.ement.  Thetlrst  calm, 
deliberate,  consist^-nt  opposition  to  the  centralizing 
power  of  the  great  See  was  that  offered  by  iu  truest 


friend  and  honest  ally,  Louis  of  France.  ...  He  Is  per- 
haps the  only  monarch  on  record  who  failed  in  most  of 
wliat  he  undertook  of  active  enterprise,  who  ^^s  under 
the  control  of  the  prejudices  of  his  ape,  who  was  a  true 
conservative,  who  never  dreamed  of  eCfecting  great 
social  changes,  —  and  who  yet,  by  his  mere  virtues,  hifc 
sense  of  duty,  his  power  of^ conscience,  made  the  most 
mighty  and  "vital  reforms." 

5.  Philip  IV.  and  the  Struggle  with  the 
Papacy  (a.  d.  1285-1314): 

G.  M.  Bussey:  History  of  France.  1198  (1166). 
G.  Trevor:  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire,  2494-5 

(2434-5). 
A.  R.  Pennington:  The  Church  In  Italy,  2495 

(2435). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  3177  (3092). 

6.  The  Parliament  of  Paris  and  the  States 
General: 

Sir  .Tames  Steplien:  History  of  France,  2554-5 

(24S8-9). 
L(i  ri  1  B  rou  gham :  Hi  story  of  England  and  France, 

2555  (2489). 
Sir  .lames  Stephen:  History  of  France,  3108-9 

3026-7). 
F.  P.  Guizot :  History  of  France.  3109  (.3027). 
A.  Thierry;  The  Tiers  £tat,  1202-3  (1170-1). 

7.  The  Accession  op  Philip  op  Valois,  Philip 
VL  (A.  d.  1328): 

J.  Michelet:  History  of  France,  1200  (1168). 

E.  de  Bonnechose :  History  of  France,  1200  (1168). 
J.  Michelet:  History  of  France,  1200  (1168). 

8.  The  One  Hundred  Years  War  (a.  d.  1327- 
1435); 

(-7)  TJieFirst  Period  (1827-1380). 
J.  Froissart:  Chronicles.  1200-01  (1168-9). 
II.  Hallam:  Middle  Ages,  1201  (1169). 

F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization,  2868  (2794). 

G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  2868  (2794). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middl'e  Ages,  2868  (2794). 

G.  W.  Kitchin;  History  of  France.  1201  (1169). 
H.  Hallam;  The  Middle  Aires,  1201  (1169). 
J.  Michelet;  History  of  France.  1201-2  (1169-70). 
A.  Thierry:  The  Tiers  fitiit,  1202-3  (1170-1). 
Prof,  dc  Vericour:  The  Jacquerie,  1204  (1172). 
F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  1204  (1172). 

E.  Bonnechose;  History  of  France,  1205(1173). 
(«)  The  Second  Period  (1415-1435). 

A.  J.  Church:  Henry  the  Fifth,  120.5-6(1173-4). 
C.  M.  Yonge:  English  History,  1206  (1174). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  1207  (1175). 

9.  Mission  op  the  Maid  op  Orleans  (a.  d. 
1429-31): 

A.  de  Lamartine;  .Joan  of  Arc,  1207-8  (1175-6). 

S.  Luce:  Jeanne  d'Arc,  1208  (37.55). 

A.  de  Lamartine  ;  Joan  of  Are,  1208-9  (1175-6). 

Loi-d  Mahon;  Historical  Essays.  1209  (1177). 

J.  O'llagun:  Joan  of  Arc,  1209  (1177). 

T.  do  Quincey:  Joan  of  Arc.  1209-10  (1177-8). 

"  Herw.aysand  h.ahits  during  the  vear  she  was  in  arms 
are  .attesteil  by  a  nmltitudo  of  witnesses.  Dunois  and 
the  Duke  of  Alenfon  bear  testimony  to  what  they  term 
her  extraordinary  talents  for  war,  and  to  her  perfect 
fearlessness  in  .action;  but  in  all  other  things  she  was 
the  most  simple  of  creatures.  She  wept  when  she  first 
saw  men  slain  in  l>attlo,  to  think  that  they  should  have 
ilied  without  confession.  Shi'  wept  at  the  abominable 
epithets  which  the  English  heaped  upcm  her;  but  she 
was  without  a  trace  of  vindiclivencss.  .  .  .  In  her  diet 
she  was  abstemious  in  the  extreme,  rarely  eating  until 
evening,  and  t  hen  for  the  most  part,  of  bread  and  water, 
scunetlmes  mixed  with  wine.  In  the  (teld,  she  slept  in 
her  armor;  but  when  she  canio  int>i  a  city,  she  always 
sought  out  s<mic  honorable  matron, under  whose  pro- 
tection she  placed  herself;  anil  there  is  wonderful  ev- 
idence of  the  atmosphere  of  purity  which  she  diffused 
around  her,  her  very  presence  banishing  from  men*8 
hcaru  all  evil  thoughts  and  wishes.    Her  conversation, 


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when  not  ofwar,  was  entirely  of  religion.   She  confessed 
often,  and  receired  couuuunion  twice  in  the  week." 

J.  O'Hagan. 

10.  The  Effects  OP  THE  One  Hundred  Years 
Wak: 

E.  E.  Crowe:  History  of  France,  1310  (1178). 

H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1211  (1179). 

C.  W.  Oman:  Warwick  the  KingMaker,  846-7 

(819-20). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1065-8  (1037-40). 

11.  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VII. 
(A.  D.  1438): 

R.  C.  Trench:  Church  History,  2500  (2440). 
M.  Creiffhton:  History  of  the  Papacy,  1210-11 
(1178-9). 

"  Such  were  the  chief  reforms  of  its  own  special 
grievances  which  France  wished  to  establish.  It  was 
the  first  step  in  the  assertion  of  the  rights  of  National 
Churches  to  arrange  for  themselves  the  details  of  their 
own  ecclesiastical  organizations."    M.  Creighton. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY   XVII. 


ITALY  TO    THE    END   OF   THE   MID- 
DLE AGES  (A.  D.  1000-1450). 


1.  General    Conditions   at  the   Close  of 
THE  Tenth  Century  : 

J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1843  (1808). 
A.   F.  Villemain :  "Life    of   Gregory  VII.,  2820 

(2746). 
H.  H.  Milman:  Latin  Christianity,  3820  (2746). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  Italian  Republics,  1848 

(1808). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1848-9  (1808-9). 
J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  2725  (26.52). 
L.  von  Ranke :  History  of  the  World,  2725-6. 
P.    Godwin:     History   of    France,    2078,    first 

column,  (2034). 

2.  The  Norman  Settlements  (a.  d.  1000-1100): 
A.  Thierry:  Conquest  of  England.  2418  (3366). 
Sir  F.  Palgrave:  History  of  Normandy,   etc., 

2419-20  (3367-8). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  2421-3 

(2369-70). 
Sir  F.   Palgrave:  History   of  Normandy,  2422 

(2370). 
C.  Thirlwall:  History  of  Greece,  2981-2(2903^). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Story  of  Sicily,  2983  (2905). 
G   Finlay :  The  Byzantine  Empire,  2984  (2906). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall.  2984  (2906). 
J.  Michelet:  History  of  France,  1849  (1809). 
G.  Procter:  History  of  Italy,  1849-50  (1809-10). 
II.  H.  Milman:  Latin  Christianity,  2821  (2747). 
A.  H.  Johnson:  The  Normans  in  Europe,  1850-1 

(1810-11). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1051  (1023). 

3.  Rise  of  the  Free  Cities  : 

P.  Godwin:  History  of  France,  2077-8  (2033-4). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  Italian  Republics,  1850 

(1810). 
Hinschius:  Investiturstreit,  2488-9(3794-6). 
H.  E.  Napier:  Florentine  History,  3273  (3157). 

(a)  Milan. 
W.  Ihne:  History  of  Rome,  2746-7  (2672-3). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decfine  and  Fall,  2236  (2182). 
G.  B.  Testa :  War  of  Frederick  I.  against  Lorn- 

bardy,  2226  (2182). 


of    the  States   of  the 


T.   Hodgkin :    Italy  and  Her  Invaders,   2226-7 
(3182-3). 

(b)  Florence. 

H.  E.  Napier;  Florentine  History,  1160  (1130). 
T.    A.   Trollope:  Commonwealth  of  Florence, 

1160-1  (1130-1). 
B.  Duffy:  The  Tuscan  Republics,  1161  (1131). 

(f)  Paiia. 
Q.  B   Niebuhr:  History  of  Rome,  2070  (2026). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2077  (2033). 

(<7)  Pisa. 
L.  Pignotti:  History  of  Tuscany,  2605-6(2537-8). 
J.   C.    L.   Sismondi:  Italian  Republics,  2606-7 

(2538-9). 

(  f)     1 V  /)  7  eg 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3722  (3602). 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  3722  (3602). 
G.  Finlay:  Byzantine  Empire,  3722-3  (3603-3). 
J.   C.  L."  Sismondi;   Italian   Republics,  3734-5 
(3604-5. 

4.  Establishment 
Church : 

J.  N.  Murphy:  The  Chair  of  Peter,  3492  (2432). 
H.  E.  Napier;  Florentine  History,  3273  (31.57). 
M.  Creighton:  History  of  the  Papacy,  3493  (3433). 

5.  Conditions  is  Rome  . 

J.  I.  Dollinger;  European  History,  2831  (3747). 
H.  H.  Milman:  Latin  Christianity,  2821  (2747). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2833  (2748). 

6.  Struggle  of  the  Italian  Republics  with 
THE  Emperors: 

(a)   With  Frederick  I.,  Barbarossa  (a.  d.  1154- 
1183). 
O.  Browning:  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  1478-9 

(144.5-6). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  Italian  Republics,  1851-3 

(1811-12). 
U.  Balzani;  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

1853  (1813). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  The  Italian  Republics,  1852 

(1813). 
L^.  Balzani :  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

18.52-3  (1812-13). 
W.  Menzel:  History  of  Germany,  1853  (1813). 

(i)  With  Frederick  the  Second  (a.  d.  1220-1250). 
J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1854  (1814). 
J.    C.   L.    Sismondi:  Italian  Republics,   1137-8 

(1109-10). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  European  History,  1479  (1446). 
:  Frederick  the  Second,  1480,  first  column 

(1447). 
J.  A.  Symonds:  The  Revival  of  Learning,  730 

(697). 

(c)  The  Results  of  the  Contest. 

J.  Burckhardt:  The  Renaissance  in  Italy,  1856-7 

(1816-17). 
O.  Browning:  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines,  1856(1816). 
E.  Smedley;  History  of  France,  1858-9(1818-19). 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Florence  and  the  Medici,  1163 

(1133). 

7.  The  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines  : 

U.  Balzani:  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

1478  (1445). 
H.  Hallam:  Middle  Ages,  1652  (1614). 
Sir  A.  Halliday;  Annals  of  House  of  Hanover, 

16.52  (1614). 
T.    A.    Trollope:   Commonwealth   of  Florence, 

1857-8  (1817-18). 
R.  W.  Church;  Dante.  1858  (1818). 
N.   Machiavelli ;   History  of    Florence,    1161-3 

(1131-2). 


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O.    Browning:   Guelpbs  and  Ghibellines,    1162 

(1133). 
T.  A.  Trollope:  The  Commonwealth  of  Florence, 

1162-3  (1132-3). 

8.  TiiK  Age  of  the  Despots  (a.  d.  1250-1500)  : 
J.  Burckhardt:  The  Renaissance  in  Italy,  1856-7 

(1816-17). 
T.  A.  Trollope:  The  Commonwealth  of  Florence, 

1857-8  (1817-18). 
E.  A.  Freeman;  Hist.  Geography  of  Europe, 

1859  (1819). 
J.  A.  SymonUs:  The  Renaissance  in  Italy,  1859 

(1819). 
J.  Yeats:  Growth  of  Commerce,  2249,  second 

column,  (2205). 
A.  von  Reumont:  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  2250  (2206). 
T.    A.   Trollope;   Commonwealth  of  Florence, 

2250  (2206). 
J.  A.  Symouds:  The  Renaissance,  2463-4. 
J.  N.  Lamed;  Europe,  1074-5  (1046-7). 

9.  Continued  Contests  between  the  Guelps 
.^ND  Ghihellines  : 

W.  Hunt;  History  of  Italy.  1860-1  (1820-1). 
H.  E.  Napier:  Florentine  History,  1861  (1821). 
G.  Procter;  History  of  Italy,  186"3-3  (1822-3). 
10    RiENZi;  the  Last  OF  the  Tribunes  (a.  d. 

1347-54): 
Prof,  de  Vericour:  Rienzi,  2823-4  (2748-50). 
W.  W.  Story:  The  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  2824-5 

(3750-1). 

11.  The  Infamous  "Free  Companies"  (about 
A.  D.  1340-90): 

T.    A.   Trollope:   Commonwealth   of  Florence, 

1865-6  (182.5-6). 
W.  P.  Urquhart:  Life  of  F.  Sforza,  1866  (1826). 
Sir  John  Hawkwood.  1866  (1826). 

12.  Development  of  the  City  Principalitieb: 
(a)  Florence. 

(1)  The  Passing  of  the  Republic. 

J.  A.  Sj'monds;  Florence  and  the  Medici,  1163 

(1133). 
C.  Balbo :  Life  of  Dante,  1164  (1134). 
W.  P.  Urquhart:  Life  of  F.  Sforza,  1165  (1135). 
T.  B.  Macaulay:  Machiavelli,  1166(1136). 
G.  Boccaccio  :  The  Decameron,  1106  (1136). 
J.  E.  T.  Rogers  :  History  of  Agriculture,  293-3 

(283-t). 
T.    A.    Trollope:   Commonwealth  of  Florence, 

1166-7  (1136-7). 
H.  E.  Napier:  Florentine  History,  1167  (1137). 

(2)  The  Medici. 

J.  A.  Symonds  :  Florence  and  the  Medici,  1167-8 

(1137-8). 
T.    A.   Trollope :   Commonwealth  of  Florence, 

1168-9(1138-9). 
W.  B,  Scaife  :  Florentine  Life,  1169  0139). 
W.  Hunt  :  History  nf  It.ily,  1169  (1139). 
A.  von  Reumont:   Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  1169-70 

(1139-40). 
J.   C.    L.  Sismondi:   Italian   Republics,  1170-1 

(1140-1). 
P.  Villari :  Machiavelli,  1171-2  (1141-2). 
Jlrs.  Oliphant :  Makers  of  Florence.  1173  (1143). 
H.  A.  Tniiie:  Italy,  Florence,  and  Venice,  1173-8 

(1143-3). 

(3)  Savonarola. 

O.  T.  Hill:  Savonarola's  Triumph  of  the  Cross, 

1173-5  (1143-5). 
H.  E.  Napier:  Florentine  History.  1176  (1146). 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Studies  in  Italy.  1176-7  H 146-7). 
Mrs.  oliphant:  Makers  of  Florence,  1173  (1142). 


"  Florence  was  as  near  a  pagan  city  aa  it  was  possible 
for  its  nilers  to  make  it.  .  .  .  .Society  had  uevtr  been 
more  dissolute,  more  selllsb,  or  more  utterly  deprived 
of  any  bi;;heraim.  liarrcn  scliolarsbi]>,  Imsv  "over  gram- 
matiiMl  qiu'stion.s.  and  elegant  iiliilnMipby,  snipping 
and  pii-cmc  us  Uigic;il  systems,  fonuid  thr  top-dressing 
to  that  half-hrutiil,  baU-.-iUper.stitmus  ignorance  of  the 
poor.  The  dilettante  world  dreamed  hazily  of  a  restora- 
tion of  the  wor.ship  of  the  pagan  gods;  CaVdinal  Hembo 
bade  his  friend  beware  ol  reading  St.  Taul's  Epistles, 
lest  their  barb:irons  style  should  (■(irrui>t  bis  taste.  .  .  . 
Thus  limited  intellectually,  the  age  of  Lirenzo  was  still 
more  hopeless  morally,  full  of  dehauihery,  cruelty  and 
corruption,  violating  oatbs,  betraying  trusts,  believing 
in  nothing  but  Creek  manuscripts,  coins,  and  statues, 
caring  for  nothing  but  plea.sure.  Tliis  was  the  world  in 
which  Savonarola  found  himself."    MKS.  Oliphant. 

(i)  Milan. 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  Italian  Republics,  1851,  sec- 
ond column,  (1811). 

:  ,  1852,  second  column,  (1812). 

J.  A.  Symonds  :  Age  of  Despots,  2227-8  (2183-4). 

W.  Robertson  :  Charles  the  Fifth,  2228  (2184). 

A.  von  Reumont:  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  2328-9 
(3184-5). 

(c)  Pisa. 

J.  T.  Bent :  Genoa,  2606-7  (3538-9). 
J.  A.  Symonds  :  Studies  in  Italy.  50-1  (43-4). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  .523-3  (508-9). 
G.  Procter  :  History  of  Italy,  1863-3  (1822-3). 
W.  Hunt:  Historv  of  Italy,  1868  (1828). 
J.   N.  Murphy:  The  Chair  of  St.  Peter,  2498 
(2438). 

(d)  Oenoa. 

3.   T.   Bent :  Genoa,    1453-3,   3606-7  (1419-30, 

2.538-9). 
J.   A.    Symonds :    Renaissance  in  Italy,   2227, 

second  column,  (2183). 
J.  T.  Bent:  Genoa,  1454,  2251-2  (1421.  2207-8). 
G.  B.  Malleson:  Genoese  History,  1454  (1431). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Venice  and  Genoa.  3230  (3709). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Italian  Republics,  1454  (1431). 

(«)   Venice. 
G.  Fiulay  :  Byzantine  and  Greek  Empires,  3726 

(3006). 
The  Republic  of  Venice,  3736  (3606). 

E.  Pears:  The  Fall  of  Constantinople.  3736  (3606). 
W.   C.  Hazlilt :  The  Venetian  Republic,  3737 

(3607). 
.1.  Yeats:  The  Growth  of  Commerce,  3737(3607). 
G.    Finlay :    Byzantine    and   Greek   Empires, 

523-4  (509-10). 

F.  A.  Parker  :  Fleets  of  the  World,  3728  (3608). 
J.  T.  Bent  :  Genoa,  3729  (3609). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  Italian  Republics,  1869(1829). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I, 


•STUDY  XVIII. 


THE  EARLY  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH  : 
FROM  PENTECOST  TO  GREGORY 
THE  GREAT  (A.  D.  30(?)-6oo). 


1.  JUD-«A   AT  THE   BeQINNINO    OF    THE   ClTRlS- 

tian  Era  : 
E.  de  Pressensu:  Jesus  Christ,  1961-2  (1930-1). 
E.  SchUrcr:  The  Jewish  People,  1678(1639). 
A.  Edershoim:  Life  of  Jesus,  4-48  (4.32). 
H.  \V.  Hulbert:  Historical  Geography,  446(432). 

2.  Hkuod  and  the  Herodians  (l).  c.  40-A.  D. 
44): 

T.  Keim:  .Jesus  of  Nazara,  1958-9(1917-18). 
T.  Mommseu  ;  History  of  Rome,  1960  (1919). 


201 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


H.  H.  Milman:  History  of  the  Jews,  1960  (1919). 

3.  The  Birth  op  Jesds  : 

T.  Keim:  Jesus  of  Nazara,  1960-1  (1919-20). 
W.  Hales:  Analysis  of  Chronology,  1011  (984). 

4.  Pentecost,   ai«d  the   Establishmekt  of 
THE  First  Churches: 

G.  v.  Lechler:  The  Apostolic  Times,  447  (433). 

A.  Sabatier:  The  Apostle  Paul.  447  (433). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot :  The  Apostolic  Age,  448  (434). 
"W.  Moeller :  The  Christian  Church,  448  (434). 
J.  E.    Wiltsch:   Statistics  of  the   Church,  448 

(434). 
J.  B.  Lightfoot:  The  Apostolic  Age,  449  (435). 
W.  Moeller;  The  Christian  Church,  449  (435). 

5.  The  Apostolic  Period  (a.  d.  30(?)-100): 
(o)   TA*  Church  at  Antioch. 

C.   Thirl  wall:    History  of   Greece,   2107,   2960 

(2063,  2883). 
W.  Moeller :  The  Christian  Church,  448  (434). 
J.   J.    von  D511inger:    European  History,   449 

(435). 
W.   M.   Ramsay:  The  Church  in  the  Roman 

Empire,  449  (435). 
W.  Moeller:  The  Christian  Church,  449  (435). 

B.  Weiss:  Int.  to  the  New  Testament,  450  (436). 
G.  B.  Brown:   From  Schola  to  Cathedral,  450 

(436). 

(J)  The  Missions  of  St.  Paul. 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Christian  Church,  450  (436). 
A.  Sabatier:  The  Apostle  Paul,  450-1  (436-7). 

: ,  451,  second  column,  (437). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot:  Biblical  Essays,  451  (437). 
W.    M.   Pfamsav:   The  Church  in  the  Roman 

Empire,  451  (437). 

C.  T.    Cruttwell :    Literary  History   of   Early 
Christianity,  191-2  (184-5). 

(c)   The  Church  at  Rome. 

W.  Moeller:  The  Christian  Church.  453  (439). 

G.    Salmon:  Infallibility  of  the  Church,  2476 
(2417). 

J.  J.  I.  Diillinger:  History  of  the  Church,  2476-7 
(2417-18). 

F.  W.  Farrar:  Early Daysof  Christianity,  2781-2 
(2707-8). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot :  The  Apostolic  Age,  453  (439). 
{d)   The  Church  at  Alexandria. 

R.  S.  Poole :  The  Cities  of  Egypt,  44  (37). 

E.  Kirkpatrick :  Development  of  Superior  Edu- 
cation, 708  (685). 

A.  Neander:  History  of  the  Christian  Church, 
4,52  (438). 

J.  P.  Mabaffy:  Alexander's  Empire,  2973  (2896). 
(e)  The  Destruction  of  Jerusalem. 

J.  B.  Lightfoot:  The  Apostolic  Age,  449  (43.'>). 

C.  Merivale:  History  of  the  Romans,  1962  (1921). 

Besant  and  Palmer:" Jerusalem,  1963  (1922). 

H.  H.  Milman:  History  of  the  Jews,  1963  (1922). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot :  The  Apostolic  Age.  461  (447). 
(/)  St.  John,  and  the  Church  at  Ephesvs. 

E.  Abbott:  History  of  Greece,  146,  second  col- 
umn, (139). 

J.  T.    Wood:   Discoveries  at  Ephesus,   1008-9 
(981-2) 

0.  Merivale:  History  of  the  Romans,  1009  (982). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot:  Biblical  Essays,  451-2  (437-8). 

'*  For  Christians  are  not  distinpruished  from  the  rest 
of  mankind  either  in  locality  or  in  speech,  or  in  cus- 
toms. .  .  .  They  dwell  iu  their  own  countries  as  the  lot 
of  each  is  cast. 'but  only  a-s  sojourners;  they  bear  their 
share  m  all  things  as  citizens,  and  they  endure  all  hard- 
ships afi  strangers.  Every  foreign  country  is  a  father- 
land to  him  and  every  fatherland  is  foreign.  .  .  . 
Their  existence  is  on  earth,  but  their  citizenship  is  in 


heaven.  They  obey  the  established  laws,  and  they  sur- 
pass the  laws  "in  their  own  lives.  They  love  all  men.  and 
they  are  persecuted  by  all.  War  is  urged  against  them 
as  aliens  b.\-  the  Jews,  and  persecution  is  carried  on 
against  them  by  the  Greeks,  and  yet  those  thit  hate 
them  cannot  tefl  the  reason  of  their  hostility.  "  The 
J^pistie  to  Ifiognetus  (about  A.  d.  150J. 

6.  The  Period  of  Church  Developiient  (a.  d. 

100-312): 
G.    B.  Brown:   From  Schola  to  Cathedral,  455 
(441). 

B.  F.  Westcott:  Religious  Thought  in  the  West, 
453^,  454  (439-40,  440). 

J.  F.  Hurst:  History  of  the  Christian  Church, 
454  (440). 

G.  Uhlhorn:  Conflict  of  Christianity  with  Hea- 
thenism, 454  (440). 

W.  M.  Ramsay:  The  Church  in  the  Roman  Em- 
pire. 455  (44'l). 

J.  H.  Kurtz:  Church  History,  457  (443). 

G.  A.  Jackson:  The  Fathers  of  the  Third  Century, 
457  (443). 

See  Map  between  pages  446-7  (432-3),  and  Ap- 
pendix D,  3806-10  (End  of  Vol.  I.). 

7.  Characteristics  of  Early  Church  and 
Christians  : 

G.  Uhlhorn:  Conflict  of  Christianity  with  Hea- 
thenism, 454  (440). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot:  Trans.  Epistle  to  Diognetus, 
454  (440). 

R.  W.  Church:  Gifts  of  Civilization,  455  (441). 

J.  B.  Lightfoot:  Apostolic  Aee,  457  (443). 

G.  P.  Fisher  :  Christian  Church,  459  (445). 

W.  M.  Ramsay:  The  Church  in  the  Roman  Em- 
pire, 456  (442). 

H.  Hayman:  Diocesan  Synods,  456  (442). 

W.  Jloeller:  Hist,  of  the"  Christian  Church,  457 
(443). 

G.  A.  Jackson  :  Fathers  of  the  Third  Century, 
457  (443). 

J.  H.  Kurtz;  Church  History,  459  (445). 

8.  The  Rise  op  Ecclesiasticism  : 

W.   D.   Killen:  The  Old  Catholic  Church,  458 

(444). 
J.  B.  Lightfoot:  The  Apostolic  Ace,  458  (444). 

C.  Gore:  The  Mission  of  the  Church,  458  (444). 
A.  Neander:  The  Christian  Religion,  458  (444). 

9.  Growth  of  Great  Church  Centres  : 
F.  W.  Puller:  Primitive  Saints,  458  (444). 

(a)  Alexandria. 

C.  T.  Crultwell:  Literary  History  of  Early  Chris- 
tianity, 459^60  (445-6). 

J.  B.  Heard;  Alexandrian  Theology.  460  (446). 

W.  Moeller;  Christian  Church.  460'  (446). 

C.  Bigg;  The  Christian  Plntouists,  460-1  (446-7). 

F.  C.  Baur;  Church  of  the  First  Three  Centuries, 
1589  (1.551). 

(J)  Rome. 

W.  Moeller:  The  Christian  Church,  462  (448). 

R.  Lanciaui:  Pagan  and  Christian  Rome,  462-3 
(448-9). 

E.   de  Pressense:   Early  Years  of  Christianity, 
463  (449). 
(r)  Carthage. 

C.  T.  Cruttwell :  Literary  History  of  Early  Chris- 
tianity. 461-2  (447-8). 

J.  I.  von  Dollinger:  European  History,  462  (448). 

10.  The  Persecutions  : 

G.  Uhlhorn:  The  Conflict  of  Christianity  with 
Heathenism,  456  (442). 

G.  B.  Brown:  From  Schola  to  Cathedral,  45f 
(442). 


202 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


(a)   Under  Nero  (a.  d.  64-8). 

F.  W.  Farrar:  Early  Davs  of  Christianity,  2781-2 
(2707-8). 
(6)   Under  Domitian  {K.  i>.  QZ-&). 

V.  Duruy.  History  of  Rome.  3784  (2710). 
(O   Under  Trajan  (a.  d.  112-16). 

R.  W.  Browne :  History  of  Rome,  2786,  first  col- 
umn, (2712). 

(d)  Under  Marcus  Aureliui  (A.  D.  175-8). 

F.  W.  Farrar:  Seekers  after  God,  2788  (2714). 

(e)  Under  Decius  (about  A.  D.  250). 

J.  C.  Robertson:  History  of  Christian  Church, 

2790  (2716). 

(/ )   Under  Diodetian  (A.  d.  303-5). 
8.  Eliot:  History  of  the  Early  Christians,  2792-3 

(2718-19). 
The  Ante-Nicene  Churches,  Appendix  D,  3806 

(End  of  Vol  I.). 

11.  The  CHtTRCH  Fathers  : 

J.  F.  Hurst:  History  of  the  Christian   Church, 

454  (440). 
W.  Jloeller :  The  Christian  Church,  456-7  (442-3). 
J.  H.  Kurtz:  Church  History,  457  (443). 

G.  A.  Jackson:  Fathers  of  the  Third  Century, 
457  (443). 

W.  Moeller:  The  Christian  Church,  460  (446). 
A.  Plummer:  Church  of  the  Early  Fathers,  461 

(447). 
J.  I.  von  DOllinger:  European  History,  462  (448). 
E.   de  Pressense:  Early  Years  of  Christianity, 

463  (449). 
W.  Stewart:  Church  in  the  Fourth  Century,  468 

(4.54). 
G.  T.   Stokes:  The  Celtic  Church,  472  (458). 
W.  Stewart:  Church  in  the  Fourth  Century,  471 

(456-7). 
T.  W.  Allies:  The  Holy  See,  2482  (2423). 

12.  The  Christian  Chdrch  becomes  the 
Church  of  the  Empire  (a.  d.  323) : 

G.  P.  Fisher:  History  of  the  Christian  Church, 

465  (451). 
A.  Carr:  The  Church  and  the  Roman  Empire, 

465-6  (451-2). 
Eusebius;  Ecclesiastical  Historv.  2794  (2720). 
E.  L.  Cutts:  Constantiue  the  Great,  2794-5(2721). 
A.  Neandcr:  History  of  the  Christian  Chiurch, 

2795  (2721). 
J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 

2795  (2721). 
H.  H.  Milman:  Historv  of  Christianity,  466-7, 

467-8  (452-3,  453-}).' 

13.  The  Eastern,  ok  Greek  Church  : 

E.  L.  Cutts:  Constantine  tlie  Great,  519  (505). 

G.  Finlay:  Greece  imder  the  Romans,  .520  (506). 

T.  HodRkin:  Itfily  and  Her  Invaders,  2H01  (2737). 

H.  F.  Tozer:  The  Church  and  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire. 46H-9  (4.54-5). 

R.  W.  Church:  The  Gifts  of  Civilization,  469 
(455). 

J.  C.  Lees:  The  Greek  Church,  470  (456). 

14.  The  Arian  Controversy,  and  Council  of 
NiCvEA  (a.  d.  325): 

The  Councils  of  the  Church.  644  C621). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  the  Homan  Empire, 

138  (131). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall.  138-9  (131-2). 
R.  W.  Bush:  St.  Athanasius.  2411  (2359). 
W.  Moeller:  (Uiristian  Church.  466  (452). 
T.  Hodskiii:  The  Dynasty  of  Theodosiu8,  2799, 

secoiKi  column.  (2725). 
E.  L.  Cutts:  Chariemagne,  1150  (1120). 


P.   Schaff:  History  of  Christian  Church,  1150 

(1130). 

15.  The  Revival  of  Paganism,  and  Formal 
Establishment  ok  Christianity  (a.  d.  361- 
895): 

G.  Uhlhorn:  Conflict  of  Christianity  with  Hea- 
thenism. 2796-8  (2722-4). 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi:  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
2798,  first  column,  (2724). 

J.  B.  S.  Carwithen-.  History  of  the  Christian 
Church,  2801  (2727). 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2800-1  (2726-7). 

16.  The  Spread  of  Christianity  in  the 
Provinces  : 

E.  de  Pressense:  Early  Years  of  Christianity, 

463  (449). 
C.  A.  A.  Scott;  Ulfilas,  464,  1594  (4.50.  1556). 
R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle 4Ages, 

1432  (1399). 
S.  Baring-Gould;  The  Church  in  Germany,  472 

(458). 
C.  Merivale :  Church  Historv.  464  (450). 
R.  W.  Church:  Gifts  of  Civilization,  465  (451). 
A.  Plummer:  Church  of  the  Early  Fathers,  464 

(450). 
Appendix  D,  8807-10  (End  of  Vol.  I.). 

17.  The  Fall  ok  Imperial,  Rise  of  Ecclesi- 
astical Rome  : 

J.  Watt :  The  Latin  Church.  471  (457). 

C.  Merivale :  Early  Church  History,  471  (457). 

E.     Hatch:     Organization     of    the     Christian 

Churches,  471  (457). 
G.  T.  Stokes:  The  Celtic  Church,  472  (458). 
J.  J.  I   von  Diillinger:  History  of  the  Church, 

2481  (2421-2). 
C.  Gore :  Leo  the  Great,  2481  (2422). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XIX. 

THE     ESTABLISHMENT     AND 
GROWTH  OF  THE  PAPACY. 


1.  The  Ro.man  Church  Claim   of  Descent 
FROM  St.  Peter  : 

G.  Salmon:  Infallibility  of   the  Church,  2476 

(2417). 
J.  .1.  I.  von  DOllinger;  History  of  the  Church, 

2476-7  (3417-18). 
Cardinal  Gibbous:  The  Faith  of  Our  Fathers, 

2477-8  (2418-19). 
Abb6  Guettee:  Tlie  Papacy,  2478-9  (2419-20). 
S.  Cheetham:  Historv  of  the  Church.  2480  (3421). 
G.  F.  Seymour:  Christian  Unity,  2480  (2421). 
E    de  Pressense;  Early  Years  of  Christianity, 

463  (449). 

2.  The  Rise  OP  THE  Episcopate: 

W.   D.  Killen:  The  Old  Catholic  Church,  458 

(444). 
C   Gore:  Mission  of  the  Church.  4.58  (444). 
J.  B.  Liclitfoot:  The  Apostolic  Age,  458  (444). 
A.  Nean'cier:  The  Christian  Religion,  458  (444). 
E.     Hatcli:   Organization     of     the     Christian 

Churches.  471  (457). 
C.  Gore.  Leo  the  Great,  2481  (2422). 
8.  The  Patriarchates  : 

J     H.   Egar:   Christendom  ;  Ecclesiastical  and 
"  PoUtical,  406  (4.52). 


203 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


J.  E.  T.  Wiltsch:  Statistics  of  the  Church,  466 

(453). 
J.  C.  Lees:  The  Greek  Church,  470,  first  column, 

(456). 
C.  Merivale:  Early  Church  History.  471  (4a  i). 

4.  The  Early  Bishops  of  Rome  (a.  d.  43-600): 
J  J   I.  von  DOllinger:  History  of  the  Church, 

3480-1  (3431-3). 
C.  Gore ;  Leo  the  Great,  2481  (2432). 
J  H  Egar:  Ecclesiastical  and  Political  Christen- 

'dom,  476(463). 
V.  Duruy :  Middle  Ages,  476  (463). 

5.  Origin  op  the  Papal  Title  : 

A.  P.  Stanley:  The  Eastern  Church,  3480  (3431). 
R.  W.  Bush:  St.  Athanasius.  2411  (3359). 

6.  Causes  that  led  to  the  Supremacy  of 
THE  Roman  Church : 

J.  Watt:  The  Latin  Church,  471  (457). 

C.  Merivale;  Church  History,  471  (4.57). 

E   Hatch:  The  Christian  Churches,  471  (457). 

C   Gore:  Leo  the  Great,  2481  (2433). 

S    Cheetham :  The  Christian  Church,  3479,  last 

column,  3480  (2431). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1045  (1017). 

7.  Gregory  the  Great  (a.  d.  590-604): 

V  Duruy:  The  Middle  Ages,  475-6  (461-2). 
J.  Barmby:  Gregory  the  Great.  3481-3  (3432-3). 
T   W.  Allies:  The  Holy  See,  2483  (2423). 
M.    Creighton :    History  of  the  Papacy,   2818 

(2744).' 
C   Merivale  :  Early  Church  History,  476  (462). 
V.  Duruy:  The  Middle  Ages,  476-7  (462-3;. 
J.  F.  Rowbotham:  History  of  Music,  2280-1. 

8.  From  Gregory  to  Charlemagne  (a.  d.  600- 
800): 

The  Succession  of  Popes,  3482-3  (3433-4). 

(a)   The  Rise  of  Papal  Sorereignty  at  Rome. 
G  Finlay:  The  Bvzantlne  Empire,  2483  (2434). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3483  (2434). 
J.  E.   Darras:  History  of  the  Catholic  Church, 

3483  (2424). 
P.  Godwin  :  History  of  France,  2483  (2434). 
J   Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  3483  (3424). 
C.    J.    Stille:   Mediaeval  History,    1467,  second 

column,  (1436). 

(d)  The  Iconoclastic  Controversy. 
J.  L.  von  Mosheim:  Ecclesiastical  History,  1733 

(1693-3). 
J.  C.  Lees:  The  Greek  Church,  470  (456). 

(c)   TTie  Forged  Donation  of  Constantine,  and 
False  Decretals. 
E   Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2484  (2435). 
J  Bryce-  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  2484  (2425). 
j'  Alzog :  Manual  of  Church  History,  2484  (242.5). 
J.  E.  Riddle:  History  of  the  Papacy,  2485  (2426). 

9.  The  Alliance  betvteen  the  Papacy  and 
TUK  Franks : 

J  Bryce  :  The  Holy  Roman  Empire  (1846-1806). 
R   W  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1846-7  (1806-7). 
C.  J.  Stille:  Studies  in  Mediaeval  History,  1467-8 

(1436-7). 
E.  Emerton:  The  Middle  Ages,  1434r-5  (1401-2). 

10.  From     Charlemagne    to    Hildebrand; 
Degradation  of  the  Holy  See  (a.  d.  300- 

1073): 
Cardinal  J.  H.  Newman:  Essays,  2485-6  (2426-7) 
A    F    Villemain  :   Life  of  Gregory  VII.,  2820 

(2746). 


Abbe  J.  E.  Darras :  The  Catholic  Church,  2820 

(3746). 
C   W.  Koch:  The  Revolutions  of  Europe,  1471 

(1439-40). 
J    I    von  DOllinger:  European  History,  2820-1 

(2746-7). 
J.  H.Allen:  Christian  History,  1473  (1442). 
G   B.  Adams:  Civilization  during  Middle  Ages, 

1473-4  (1442-3). 
E.  L.  Cutis:  Charlemagne,  1150  (1120). 
P  SchaS:  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  1150 

(1120). 

"  Such  are  a  few  of  the  most  prominent  features  of  the 
ecclesiastical  history  of  these  dreadful  times,  when,  in 
the  words  of  St.  Bruno,  ■  the  world  lay  in  wickedness, 
holiness  had  disappeared,  justice  had  peri.ihed,  and 
truth  had  been  buried;  Simon  Magus  lording  it  over 
the  Church,  whose  bishops  and  priests  were  given  to 
luxury  and  fornication.'  Had  we  lived  in  such  deplorable 
times  .  ...  we  should  have  felt  for  certain,  that  if 
it  was  possible  to  retrieve  the  Church,  it  must  be  by 
some  external  power ;  she  was  helpless  and  resourceless ; 
and  the  civil  power  must  interfere,  or  there  was  no 
hope."    Cabdinal  J.  H.  Newman. 

11.    Hildebrand  and  Repobm    (a.  d.   1073- 

1086) : 
Count  de  Montalembert:  Monks  of  the  West, 

2486-7  (2427-8). 
J.  Alzog  :  Manual  of  History,  2487-8  (2428). 
G  B.  Adams:  Civilization  during  Middle  Ages, 

1473^  (1443-3). 
J.  N.  Murphy:  The  Chair  of  Peter,  2493  (3432). 

(a)  Papal  Elections. 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  2491-2  (3431-2). 

(*)  Celibacy. 
Sir  James  Stephen:  Hildebrand,  2488  (2429). 

((•)  Investitures. 
Hinschius:  Investiturstreit,  2488-9  (3794-6). 

(d)  At  Canossa. 
W.  Moeller:  The  Christian  Church,  2490  (2430). 
W.  R.  W.  Stephens:  Hildebrand  and  His  Times, 

396-7  (386-7). 
W  S   Lilly:  The  Turning-Pomt  of  the  Middle 

Ages,  3490-1  (3430-1). 
J.  H.  Allen:  Christian  History,  1474  (1442). 
H.  H.  Milman:  Latin  Christianity,  3831  (3747). 

(«)   The  Concordat  of  Worms. 
J.  Sime:  History  of  Germany,  1474  (1443). 
J.  J.  I.  Dollinger:  History  of  the  Church,1474-5 

(1443-4). 
R.  C.  Trench:  Mediaeval  Church  History,  3491 

(3431). 

12.  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen  (a.  d. 
1138-1250): 

J.  C.  L.  Sismondi :  The  Italian  Republics,  1850 

(1810). 
M.  Creighton  :   History  of  the  Papacy,  3492-3 

(3433-3). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages.  2493-4  (3433-4). 
U.  Balzani:  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

1478  (1445). 
O.  Browning:  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  1478-9 

(1445-6). 
B.  A.  Freeman:  European  History,  1479  (1446). 

:  Frederick  the  Second,  1479-^80  (1446-7). 

J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1854  (1814). 
T.  L.   Kington:  Frederick  the  Second,  1855-6 

(1815-16). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  10.50  and  1054(1032, 1026). 

13.  The  "Babylonish  Captivity "  (a.  d.  1294- 
1378): 

G.  Trevor :  Rome,  2494-5  (3434-5). 

L.  Pastor :  History  of  the  Popes,  3495-6  (3435-6). 

M.  Creighton;  History  of  the  Papacy,  3496  (3436). 


204 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


14.  The  "Great  Schism  "  (a.  d.  1378-1417): 
W.  W.  Story;  Castle  St.  ..Vniielo,  ^97  (1^37). 

J.  N.  Slurpliv:  The  Chair  of  Peter,  ^496  (3438). 
L.  Pastor:  ll'istory  of  tlie  Popes.  2498  (2438). 
J.  Alzog:   Mauual  of  Church  History,  2498-9 
(iM38-9). 

15.  The  Darkest  Age  of  the  Papacy  (a.  d. 
1417-1517): 

R.  C.  Trench :  Medixval  Church  History,  2500 

(2440). 
R.  L.  Poole  :  Wycliffe  and  Reform  Movements, 

2501(2441). 
T.  H.  Over;  Modern  Europe,  2501  (3441). 
H.  A.  Taine  :  English  Literature,  2501-2  (2441-2). 
J.  A.  Symonds  ;  Renaissance  in  Italy,  2503,  2.503 

(3442,  2443). 

16.  Eve  op  the  Great  Reformation  : 
T.  Kolde:  Martin  Luther,  2504. 

L.  Ranke;  History  of  the  Reformation,  2504-5 

(3443-4). 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Reformation,  2.505  (2444). 
Cardinal   N.    Wiseman:    Lectures   on    Catholic 

Church,  2.50.5-6  (3444-5). 
J.  N.  M.  D'Aubigue;  Story  of  the  Reformation, 

2506  (3445). 

17.  The  Inquisition  (a.  d.  1203-1525): 

J.  A.  Symonds:  The  Catholic  Reaction,  1789-91 
(1750-2). 

*  Ste  ijnportant  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XX. 


MONASTICISM  AND  THE  RELIGIOUS 
ORDERS. 


1.    MOKASTICISM  : 

I.  Gregory  Smith :  Christian  Monasticism,  468 
(454). 

E.  Schllrer:  The  Jewish  People,  1014  (3745). 
Charles  Kingslcv  ;  The  Hermits,  119-30(112-13). 

1.  Greirory  Smith:  Christian  Monasticism,  2239- 
40  (210.5-6). 

Coimt  de  Montalembert:  Monks  of  the  West, 

2240-1  (2190-7). 
A.  Jessop :   The  Coming  of  the  Friars,  2241-2 

(2197-8). 
Coimt  de  Montalembert:  Monks  ot  the  West, 

20.50-1  (2006-7). 

F.  Madan  :  Hooks  in  Manuscript,  2051-2  (2007-8). 
F.  Guizot :  History  of  Civilization,  711  (088). 
A.  T.  Drane:  Christian  Schools,  711-12  (688-9). 

2.  The  Benedictines  (ahoct  a.  d.  500) : 
{a)  Tlie  Original  Order. 

C.  J.  Stilli:  Mcdi:eval  History,  288  (279). 

(h)   Tlif  CiingrrridlioHii  of  ('tuny. 
R.  C.  Trench:  Media;val  History,  495  (481). 

3.  The  Carthusians  (about  a.  d.  1075): 

J.  E.  Darras:  The  Catholic  Church.  405  (395). 
M.    A.    Scliimniclpenninck:    La  Grande   Char- 
treuse, 405  (395). 

4.  The  Cistercians  (about  a.  d.  1100): 
in)   T7ie  Orir/innl  Order. 

K.  Norgate :  England  under  the  Angevin  Kings, 

487  (472-3). 
C.  .1.  Stillr  :  Modiirval  Historv,  491-2  (477-8). 
H.  Stebbing :  The  Universal  Church,  492  (478). 


Q.  W.  Cox  :  The  Crusades,  653  (630). 

(6)   The  Trappista  (about  1150). 
C.    Lancelot:    La    Grande  Chartreuse,    3237-8 

(3121-2). 

(<•)  Port  Royal  (a.  d.  1204-1710). 
J.  Tulloch:  Pascal,  2637  (2565). 
J.  B.  Perkins:   France  under  Mazarin,  2637-9 

(2565-7). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  2639  (2567). 
Duke  of  Saint  Simon:  Memoirs,  2640  (2508). 
J.   J.    I.    DoUinger:    European    History,   2640 

(2568). 

5.  The    Auoustinians,   or    Austin    Canons 
(.\bout  a.  d.  1150): 

K.  Norgate :  England  under  the  Angevin  Kings, 

197  (lOOj. 
E.  L.  Cutts:  Middle  Ages,  2656  (3.584). 

6.  The  Carmelite  Friars  (about  a.  d.  1150): 
J.  L.  von  Mosheim :  Ecclesiastical  History,  401 

(391). 

7.  The  Dominicans  (about  a.  d.  1200) : 

J.  Alzog  :  Manual  of  Church  History,  2196  (2152). 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Renaissance  in  Italy,  1789-91 
(1750-2). 

8.  The  Franciscans  (about  a.  d.  1225): 

J.    Alzog:   Slanual  of    Church    History,   2196 
(2152). 

E.  L.  Cutts :  Middle  Ages,  3196  (2152). 

A.  M.  F.  Robinson:  End  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

285  (276). 
J.  L.  von  Mosheim ;  Ecclesiastical  History,  286 

(377). 
M  Creichton;  The  Papacy,  3493,  first  column, 

(2433). 
See  "  The  Recollects,"  3700  (3637). 

9.  The  Capuchins  (about  a.  d.  1500): 

J.  Alzog:  Manual  of  Church  History,  399  (389). 

10.  The  Theatines  (about  a.  d.  153.5): 

A.  W,  Ward:  The  Counter -Reformation,  3189 

(3104). 
L.  von  Ranke :  History  of  the  Popes,  3189  (3104). 

11.  The  Lazarists  (about  a.  d.  1625): 
J.  Alzog:  Universal  History,  2039  (1995). 

12.  Hospitallers  op   St.   John   op  Jerusa- 
lem (A.  D.  1U8-): 

T.  Koightlcy:  The  Crusaders,  1701-3  (1662-3). 

F.  C;.  Woodhouse:   Slilitary  Religious  Orders, 
1T02  (1063). 

G.  Finlay;  The  Byzantine  and  Greek  Empires, 
1702  (1663). 

W.  H.    Prescott:  Reign  of  Philip  11.,  1708-4 
(1664-5). 

F.  C.  Woodhouse:    Military  Religious    Orders, 
1701-5  (1665-6). 

13.  The  Kniohts  Templars  (about  a.  i>.  1120): 
T.  Keightloy:  The  Crusaders,  8176  (3091). 
C.  G.   Addison:   The  Knights  Templars, 

(3091). 

G.  W.  Kitchin:  Historv  of  France,  8177  (3092). 
A   P  Marras:  Secret  Fraternities  of  the  Middle 

Ages,  1438-9  (1405-6). 
R.  A.  Vaughn:  Hours  with  the  Mystics,  2820-7 
(27.52-3). 

14.  The  Teutonic  Knights  (about  a.  d.  1190): 
F    C.  Woodhouse:   Military  Religious  Orders, 

318.5-6  (;)1 00-01). 
G    F.  Macleiir:  Apostles  of  Meditcval  Europe, 
2684-5  (2612-13). 


3170 


205 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


15.  The  Society  of  Jebcs  (a.  d.  1540-); 

(a)  Loyola,  and  the  Founding  of  the  Order. 

L.  Hau8Ber:  The  Reformation,  1928-9  (1887-8). 
G.  B.  Nicolini:  The  Jesuits,  1929  (1888). 
A.  T.  Drane:  Christian  Schools,  731  (708). 
O.    Compayre:    History    of    Pedagogy,    731-2 

(708-9). 
O.  Browning:  Educational  Theories,  733  (709). 

(b)  Early  Jesuit  Missions. 

A  Historical    Sketch  of    the  Jesuits,   1929-30 

(1888-9). 
W.  P.  Greswell:  The  Dominion  of  Canada,  1930 

(1889). 
F.  Parkraan  :  The   Jesuits  in   North  America, 

1930-1  (1889-90). 
R.  Mackenzie  ;  America,  371-2  (361-2). 
The  Hundred  Years  of  Christianity  in  Japan, 

1915-16  (1875-6). 
D.  Murray:  The  Story  of  Japan,  1916  (1876). 

(f)  Changes  in  the  Statutes  of  the  Order. 

L.    von  Ranke  :   History  of  the  Popes,  1931-3 

(1890-1). 

{d)  Expulsion  of  tTie  Order  from  France  (a.  d. 
1595). 
T.  H.  Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  1346,  first  column, 

(1214). 

(e)  Controversy  with  the  Jamenists  (a.  d.  1653- 
1715). 
J.    B.   Perkins :    France  and  Mazarin,   2637-9 

(2565-7). 
H.  Martin :  History  of  France,  2639  (3567). 

(/)   General  Suppression  of  the  Society  through- 
out Europe  (a.  d.  1757-1775). 
H.  M.  Stephens  :  The  Story  of  Portugal,  1933-3 

(1891-2). 
W.  H.  Jervis:  History  of  the  Church  of  France, 

1933-4  (1892-3). 

(g)  Suppression  of  the  Order  by  the  Pope  (.\.  D. 
1773),  and  Restoration  (a.  d.  1814). 

The  Jesuits  and  Their  Expulsion,  1934-5,  and 

1935  (1893-4,  and  1894). 
Clement  XIV.  and  the  Jesuits,  1935  (1894). 

"  Himself  without  home  or  country,  and  not  holding 
the  doctrines  of  .any  political  party,  the  Disciple  of 
Jesus  renounced  everything;  which  might  alienate  him 
among  v.irying  nationalities,  pursuing  various  i>olitical 
aims.  Then  he  did  not  confine  his  labors  to  the  pulpit 
and  the  confessional;  he  gained  an  influence  over  the 
rising  gener.ation  by  a  systematic  attention  to  educa- 
tion, which  hart  been  shamefully  neglected  by  the  other 
orders.  It  is  a  true  saying,  that  '  he  who  gains  the  youth 
possesses  the  future"';  and  by  devoting  themselves  to 
the  education  of  youth,  the  .Jesuits  secured  a  future  to 
the  Church  more 'surely  than  by  any  other  scheme  that 
could  have  been  devised.  What  the'schoolniasters  were 
for  the  vouth,  the  confessors  were  for  those  of  riper 
years;  what  the  clerical  teachers  were  for  the  common 
people,  the  sjiiritual  directors  and  confidants  were  for 
great  lords  and  rulers  —  for  the  Jesuits  aspired  to  a 
place  at  the  side  of  the  great,  and  at  gaining  the  con- 
fidence of  Kings."  L.  Hausseb. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XXI. 


THE    RISE    AND    CONQUESTS    OF 

MOHAMMEDANISM. 


1.  Arabia  and  the  Arabs;  the  Saracens: 

A.  H.  Sayce  ;  Races  of  the  Old  Testament,  2963 

(2886). 
G.  Rawlinson:  Notes  to  Herodotus.  138  (121). 
P.  Lenormant:  Ancient  History.  128-9  (121-2). 
A.  H.  Sayce:  Ancient  Arabia,  139-30  (132-3). 


206 


E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2878  (3803). 
H.  H.  Milman:  Note  to  Gibbon,  2878  (2803). 
H.  Yule:  Cathay,  3315-16,  and  3216-17  (3704-5, 
and  3705-6). 

3.  The   Birth  and   Career  of   Mohammed 

(A.  D.  570-«32); 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Conquests  of  the  Saracens,  2113 

(2067). 
Sir  W.  Muir:  Life  of  Mahomet,  2112-13(2067-8). 
J.  W.  H.  Stobart :  Islam  and  Its  Founder,  1843 

(1803). 
Sir  H.  Nicholas:   Chronology  of  History,  1011 

(984). 
S.  Lane-Poole:  Studies  in  a  Mosque,  2194  (3150). 

3.  The  First  Caliphate  ;  from  Abu  Bekr  to 
Ali  (a.  d.  633-661): 

See  Caliph,  363  (353). 

R.  D.  Osborn :  Islam  under  the  Khalifs,  1735 
(1696). 

(a)  Conquest  of  Syria. 

Geo.  Adam  Smith :  Geography  of  Holy  Land, 

3141-2  (3057-8). 
E,  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2113-14  (3068-9). 
W.  Irving:  !Mahomet  and  His  Successors,  1923 

(1882). 

(b)  Conquest  of  Persia. 

G.  Rawlinson:  Seventh  Oriental  Monarchy,  2114 
(2069). 
{e)  Conquest  of  Egypt. 

Sir  W.  Muir:  Annals  of  Early  Caliphate,  3114^15 
(3069-70). 

Researches  on  Burning  of  Library  of  Alexan- 
dria, 2047-8  (2003-4). 
(d)  Conquest  of  Northern  Africa. 

T.  Mommsen:  History  of  Rome,  3443  (2390)- 

H.  E.  M.  Stutfield:  El  Maghreb,  2133-4  (2089-90). 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Conquest  of  Saracens,3115  (2070). 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  2115  (3070). 

4.  The  Omettad  Caliphate  (a.  d.  661-750): 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Conquests  of  the  Saracens,  3116 

(3071). 
Sir  W.  Muir :  Annals  of  the  Early  Caliphate, 
2116-17  (2071-2). 

5.  The  Subjugation  op  the  Turks  (a.  d.  710): 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3346  (3130). 

:  ,  2117  (2073). 

6.  The  Conquest  of  Spain  (a.  d.  711-13),  and 
Battle  of  Tours  (732) : 

R.  W.  Church:  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1599-1600  (1561-3). 
H.  Coppee:  The  Conquest  of  Spain,  3054(3974). 
P.    Godwin:   History  of  France,  3117-18,  3119 

(2072-5,  3076). 

7.  The  Divided  Caliphate  ;  the  Omettad8 
AND  Abbassides  (a.  d.  715): 

Sir  W.  Muir :  Annals  of  the  Early  Caliphate, 

2118  (307.5). 
E.  A.  Freeman  :  Conquests  of  the  Saracens,  3119, 

3120  (3076,  2077). 
E.  H.  Palmer:  Haroun  Alraschid,  2119  (2076). 
T.  NiJldeke:  Eastern  History,  2120  (2077). 

8.  Turkish  Supremacy,  and  Establishment 
of  the  Sultan.'vte  (a.  d.  1000-): 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3247  (3131). 

A.    Vamberv:   History  of  Bokhara,   3247,  3349 

(3131,  3133). 
R.  D.  Osborn:  Islam  under  Khalifs  of  Bagdad, 

3247-8  (3131-2). 
E.  Pears;  The  Fall  of  Constantinople,  3248  (3132). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


i3.  Pinlay:  The  Byzantine  and  Greek  Empires, 
■6-iiS  (3133). 

9.  Rise  of  the  Ottoman  Empike  (a.  d.  1250-) : 
Besant  and  Palmer:  Jerusalem,  2867  (2793-3). 
J.  F.  >Iichaud:  History  of  the  Crusades,  2867 

(2793). 
E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  3249-50  (3133^). 

10.  Crv'iLizATioN  OF  THE  Saracens; 
((j)  Education. 

J.  \V.  Draper.  Intellectual  Development  of  Eu- 
rope, 713  (690). 
Westminster  Review :  Intellectual  Revival,  713- 

U  (690-1). 

(A)  Medical  Science. 
J.  H.  Baas :  History  of  Medicine,  2173-4  (3130). 
G.  F.  Fort:  Medical  Economy  of  Sliddle  Ages. 

2174  (3130). 
P.    V.    Renouard :    History  of  Medicine,   2174 

(2130). 

(c)  Commerce. 
H.  Yule  :  Cathay,  3215-17  (3704-6). 
G.   Fiulay:    The    Byzantine    Empire,    3317-18 

(3706-7). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XXII. 


THE   CRUSADES. 


"'Yoo,'  continued  the  eloquent  pontiff  [Urban  II.], 
*you,  who  hear  me,  am!  who  have  received  the  true 
faith,  and  been  endowed  by  God  with  power,  and 
Btrenj^th,  and  greatness  of  soul,  —  whose  ancestors  have 
been  the  prop  of  Christendom,  and  whose  Kings  have 
put  a  barrier  against  the  i»rogress  of  the  iutldel,  —  1  call 
upon  you  to  wiiM-  oil'  thcsi-  iiiiimritirs  from  the  face  of 
the  earth, and  Iilr  \tinriip]>re>M'(l  ft-IlowCliristiansfroni 
tlie  depths  into  which  they  have  been  trampled.'  Pales- 
tine was,  be  said,  a  land  tiowiug  with  milk  and  honey, 
and  precious  in  the  sight  of  <iod,  a-s  the  scene  of  tlje 
grand  events  which  have  saved  mankind.  That  land,  he 
promised,  should  be  divided  among  them.  Moreover, 
they  should  have  full  pardon  for  all  their  oiTenses  against 
God  or  man.  *  (ro  then,'  he  added,  *  in  expiation  olyour 
sins;  and  go  assured  that,  after  this  world  shall  nave 
passed  away,  imperishable  glory  shall  be  yours  in  the 
world  to  come.'  'The  eiithusiiusm  was  no  longer  to  be  re- 
strained, and  loud  shouts  interrupted  the  speaker;  the 
people  exclaiming  as  with  one  voice,  '  Dieu  le  veult ! 
Dleu  le  veult ! '  "    C.  iMACKAV. 


1.  Causes  of  the  Movements: 

W.  Irving:  Mahomet  and  His  Successors, 


1923 


(1882). 
E.  A.  Freeman;  Conquests  of  the  Saracens,  2120 

(2077). 
G.  Finlay:  Byzantine  and  Greek  Empires,  649 

(626). 

2.  PiiEAcniNo  OP  Pope  Urban  II.,  and  Peter 
tiik  Hermit  : 

C.  Mackay:  Popular  Delusions.  649-.')0  (626-7). 
E.  Gibbon;  Decline  and  Fall,  650  (637). 

3.  Tub  First  Crusade  (a.  d.  1090-1099): 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  6.50-1  (637-8). 
Besant  and  Palmer:  .lerusalcm,  19'23^  (1882-3). 
T.  Keightley:  The  Crusaders,  651-3  (638-9). 

H.  F.  Brown:  Venice,  872.5-6  (360.5-«). 

4.  The  Latin  Kingdom  of  Jerusalem  (a.  d. 
1099-1291): 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  1924  (1888). 
T.  Keightley:  The  Crusaders,  1934  (1883), 
C.  Mills:  The  Crusades,  1924-5  (1883-4). 


G.  W.  Cox:  The  Crusades,  1925  (1884). 

5.  The  Second  Crusade  (a.  d.  1147^9): 
H.  von  Sybel:  The  Crusades,  6.52-3  (639-30). 
G.  W.  Cox:  The  Crusades,  653  (630). 

C.  M.  Yonge:  History  of  France,  1193  (1161-2). 

K.  Xorgate:  England  under  the  Angevin  Kings. 

137-8  (130-1).  ^ 

6.  The  Third  Cruhade  (a.  d.  1188-93): 
J.  F.  Michaud:  The  Crusades,  653  (630). 

E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  653-4  (630-1). 
G.  W.  Cox:  The  Crusades,  654  (631). 

7.  The  Fourth  and  Fifth  Crusades  (a.  d. 
1196-1303): 

G.  W.  Cox:  The  Crusades,  654  (631). 
E.    Pears:  The  Fall  of  Constantinople,  654^ 
(631-3). 

8.  The  Conquest  of  Constautinople  (a,  d. 
1204): 

G.  Finlay:  The  Byzantine  and  Greek  Empires, 

3726  (3606). 
E.  Pears:  The  Fall  of  Constantinople,  3726,  and 

350-1  (3606  and  340-1). 
G.  Finlay:  History  of  Greece,  351  (341). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  351-2  (341-2). 
G.  Pinlay:  History  of  Greece,  6  and  2730  (6  and 

2656). 

:  Byzantine  and  Greek  Empires,  1649-50 

(1611-12). 

9.  Minor  Crusading  Movements  : 

(a)  The  Children's  Crusade  (a.  d.  1212). 
Besant  and  Palmer;  Jerusalem,  65.5-6  (632-3). 

(6)  Against  tite  Albigenses  (a.  d.  1309-1339). 
G.    Rawlinson:    Seventh    Oriental    Monarchy, 

2127-8  (2083-4). 
J.  L.  Mosheim:  Christianity.  2128  (2084). 
H.  H.  Milnian:  Latin  Christianity,  39  (.32). 
J.  Alzog:  Manual  of  Church  History,  39  (32). 
Sir  J.  Stephen:  History  of  France,  39  (33). 
E.  Smedley :  History  of  France,  39^0  (32-3). 
Sir  James  Stephen :  History  of  France,  40  and 

41  (,33  and  34). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Hist.   Geography  of  Europe, 

40-1  (33-4). 

(r)  Agaiiist  the  Livonians  (about  a.  d.  1200). 
G.  F.  Maclear:  Apostles  of  Media;val  Europe, 

2075  (2031). 

(d)  Against  the  Prussians  (about  A.  D.  1350-). 
G.  F.  Maclear :  Apostles  of  Mediajval  Europe, 

2684-5  (2612-13). 
T.  Carlyle:  Frederick  the  Great,  2685  (2613). 

(«)  Against  t/ie  Almohades  (a.  d.  1213). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Conquest  of    the  Saracens,  49 

(43.) 
H.  Coppee:  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Moors, 

3058  (2977). 

10.  The  Sixth  Crusade  (a.  d,  1218-29): 
G.  Procter  :  The  Crusades,  6.56-7  (633-4). 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Emperor  Frederick  the  Second, 
1480  (1446-7). 

Besant  and  Palmer:  Jerusalem,  1926  (1885). 

11.  The  Seventh  Crusade  (a.  d.  1248-.54): 

F.  P.  Gui/.ot:  History  of  France,  657-8  (084-5). 
J.  F.  Midland  :  The  Crusades,  658  (685). 

13.  Final  Movements  (a.  d.  (1370-99): 

F.  P.  Guizot;  History  of  France,  6.58-9  (685-<S). 

G.  Procter:  The  Crusades,  1937-8  (1886-7). 

W.    .Stubbs;    Mediajval  and   Modern  History, 

1928  (1887). 
C.   G.    Addison:  The   Knights  Templars,    6,59 

(686). 


207 


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13.  The  Effects  of  tije  Crusades; 

E.  GibboQ;  Decline  and  Fall,  659  (636). 
H.  Hallam:  The  >Uddle  Ages,  659  (636). 

W.  Robertson ;  Progress  of  Society  in  Europe, 

659  (636). 
W.  Stubbs:  Mediaeval  and  Modem  History,   660 

637). 

F.  Guizot:  History  of  Civilization,  660-1  (637-8). 
"The  principle  of  the  Crusades  was  a  savage  fanati- 
cism ;  and  the  most  important  effects  were  analogous 
to  the  cause.  Each  pilgrim  was  ambitious  to  return 
with  his  sacred  spoils,  the  relics  of  Greece  and  Pales- 
tine ;  andeach  relic  was  preceded  and  followed  by  a  train 
of  miracles  and  visions.  The  belief  of  the  Catholics  was 
corrupted  by  new  legends,  their  practice  by  new  super- 
stitions; and  the  establishment  of  the  inquisition,  the 
mendicant  orders  of  monks  and  friars,  the  last  abuse  of 
indulgences,  and  the  final  progress  of  idolatry,  flowed 
from  the  baleful  fountain  of  the  holy  war." 

E.  GiBBOS. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XXIII. 


THE     RENAISSANCE  — THE     BIRTH 
OF  THE  MODERN  AGE  (A.  D.  1400-1500). 


1.  The  General  Meaning  op  the  Term; 
J.   A.   Symonds;  Renaissance  in  Italy,   2703-4 

(2630-1). 
P.  Villari :  Niccolo  Machiavelli,  2704  (2631). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1077-9  (1049-51). 

2.  The  Leading  Influence  of  Italy  in  the 
Awakening  : 

J.    A.    Symonds:  Renaissance  in  Italy,  1872-3, 

1874-5  (1832-3,  1834-5). 
Vernon  Lee:  Euphorion,  1874  (1834). 
H.  A.  Taine:  Italy,  Florence,  and  Venice,   1173 

(1143). 

"  'When  Machiavelli  called  Italy  '  the  corruption  of 
the  world,'  he  did  not  speak  rhetorically.  An  impure 
and  worldly  clergy;  an  irreligious,  though  superstitious, 
laity;  a  self-indulgent  and  materialistic  middle  class; 
an  idle  aristocracy,  excluded  from  jiolitics  and  unused 
to  arms;  a  public  given  up  to  pleasure  and  money  getr 
ting;  a  multitude  of  scholars,  devoted  to  trifles,  and 
vitiated  by  studies  which  clashed  with  the  ideals  of 
Christianity  —  from  such  elements  in  the  nation  pro- 
ceeded a  widely  spread  and  ever-increasing  degeneracy. 
.  .  .  Religion  expired  in  laughter,  irony,  and  license. 
Domestic  simplicity  yielded  to  vice,  whereof  the 
records  are  precise  and  unmistakable.  The  virile  vir- 
tues disappeared.  What  survived  of  courage  assumed 
the  forms  of  ruffianism,  ferocity,  and  treasonable  dar- 
ing. Still,  simultaneously  with  this  decline  in  .all  the 
moral  qualities  which  constitute  a  powerful  people, 
the  Italians  brought  their  arts  and  some  departments 
of  their  literature  to  a  perfection  that  can  only  be  paral- 
leled by  Ancient  Greece.  The  anomaly  implied  in  this 
statement  is  striking;  but  it  is  revealed  to  us  by  evi- 
dence too  overwhelming  to  be  rejected. 

J.  A.  SVMONDS. 

3.  Other  Greatly  Contributing  Causes  ; 
(a)   T/ie  Capture  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks 

(A.  D.  1453): 
C  C.  Felton:  Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern,  534 

(510). 
DemetriosBikelas:  The  Byzantine  Empire,  352 

(342). 
J.  N.  Larned:  The  Greek  Revival,  1077-8(10.50), 

(S)   The  Invention  of  Printing  (a.  d.  1456). 
J.  N.  Larned:  The  Invention  of  Printing,  1077 

(1049). 
H.  Bouchot :  The  Printed  Book,  2660  (2588). 
W.  Blades:  Books  in  Chains,  2660-1  (2588-9). 

(c)  The  Marvelous  Mesults  of  Exploration  and 
Disc/ycery. 
J.  N.  Lamed  :  Europe,  1078-9  (1050-1). 

208 


J.   A.   Blanqui:    Hist,  of  Political  Economy, 
3730-1  (3610-11). 

(1)  The  Early  Successes  of  the  Portuguese. 
C.  R.  Markham ;  The  Sea  Fathers,  2644  (2572). 
J.  Yeats :  Growth  of  Commerce,  2644-5  (2572-8). 
J.    W.    Draper:    Intellectual    Development  of 

Europe,  2645  (2573). 

(2)  The  Spanish  Discoveries. 

H.  H.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  Pacific  States, 

55  (48). 
Sir  A.  Helps:  The  Spanish  Conquest,  55-6  (48-9). 

C.  R.  Markham  :  The  Sea  Fathers,  56  (49). 
W.  Irving  :  Life  of  Columbus,  57-8  (50-1). 

J.  Fiske :  The  Discovery  of  America,  60  (53). 
J.   Winsor :  Narrative  and   Critical  History  of 
America,  61-2  (54-5). 

(3)  The  English  Discoveries. 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  United  States,  58 

(51). 
H.  Harrisse  :  Discovery  of  North  America,  59. 
: ,  61  (3678). 

4.  The  Effects  op  the  Renaissance: 

(rt)  In  Italy. 
H.   A.  Taine:  History  of  English  Literature, 

2502  (2442). 
W~  Hunt:  History  of  Italv.  1870  (1830). 
Mrs.  Oliphant:  Makers  of  Florence,  1172  (1142). 
H.  A.  Taine:  Italy,  Florence,  and  Venice,  1173-3 

(1142-3). 

(b)  In  France. 
J.  A    Symonds:   Renaissance  in   Italy,  1873-3 

(1833-3). 
Mrs.  5Iark  Pattison:  The  Renaissance  of  Art, 

1216-17  (1184^). 
A.  Tilley:  Literature  of  the  French  Renaissance, 

1217  (1185). 

(c)  In  Germany. 
M.  Arnold :  Schools  on  the  Continent,  727  (704). 

{d)  In  England. 
H.  A.  Taine :  English  Literature.  851-2  (824-5). 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Shakspere's  Predecessors,  853-3 

(825-6). 

5.  The  Influence  of  the  Renaissance: 

(a)  Upon  Art. 
R.  N.  Wornum :  Epochs  of  Painting,  2462-3. 
J.  A.  Symonds;  Renaissance  in  Italy,  2463-4. 
R.  Westmacott:  Handbook  of  Sculpture.  2957-8. 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Renaissance  in  Italv,  3732  (3612). 
W.  B.  Scaife:  Florentine  Life,  1169  (1139). 

(b)  Upon  Education. 
G.  Compayre  :  History  of  Pedagogy,  725  (702). 
M.  Arnold  :  Schools  on  the  Continent,  727  (704). 

D.  Campbell :  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc.,  738-9 
(705-6). 

A.  Lang  :  O.^ford,  729-30  (706-7). 

(<•)   Upon  Music. 
W.  J.  Henderson:  The  Story  of  Music,  3284. 
H.  G.  B.  Hunt :  A  History  of  Music,  2284. 

(d)  Upon  the  Foundation  of  Libraries. 
J.  A.  Symonds:  The  Renaissance  in  Italv,  2053-3 

(2008-9). 
G.  W.  Greene  :  Historical  Studies,  2053  (2009). 

E.  Edwards:  Statistics  of  Libraries,  2054  (2010). 
(<■)    Upon  Trade  and  Commerce. 

J.  N.  Larned;  Modern  Trade  Routes,  etc.,  3334-8 

(3711^17. 
J.  A.  Blanqui:  History  of  Political  Economy, 

3730-1  (3610-11). 
D.    Campbell:   The  Puritan  in  Holland,   2399 

(2351). 


•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  /. 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


♦STUDY  XXIV. 


THE  GREAT   REFORMATION 

(A.  D.  1517-). 


1.  State  of  Religion  at  the  Close  op  the 
Fifteenth  Century  : 

Vernon  Lee ;  Euphorion,  1874  (1834). 
R  L.  Poole  :  Wyclif  and  Reform.  2501  (3441). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  2501  (3441). 
H.  A.  Taine  :  English  LitiTature,  3503  (3443). 
J.  A.  Symonds:  Renaissance  in  Italy,  2503(3443). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1081-3  (1053-1). 

2.  REF0R.MEK8  before  the  Reformation  : 
(a)  Tfie  Albigemes  (a.  d.  1309-1329). 

(1)  Their  Origin  and  Beliefs. 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  3561  (2495). 
H.  H.  Milman:  Latin  Christianity,  39  (33). 
A.  Neander:  The  Christian  Church,  39  (33). 
Sir  J.  Stephen:  History  of  France,  39  (33). 
R.  C.  Trench :   Mediieval  Church,  409  (399). 
:  ,  3763-3  (3641-3). 

(3)  Their  Extermination. 
E.  Smedley :  History  of  France,  39^0  (33-3). 
Sir  J.  Stephen  :  History  of  France.  40  (33). 
E.  E.  Crowe :  History  of  France,  41  (34). 

E.  A.  Freeman :  Historical  Geography  of  Europe, 
41  (34). 

Sir  J.  Stephen:  History  of  France,  41  (34). 
(A)  Wyclif  and  the  Lollards  (about  a.  d.  1375- 
1400). 

A.  M.  F.  Robinson:  End  of  Middle  Ages,  385 
(276). 

C.  Ullmann:  Reformers  before  the  Reformation, 
285-6  (376-7). 

B.  Herford :  Story  of  Religion  in  England,  841-2 
(814^15). 

R.  L.  Poole:  Wyclif  and  Reform,  843  (815). 
J.  A.  Froude:  History  of  England,  843  (815). 
J.  Gairdner  :  English  History,  843  (815). 

C.  H.  Pearson:  English  History.  843^  (816-17). 
J.  R.  Green:  History  of  English"  People,  844(817). 

(c)  IIiis  and  the  Bohemian  Reformation  (A.  D. 
(1405-1434). 

J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1073-3  (1044^5). 

R.  C.  Trench:  Mediiuval  Church,  296-7  (387-8). 

B.  Taylor:  History  of  Germany,  297-«  (388-9). 

(d)  Savonarola  (a.  d.  1490-1498). 

Mrs.  Oliplmnt :  Makers  of  Florence,  1173  (1142). 
O.  T.  Hill:  Int.  to  Savonarola's  Triumph  of  the 
Cross,  1173-,5  (1143-5). 

3.  The    Immediate  Causes  of  the  Reform 
Outbreak: 

G.  P.   Fisher:  The  Cliristian  Church,  1489-90 

(1456-7). 
L.    Ranke:    History    of    Reformation,    2504-5 

(244;j-4). 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Reformation,  2505  (2444). 
Cardinal  Wiseman:  Doctrines  of  Catholic  Church, 

250.5-6  (3444-5). 
T.  Kolde;  Martin  Luther,  2503^. 
J.  N.  M.  D'Aubigne:  Story  of  the  Reformation, 

2506  (3445). 

4.  Luther's  Protest  and  the  Awakenino  of 
Germany  (a.  d.  1517): 

F.  Seebohm:  The  Protestant  Revolution,  2506-7 
(244.5-6). 

L.   Ranke:    History  of  the   Reformation,  2507 

2446). 
J.  N.  Larned;  Europe,  1081-3  (1053-4). 


5.  The  Ninety-Five  Theses: 

Full  Text  of  Luther's  Manifesto,  2507-9  (2446-«). 

6  Luther  burns  the  Papal  Bull  (1530) ;  the 

Diet  at  Worms  (1531) : 
S.  Baring-Gould:  The  Church  in  Germany,  1490 

(1457). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3508-11  (3448-50). 
J.  A.  Froude:  Luther,  3513-13  (3451-3). 

"  The  presence  in  wliiih  he  [Luther,  at  the  Diet)  found 
himself  would  have  tried  iht_-  ni-rves  of  the  bravest  of 
men;  the  Emperor,  sternly  lio.-iile,  with  his  retinue  of 
Spanish  priests  an(l  nobles;  the  Archbishops  and  bish- 
oj)S,  all  of  the  opinion  that  the  stake  was  the  only  flt- 
Un^  place  for  so  insolent  a  heretic;  the  dukes  and 
barons,  whose  stern  eyes  were  little  likely  to  reveal 
their  sympathy,  if  sympathy  any  of  them  felt.  Only 
oneol  them,  tJeorgeof  1- runilsber^r,  had  touched  Luther 
on  the  shyulder  as  he  passed  tllrouj;h  the  ante-room. 
'  Little  monk,  little  monk,'  he  said, '  thou  hast  work  be- 
fore thee  that  1,  and  many  a  man  wliose  trade  is  war, 
never  faced  the  like  of.  If  thy  heart  is  ri^ht,  and  thy 
cause  good,  go  on,  in  (fod's  name.  He  will  not  forsake 
thee.'  .  .  .  There  wa.sapause,  and  then  Eck  said  that  he 
had  spoken  disrespectlully;  his  heresies  had  already 
been  condemned  at  the  Council  at  Constance;  let  him 
retract  on  these  special  points,  and  he  should  have 
consideration  for  the  rest.  He  required  a  plain  Yes  or 
No  from  him  'witliout  horns.'  The  taunt  roused  Lu- 
ther's blood.  His  full  brave  self  was  in  the  reply.  '  I  will 
give  you  an  answer,'  he  said,  '  which  has  neither  horns 
nor  teeth.  I'opes  have  erred  and  Councils  have  erred, 
i'rove  to  me  out  of  Scripture  that  I  am  wrong,  and  1 
submit.  Till  then  my  conscience  binds  me.  Here!  stand. 
I  can  do  no  more,  (iod  help  me.  Amen.'  All  day  long 
the  storm  raged.  Night  had  fallen,  and  torches  were 
lighted  before  the  sitting  closed.  Luther  was  dismissed 
at  last.  When  he  had  reached  bis  lodging  again,  he 
flung  up  his  hands.  •!  am  through! '  he  cried.  '1  am 
through!  If  I  had  a  thousand  heads  they  should  be 
struck  off  one  by  one  before  I  would  retract.'  "  J.  A. 
Fkoude. 

7.  ZWINGLI,   AND  THE  REFORMATION  IN   SWITZ- 
ERLAND (a.  d.  1519-1531): 

G.  Waddington:  The  Reformation,  2511  (24.50). 
Hug  and  Stead:  Switzerland,  3511-13  (3450-1). 

:  ,  3130-1  (3046-7). 

J,  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1087-8  (1059-60). 

8.  The  Reformation  Movement  in  France: 
M.  Creighton:  The  Papacy,  1310-11  (1178-9). 
A.  Tilley:  The  French  Renais.sance,  1317  (1185). 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Reformation,  3513-14  (3453-8). 
R.  Heath:   The   Reformation  in  France,   3514 

(2453). 

9.  The  Revolt  in  the  Netherlands: 

J.  E.  T.  Rogers:   The  Story  of  Holland,  2303 

(2354). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3303-3  (2354-5). 

C.  Ullmann:  Reformers  before  the  Reformation, 
336  (316). 

W.  E.  Griffls  :  Influence  of  the  Netherlands,  826 
(316). 

D.  Campbell:  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc.,  728-9 
(70.5-6). 

G.  P.  Fisher :  The  Reformation.  '2303  (3255). 
J.    L.    Motley:    The    Dutch   Republic,   2803-4 
(2255-6). 

10.  Growth  of  the  Luther.4N  Movement  in 
Germany  (a.  d.  1.5'2'3-9): 

W.  C:oxe:  Ilou-te  of  Austria,  2515-16  (24.54-5). 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Reformation,  '2516  ('3455). 

11.  OnioiN  of  thbName  "  Protestant"  (a.  d. 
1529): 

P.  Bayne  :  Martin  Luther,  2516-17  (3455-6). 

12.  The  Final  Bueacii  ;  the  "  Auosburo  Con- 
fession "  (A.  D.  1.530): 

J.  Michelet:  Life  of  Luther,  2517  (3456). 
J.  Alzog:  Manual  of  Church  History,  2517-18 
(2456-7). 


209 


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COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


W  Robertson:  Charles  V.,  1493-4(1460-1). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1086-7  (1058-9). 

13.  Calvin,  and  his  Ecclesiastical  State  : 
J.  Tulloch;  Leaders  of  the   Reformatioa,  1450 

(1417). 
R.  Heath :  Reformation  in  France,  3514  (3453). 
L.'  Hausser  :  The  Reformation,  1451-3  (1417-19). 

14.  The  Beginning  of  the  Counteu-Refor- 
mation  (about  a.  d.  1535): 

"  I  intend  to  use  this  term  Counter-Reformation  to 
denote  the  reform  of  the  Catholic  Church,  which  was 
stimulated  by  the  German  Reformation,  and  which, 
when  the  Council  of  Trent  had  fixed  the  dogmas  and 
discipline  of  Latin  Christianity,  enabled  the  Papacy  to 
assume  a  militant  policy  in  Europe,  whereby  it  regamed 
a  laro-e  portion  of  the  provinces  that  had  previously 
lapsed  to  Lutheran  and  Calvinistlc  dissent.  .  .  .  The 
centre  of  the  world-wide  movement  which  is  termed  the 
Counter-Reformation  was  naturally  Rome.  Events  had 
brought  the  Holv  See  once  more  into  a  position  of  prom- 
inence It  was  more  powerful  as  an  Italian  State  now, 
through  the  support  of  Spain  and  the  extinction  of  na- 
tional independence,  than  at  any  previous  penod  of 
history."  J.  A.  Symosds. 
J  A   Symonds  :  The  Italian  Renaissance,  1883-4 

'(1843-4). 
A.  "W.  Ward:   The  Counter-Reformation,  3ol8 

J  A.  Symonds:  The  Catholic  Reaction,  2518-19 
(3457-8). 

15.  Two  Effective   Agents  of  the  Roman 

{^^TTTTRCH  * 

(a)  TTie  Council  of  Trent  (a.  d.  1545-1563). 

L.  Hausser:  The  Reformation,  3519-20(34.58-9). 
L.  von   Ranke:   History   of  the   Popes,  3520-1 

(2459-60). 
A.  W.  Ward:   The  Counter-Reformation,  2o31 

(3460). 
J.  N,  Larned:  Europe,  1092  (1064). 

(b)  The  Society  of  Jems  (a.  d.  1540-). 

L  Hausser:  The  Reformation,  1938-9  (1887-8). 
G  B.NicoUni;  History  of  the  Jesuits,  1939(1888). 
L    von  Ranke:   History  of  the  Popes,    1931-2 

(1890-1). 
16   Progress  of  Lutheranism  .m  Germany 

(a.  d.  1530-1620) : 
J  N    Larned;  Europe,  1086-7  (1058-9). 
W.  Robertson  :  Charles  V.,  1493-4  (1460-1). 
S   A.  Dunham :  The  Germanic  Empire,  1494-5 

(1461-2). 
S  Sarin  ?-Gould:  The  Story  of  Germany,  118-9 

(111-12). 

17.  War  WITH  the  Emperor  (A.  d.  1546-1561): 
C  D  Yonge ;  Three  Centuries  of  Modern  His- 

'tory,  1495-6  (1463-3). 
J.   Alzog :  Universal  Church    History,    1496-7 

(1463-4). 
W.  Menzel:  History  of  Germany,  1497-8  (1464-5). 

18.  Internal  Dissensions  and  the  Catholic 
Reaction  : 

W.  Zimmerman:  History  of   Germany,  1498-9 

(146.5-6).  ^.„„  ^^ 

O.  Kammel:  German  History,  3521-2  (3,66-i). 
•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XXV. 


THE  REFORM  MOVEMENT  AND  RE- 
LIGIOUS WARS  IN  FRANCE. 


1.   The  Comparative  Independence  of  the 

Gallican  Church: 
H  Hallam  :  The  Middle  Ages,  1197  (1165). 

2 


H.  H.  Milman;  Latin  Christianity,  1197(1165). 
M.  Creighton ;  The  Papacy,  1210-11  (1178-9). 

F.  P.  Gulzot:  History  of  France,1219-20  (1187-8). 
W.  H.  Jervis:  The  Church  of  France,  1220(1188). 

"  The  long  contest  for  Gallican  rights  had  lowered  the 
prestige  of  the  popes  in  France,  but  it  had  not  weak- 
ened the  Catholic  Church,  which  was  older  than  the 
monarchy  itself,  and,  in  the  feelings  of  the  people,  wa» 
indissolubly  associated  with  it.  The  College  of  the 
Sorbonne,  or  the  Theological  Faculty  at  Paris,  and  the 
Parli.%ment,  which  had  together  maintained  Ciallican 
liberty,  were  united  in  stem  hostility  to  all  doctrinal 
innovations."    G.  P.  Fisheb. 

2.  Beginning  of  the    Protestant   Reform 
Movement  (about  a.  d.  1520): 

A.  Tillev;  The  French  Renaissance,  1217  (1185). 

G.  P.  Fisher ;  The  Reformation,  2513-14  (3452-3). 
R.  Heath:    The  Reformation  in  France,  2514 

(3453). 
W.  Hanna:  The  Wars  of  the  Huguenots,  2293-3 

(2244-5). 
E.  de  Bonnechose.  History  of  France,   1225-6 

(1193-4). 

3.  The  Rise  of  the  Huguenots  (about  a.  d. 
1560): 

L.  Hausser;  The  Reformation,  1339  (1197). 

H.  M.  Baird:  The  Rise  of  the  Huguenots,  1330 

(1198). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1089  (1061). 

4.  Beginning  of  the  Civil  Wars  ;  the  Guises, 
Condes,  et  al.  : 

G.  Masson:  The  Huguenots,  1230  (1198). 

W.  Besant:  Gaspard  de  Coligny,  1230-3(1198- 

1200). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1097-8  (1069-70). 

5.  Rochelle,  and  Henrt  of  Navarre: 

W.  Hanna:  The  Wars  of  the  Huguenots,  2292-3 
(3244-5). 

: ,  1332-3  (1200-1). 

L.  Hiiusser:  The  Reformation,  1333-4  (1201-2). 

6.  The  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day 
(a.  d.  1572): 

J.  A.  Froude:  History  of  England,  1236  (1204). 
T.  Wright;  History  of  France.  1336  (1204). 

7.  The  Fourth  and  Fifth  Civil  Wars  (a.  d. 
1572-1576): 

F.'P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  1236-7  (1204-5). 
E  E.  Crowe:  History  of  France,  1237-8  (1205-6). 
S.  A.  Dunham:  History  of  Poland,  2615-16  (2547). 

8.  The  Catholic  League  and  the    Pope's 
Bull  (a.  d.  1576): 

W.  H.  Jervis:  The  Church  of  France,  1238-9 

(1206-7). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  1339  (1207). 
9    Henry  of  Navarre,  and  the  B.*.ttle  op 

CouTRAS  (.*..  D.  1584-1589); 
Due  d'Aumale:  Princes  of  Conde,  1340-1  (1209). 
W.  Hanna;  Wars  of  the  Huguenots,  1241  (1309). 
V.  Duruy;  History  of  France,  1341-3  (1209-10). 

"The  struggle  lasted  but  an  hour,  yet  within  that 
hour  the  Catholic  army  lost  300O  men,  more  than  400  of 
whom  were  members  of  the  first  families  in  the  King- 
dom ;  3000  men  were  made  prisoners.  Not  more  than  a 
third  part  of  their  entire  army  escaped.  The  Huguenots 
lost  only  about  200  men.  .  .  .  Before  night  fell  Navarre 
wrote  a  few  lines  to  the  French  King,  which  ran  thus: 
'  Sire,  my  Lord  and  Brother,  —  Thank  God,  /  hai-e  beaten 
your  finemies  and  your  army.'  It  was  but  too  true  that 
the  poor  King's  worst  enemies  were  to  be  found  in  the 
very  armies  mat  were  marshalled  in  his  name." 

10.  Henry  becomes  Henry  IV.  of  France; 

the  Battle  of  Ivry  (a.  d.  1.589): 
Henry  the  Fourth  of  France.  1342-3  (1210-11). 

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"  My  friends,  if  you  share  iny  fortune  this  day,  I  share 
yours.  I  am  resolved  to  eonfjuer  or  to  die  with  you. 
Keep  your  ranks  tiriiily,  1  beg;  if  the  heat  of  thecomlat 
compels  you  to  quit  them,  tliink  always  of  the  rally:  it 
is  the  gaininij  of  the  battle.  If  vou  l»)se  your  ensigns, 
pennons,  and  banners,  do  not  lose  sijjht  of  ray  whit*! 
jilunie ;  you  will  lind  it  always  on  the  road  of  honor  and 
victory.''    llEXEV  of  Navauue. 

11.  IIesut's  Aujun.vTioN  ok   Protestantism 
(A.  D.  1593): 

Due  d'Aumale;  The  Princes  of  Conde,    1244^5 

(1213-13). 
H.  il.  Baird:  The  Huguenots,  1345  (1213). 
Sir  .J.  Stephen:  History  of  France,  1245  (1213). 

12.  The   Sieoe  op   Paris  :  Interference  of 
PuiLip  II.  (A.  D.  1.590-1.598): 

J.  L.  Jlotley:  The  United  Netherlands,  1243-4 

(1211-12). 
T.  H.  Dyer;  Modern  Europe,  1245-7  (1213-15). 

13.  From  tue  Edict  op  Nantes  (1.598)  to  As- 
sassination OK  THE  King  (1610): 

H.  M.  Biiird:  The  Hu;jucnots,  1247-8  (1215-16). 
AV.  Hanna:  Wars  of  the  Hu-ruenols,  1248  (1216). 
A.  de  Bonnechose :  History  of  Fnuice,  1248  (1216). 
"  For  the  benefit  of  the  Protestants  the  cardinal  con- 
cession of  the  Edict  was  liberty  to  dwell  anywhere  in 
the  royal  dominions,  without  beinp  subjected  to  in- 
quiry. Vexed,  molested,  or  constrained  to  do  anything 
contrary  to  their  conscience.  As  respects  public  wor- 
ship, while  perfect  equality  w:i8  not  established,  the 
disjutsitions  were  such  as  t<*  brine  it  within  the  power 
of  a  l'rotest;int  in  anv  part  of  the  Kingdom  to  meet  his 
fellow-believers  for  the  holiest  acts,  at  least  from  time 
to  time.  .  .  .  Sch<»lars  of  both  religions  were  to  be  ad- 
mittcti  without  distinction  of  religion  to  all  universi- 
ties, colleges,  and  schools  throughout  France.  The  same 
impartiality  was  to  extend  to  the  reception  of  the  sick 
in  til'-  hospitals,  and  to  the  poor  in  the  provision  made 
lor  this  relief.  More  than  this,  the  Protestants  were 
permitted  to  establish  schools  of  their  own  in  .all  places 
where  their  worship  was  authorized."  H.  M.  Baikd. 

14.  The  Rise  ok  Richelieu,  and  Distraction 
OF  the  Kingdom  : 

Voltairo:  Ancient  and  Modern  History,  1248-9 

(1216-17). 
J.  B.  Perkins:  France  under  Mazarin,  12.51  (1219). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  1251-2  (1220). 

15.  The  Huguenot  Revolt  (a.  d.  1627-1628): 
C.  D.  Yonge:  France  under  the  Bourbons,  1252-3 

(1220-1). 
A.  D.  White:  The  Statesmanship  of  Richelieu, 

12.53  (1221). 
R.  Heath:    Tlie   Reformation  in  France,  1258 

(1221). 

16.  Accession  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  Renewed 
Persecution  of  the  Huguenots  (a.  d.  1061): 

J.  C.  Mnrison:  Rrign  of  Louis  XIV.,  1265  (1233). 
8.  Smiles;  Tlie  Huguenots.  126,5-6  (1233^). 

17.  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (1685), 

and  E.tODUS  OF  THE  HUGUKNOTS  (1681-8): 

A.  dc  Laiiiiirtinc:  Memoirs  of  Celebrated  Charac- 
ters. 1269  (1237). 

R.  L.  Pnole:  Huguenots  of  the  Dispersion,  1269- 
70  (1237-8). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*STUDY  XXVI. 


SPAIN    AND   THE    NETHERLANDS- 
THE    INQUISITION. 


1.  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arab  Moors 

(A.  D.  711-13): 
H.  Coppee:  Conquest  of  Spain,  8054  (2974). 


S.  A.  Dunham:  History  of  Spain,  3056-7(2976-7). 

2.  Rise  of  the  Christian  States  : 

H.  Coppee:  Conijuest  of  Spain,  3055  (2975). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Conquest  of  the  Saracens,  3055 

(2975). 
S.  A.  Dunham :  History  of  Spain,  2291  and  3056 

(2243,  2976). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Hist.    Geog.   of  Europe,  3058 

(2977). 

3.  Union  of  Castile  and  Aragon: 

E.  E.  Hale  :  The  Story  of  Spain,  3060  (2979). 
C.  H.  Pearson:  Kngli.sii  History,  3061-2(2980-1). 
H.  Hallam:  Middle  Ages,  3062-3  (2981-2). 

4.  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Moorish  Eingdou 
OF  Granada : 

C.  M.    Yongc  :   The  Christians  and  Moors  of 
Spain,  30,5T)-60  (2978-9). 

H.  Coppee  :  Conquest  of  Spain,  3061  (2980). 

:   .  3003-1  (2982-3). 

W.  H.  Prescott:  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  3064 
(2983). 

5.  The  Early  Spanish  Cortes  and  the  Santa 
Hermandad : 

W.  H.  Prescott:  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  639-40 

(616-17). 
H.  Hallam  :  Middle  Ages,  640-1  (617-18). 
W.  H.  Prescott:  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  1698-9 

(1659-60). 

6.  Establishment  of  the  Inquisition  : 

J.  A.  Svmonds :  Renaissance  iu  Italy,  1789-91 

a750-2). 
J.  I.  von  DoUinger :  The  Jews  iu  Europe,  1966 

(1925). 
II.  T.  Buckle :  History  of  Civilization,  2270-1 

(2226-7). 

7.  Early  History  of  the  Netherlands  : 

J.  L.  Motley;  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic,  2293 

(2250). 
W.  T.   McCuUagh:  The  Free  Nations,  2398-9 

(23,50-1). 

D.  Campbell ;  The  Puritan   in   Holland,   etc., 
3299  (2251). 

C.  M.  Yonge  :  Cameos  of  History,  2300  (2253). 

8.  Relations  with  Burgundy  ;  the  States- 
General  : 

C.  M.  Davies :  History  of  Holland.  3300  (32,53). 
J.    L.   Motley:    The   Dutch   Republic,   3300-01 
(2252-3). 

9.  Marriage  of  Mary  of  Burgundy  to  Max- 
i.Mii.iAN  OF  Austria  (a.  d.  1477): 

Philip  de  Commiiies:  Memoirs,  2301  (3353). 
C.  Jl.  Davies:  History  of  Holland,  2301-3  (3254). 

10.  Rise  ok  the  Auhtko-Spanish  Dynasty: 
W.  H.  Prescott:  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  3005-6 

(2984-5). 
.1  ET  Rogers:  The  Story  of  Holland, 2302  (32,54). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  2303-3  (2254-5).    . 
J.  Bigland  :  Historv  of  Spain.  3060  (2985). 
T   II   Dver:  Modcfn  Europe.  3066-7  (2985-6). 
W.  H.  Prescott:  Philip  II.,  3067  (2986). 

11.  Beginning  of  the  Reformation  in  the 
Nktheulands: 

G   P   Fi.sher  :  The  Reformation.  3303  (235.5). 
J.    L.    Motley:    The    Dtiteh    l{epublic,    3808-4 
(225.5-6). 

12.  The  Accession  and  Horrible  Character 
OF  Philip  II.  (a.  d.  1.5.55): 

C   M   Davies:  History  of  Holland,  2804  (2256). 


11 


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T.  C.  Grattan:  History  of  the  Netherlands,  2304-5 

(3256-7). 
C.  Gayane  :  Philip  II.,  3305,  3068  (2257,  2987). 

13.  Philip  II.  and  the  Catholic  Reaction  ; 
G.  Procter :  History  of  Italy,  3520  (3459). 

L.  von   Ranke:  History  of  the  Popes,  3530-1 

(3459-60). 
O.  Kilmmel:  History  of  Germany,  3521-2. 

14.  Beginning  of  Organized  Resistance  to 
THE  Tyrannt  of  Philip  (a.  d.  1563) : 

W.  H.  Prescott:  The  Reign  of  Philip  II.,  2305-6 

(3357-8). 
J.  L.  Motley:  The  Dutch  Republic,  3306  (2258). 
T.  C.  Grattan:  History  of  the  Netherlands,  2306-7 

(2258-9). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  2307  (2259). 
F.  Schilfer:  The  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands,  2307 

(2259). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1094-5  (1066-7). 

15.  The  Duke  of  Alva  and  his  Council  of 
Blood  {\.  d.  1567) : 

L.  Hausser;  The  Reformation,  2307-8  (32.59-60). 
J.    L.    Motley:   The   Dutch  Republic,   2309-10 
(2261-2). 

16.  TiiE  Stupendous  Death-Sentence  (a.  d. 
1568): 

J.  L.  Motley:  The  Dutch  Republic,  2310  (2362). 

"  Upon  the  16th  February,  15GS,  a  sentence  of  the 
Holy  Office  condemned  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Neth- 
erlands to  death  as  heretics.  From  this  universal  doom 
only  a  few  persons,  especially  named,  were  excepted. 
A  proclamation  of  the  Kinj^,  dated  ten  days  later,  con- 
tirmed  this  decree  of  the  Inquisition,  and  ordered  it  to 
be  carried  into  instant  execution,  without  regard  to 
age,  sex,  or  condition.  This  is  probably  the  most  con- 
cise death-warrant  that  was  ever  framed.  Three  mil- 
lions of  people,  men,  women,  and  children,  were  sen- 
tenced to  the  scafEold  in  three  lines;  and  as  it  was  well 
known  that  these  were  not  harmless  thunders,  like  some 
bulls  of  the  Vatican,  but  serious  and  practical  measures 
which  It  was  intended  should  be  enforced,  the  horror 
which  they  produced  may  be  easily  imagined."    J.  L. 

SIOTLEV. 

17.  Beginning  of  the  Forty  Years'  War 
(A.  D.  1568): 

C.  D.  Yonge:  Modern  History,  3310-11  (3363-3). 
J.   L.   Motley:   The  Dutch  Republic,   3311-13 

(2263-4). 
A.  Young:  History  of  the  Netherlands,  2312-13 

(3264-5). 

18.  The  Recall  of  Alva,  and  the  Siege  of 
Leyden  (a.  d.  1573-4): 

C.  M.  Davies:  History  of  Holland,  2313-14 
(236.5-6). 

D.  Campbell:  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc.,  739 
(706). 

19.  The  Pacification  of  Ghent,  and  the 
Union  of  Brussels  (a.  d.  1575-7) : 

T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  2314-16  (3366-8). 
J.  E.  T.  Rogers:  The  Story  of  Holland,  2316-17 

(2268-9). 
J.    L.    Motley:   The  Dutch  Republic,   3317-18 

(2269-70). 

20.  The  Assassination  of  William  of  Or- 
ange, AND  Birth  op  the  Republic  (a.  d. 
1584-5): 

T.   Grattan:  History  of  the  Netherlands,  3318 

(3270). 
J.  L.  Motley:  The  United  Netherlands,  2318-20 

(2270-2), 

"  Thus  constituted  was  the  commonwealth  upon  the 
death  of  William  the  Silent.    The  gloom  produced  by 


212 


that  event  was  tragical.  Never  in  human  history  was  a 
more  poignant  and  universal  sorrow  lor  the  death  of  any 
individual.  The  ilespair  was,  for  a  brief  season,  abso- 
lute ;  but  it  was  soon  succeeded  by  more  lofty  senti- 
ments. .  .  .  Even  on  the  very  day  of  the  murder,  the 
Estates  of  HoUanil,  then  sitting  at  Delft,  passed  a  res- 
olution *  to  maintain  the  good  cause,  with  God's  help, 
to  the  uttermost,  without  sparing  gold  or  blood.'  .  .  . 
The  next  movement,  after  the  last  solemn  obsequies 
had  been  rendered  to  the  Prince,  was  to  provide  for  the 
immediate  wants  of  bis  family.  For  the  man  who  had 
gone  into  the  revolt  with  almost  royal  revenues,  left  his 
estate  so  embarrassed  that  his  carpets,  tapestries,  house- 
hold linen  —  nay,  even  his  silver  spoons,  and  the  very 
clothes  of  his  wardrobe  —  were  disposed  of  at  auction 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors."    J.  L.  Motley. 

21.  The  Do\vnfall  of  Antwerp  (a.  d.  1585): 
J.  L.  Motley:  The  Dutch  Republic,  125  (118). 
G.  L.  Craik;  History  of  British  Commerce,  3107 

(3025). 
J.  N.  Larned:  The  Flemings  and  Dutch,  3336-7 

(371.5-6). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  2320  (2272). 

22.  The  United  PRo\aNCES  and  Elizabeth  of 
England: 

Sir  T.  E.  May:  Democracy  in  Europe,  2330-1 

(2273-3). 
J.  A.  Froude:  History  of  England,  3331-3(3374). 
C.  M.  Davies:  History  of  Holland,  3322  (2274). 

23.  Steady  Decline  of  Spanish  Power,  and 
Death  of  Philip  II.   (a.  d.  1590-98); 

Sir  E.    Cust:  The   Thirty  Years'   War,   2322-3 

(2274-5). 
Sir  T.  E.  May:  Democracy  in  Europe,  2323-4 

1227.5-6). 

24.  Rise  of  Dutch  CoM)rERCE ;  the  East  India 
CO.MPANY  (A.  D.  1595-1620) : 

W.    T.    McCullagh:    Industrial    History,   2334 

(2276). 
F.  H.  H.  Guillemard:  Malaysia,  3134. 
J.   N.    Larned:  The  Flemings  and  the  Dutch, 

3326-8  (3715-17). 

25.  John  Barne\-eldt.  and  the  Arminian 
Contro\'ersy  (a.  d.  1600-1620): 

C.  !M.  Yonge:  Cameos  from  English  History, 
2334-6  (2376-8). 

D.  Campbell:  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc.,  729 
(706). 

26.  Final  Establishment  of  Peace  bf.tween 
Spain  and  the  United  Provinces  (a.  d. 
1648): 

J.  B.  Perkins :  France  under  Mazarin,  2329-30 

(2281-2). 
J.  Geddes:  John  De  Witt,  2330  (3383). 
37.  Prosperity    of   the    Dutch    Republic, 

which  BECOlfES  H0LL.VND  (ABOUT  A.  D.   1660): 

D.  Campbell:  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc.,  3333-3 

(2384-5). 
0.  Airy:  The  English  Restoration,  3333  (3385). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*STUDY   XXVII. 


THE    THIRTY    YEARS'    WAR    (A.    D. 
1618-1648). 


i 


"The  Thirty  Years'  War  was  the  last  struggle  which 
marked  the  progress  of  the  Reformation.  This  war, 
whose  direction  and  object  were  equally  undetermined, 
may  be  divided  into  four  distinct  portions,  in  which  the 
Elector  Palatine,  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  France  played 


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in  succession  the  principal  part.  It  became  more  and 
more  complicated  until  it  spread  over  the  whole  of 
Europe.  It  was  prolonged  indelinitely  by  variouy  causes. 
I,  The  inliiuatc  union  lietween  the  t'wo'branches  of  the 
house  of  Austria  and  of  the  Catholic  jtarty.  —  their  op- 
ponentj*.  on  the  other  haiul,  were  not  iKnncigeneous.  If. 
The  inaction  of  Knj^land,  the  tardy  intervention  of 
France,  the  poverty  of  Denmark  and  Sweden,  etc.  The 
armies  which  took"i>art  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  were 
n<»  longer  feudal  militia.s,  they  were  permanent  armies, 
and  lived  at  the  expense  of  the'couutries  which  they  laid 
waste."    J.  Mil  iiELET, 

1.  Conditions  which  led  up  to  the  War  : 

O.  Kammel:  History  of  GermaDy,  2521-3  (3767), 

E.  L.  Godkin;  History  of  Hungary,  1717,  first 
column,  (1678). 

W.    Zimmerman:  History  of  Germany,  1498-9 
(146.5-G). 

F.  Schillc-v.  The  Thirty  Years' "War,  301-3  (293). 
J.  Sime;  History  of  Germany,  1499-1500(1466-7). 
J.  Michelet:  Modern  History,  1.500  (1467). 

J,  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1099-1100  (1071-2). 

2.  The  Prostration  of  Protestantism  (a.  d. 
1618-1626): 

F.  Kohlrausch:  History  of  Germany,  1500-1501 
(1467-8). 

B.  Chapman:  Gustavus  Adolphus,  1501-3  (1469). 
S.  R.  Gardiner:  Thirty  Years' War,  1.503  (1469). 
W.  Coxe:  House  of  Austria,  1502-4  (1469-71). 

3.  The  Suppression  of  Bohemia  (a.  d.  1621- 
48): 

L.  Hausser:  The  Great  Reformation,  303  (293). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1100  (1072). 

"No  succor  reached  the  unfortunate  people;  but 
neither  did  the  victors  attain  their  end.  i'rotestantism 
and  Hussite  memories  C(»uld  not  be  slain,  and  only  out- 
ward submission  was  extorted.  .  .  ,  But  a  desert  was 
createti ;  the  land  was  cnisheii  for  a  j^reneratitin.  Befoi-e 
the  war  liohemia  had  4,0U(i.(J()r)  inhabitants,  ami  in  1048 
there  were  but  700,0(J(J  or  800,000.  In  some  parts  of  the 
country  the  population  ha.s  not  attained  the  standard  of 
1620  to  this  day."    L.  Halssek. 

4.  The  Rise  op  Prussia  : 

C.  F.  .lohnstone:  Historical  Abstracts,  318  (308). 
H.  von  Treitschke:  History  of  Germany,  2685-6 

(3768-9). 

5.  The  Growtng  Power  of  Sweden  : 

T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3893^  (3818-19). 
C.  R.   L.   Fletcher:  Gustavus  Adolphus,  3894-6 

(3819-31). 
J.  L.  Stevens:  Gustavus  Adolphus,  3896-7(3823). 

6.  The  Supremacy   of   Wallenstein  (a.  d. 
163.5-30): 

G.  B.  :Malleson:  Battlefields  of  Germany,  1504-5 
(1471-3). 

J.  Jlitehell:  Life  of  Wallenstein,  1505-6(1473-3). 
G.  P.  R.  .lames:  Dark  Scenes  of  History,  1506-7 
(1473-4). 

7.  The  Advent  of  Gcstavtjs  Adolphus  (a,  d. 
1630-1633): 

C.  T.  Lewis:  History  of  Germany,  1507-8  (1475). 
F.  Schiller:  The  Thirty  Years'  War,  1.508(1475). 
C.  R.    L.  Fletcher:  Gustavas  Adolphus,  1508-9 

(147.5-6). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1100-01  (1072-3). 

8.  The  Decisive  Battle  at  Leipsig  (Breiten- 
fei.d  )  (a.  d.  1631): 

B.  Chapman  :  Gustavus  Adolphus,  1509-10(1477). 

C.  R.  L.   Fletcher:  Gustavus  Adolphus,   1510 
(1477). 

•'  The  battle  of  Breitenfeld  was  an  epoch  in  war,  it 
was  an  epoch  in  history.  It  w.as  an  epoch  in  war,  because 
first  in  it  was  displayed  on  a  great  scale  the  superiority 
of  mobility  over  weight.    It  was  an  epoch  in  history, 

o 


because  it  broke  the  force  upon  which  the  revived  Ca- 
tholicism had  relied  for  the  extension  of  itsemi)ire  over 
Europe.  (;ermany  might  tear  licrself  U*  pieces  for  yet 
another  half-generation,  but  the  actual  result  of  the 
Thirty  Yeai-a' War  was  as  good  as  achieved."  C.  R.  L. 
Fletcher. 

9.  Recall  op  Wallenstein;  the  Battle  op 
Ll'tzen;  Death  of  Gustavus  (a.  d.  1633): 

C.  M.  Yonge:  English  History,  1510-11  (1477-8). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  1511-13  (1478-9). 
C.  T.  Lewis:  History  of  Germany,  1512  (1479). 

10.  Richelieu  becomes  an  Active  Factor  in 
THE  War  : 

J.  Mitchell:  Life  of  Wallenstein,  1513-13  (1480). 
H.  M.  Hozier;  Turenne,  1513  (1480). 
G.  B.  Malleson ;  Battlefields  of  Germany,  1513-14 
(1480-1). 

11.  Successes  op  the  Swedish  Army  under 
Torstenson  (a.  d.  1640-2): 

L.  Hausser:  The  Reformation,  1514^15  (1481-2). 

12.  The  Final  Campaigns  op  the  War  (a.  d. 
1645-8)  : 

H.  M.  Hozier:  Turenne,  151.5-16  (1482-3). 

T.  O.  Cockayne:  Life  of  Turenne,  1516   (1483), 

F,  Schiller  :  The   Thirty  Years'  War,  1516-17 
(1483-4). 

13.  The  Horrors  of  the  Thirty  Years'  W.^^r: 
R.  C.    Trench:    Gustavus    Adolphus,    1517-18 

(1484-5), 
H.  von  ZSildenhorst:  History  of  Germany,  1518 

(3770). 
J,  N.  Earned  :  Europe,  1101  (1073). 

"  This,  which  had  been  a  civil  war  at  the  first,  did  not 
continue  such  for  long,  or  rather  it  united  presently  all 
the  dreadfulness  of  a  civil  war  and  a  foreign.  It  was 
not  long  before  the  llosts  whicll  trampleil  the  German 
soil  had  in  large  part  ceased  to  be  German;  every  region 
of  Europe  sending  of  its  chiltlren,  and,  as  it  would 
seem,  of  those  whom  it  must  have  been  gladdest  to  be 
rid  of ,  to  swell  the  ranks  of  the  destroyers.  .  .  ,  Under 
con<litions  like  these  it  is  not  wonderful  that  the  fields 
were  left  untillcd;  for  who  would  sow,  what  he  could 
never  reap'.'  What  wonder  tliiit  famine,  thus  invited, 
should  before  long  have  arrived  *.*...  Persons  were 
found  dead  in  the  field.s  with  grass  in  their  nioulhs, 
while  the  tanner's  and  knackers'  yards  were  beset  f4>r 
the  putrid  carcasses  of  beasts.  Men  climbed  up  the  gib- 
bets and  tore  down  the  bodies  which  were  suspended 
there,  and  devoured  tlicni.  I'risoners  were  killed  that 
they  might  be  eaten.  Children  were  enticed  from  home. 
.  .  .  I'utting  all  together,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  crowning  horrors  of  Samaria,  of  Jerusalem, 
of  Saguntum,  found  their  p:ii-al!els,  and  often  worse 
than  their  parallels,  in  Christian  Germany  only  two 
centuries  ag<i.  ...  Of  the  population  it  w;ls  found 
that  three-fourths,  in  some  parts  a  far  larger  projior- 
tion,  had  perished  ...  or  tied  to  Switzerland,  to  Hol- 
land, and  to  other  countries  never  to  return  from  them 
again."    R.  C,  Tkenoii. 

14.  The  Peace  op  Westphalia  (a.  d.  1648): 

G.  W.  Kitchin :  History  of  France,  1518-19  (1486). 
A.  Gindely:  The  Thirty  Years'  War,  1519(1486). 
F,    Kohlrausch:    History  of  Germany,   1519-20 

(1486-7). 
•T.  N.  Earned:  Europe,  1101  (1073). 

15.  Results  op  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  : 
.1,  Bryce:  The  Holv  Roman  Empire,  1.5'20  (1487). 
S.  A.'Dunham:  The   Germanic  Empire,  1.520-1 

(1487-8). 
S.  E.  Turner:  The  Germanic  Constitution,  683-4 

(660-1). 
S.  A.  Dunham:  The  Germanic  Empire,  684  (661). 
See  Map  of  Germany  at  Peace  of  Westphalia, 

1518-19  (1486-7). 

"Both  Lutherans  and  Calvinlst*  were  declared  free 
from  all  jurisdiction  of  the  ropi.i>r  any  Catholic  prelate. 
Thus  the  last  link  which  bound  Germany  to  Roino  wan 

3 


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snapped,  the  last  of  the  principles  by  virtue  of  which  the 
Empire  liatl  existed  was  aliandnned.  .  .  .  The  Peace 
of  Westphalia  was  therefore  an  abrogation  of  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Rome,  and  of  the  theory  of  Church  and 
Statewith  which  the  name  of  Rome  was  associated.  .  .  . 
The  Peace  of  SVesti'halia  is  an  era  in  imiierial  history 
not  less  clearly  marked  than  the  Coronation  of  Otto  the 
Great,  or  the  death  of  Frederick  II.  .  .  .  I'roperly,  in- 
deed, it  was  no  longer  an  Empire  at  all,  but  a  Confed- 
eration, and  that  of  the  loosest  sort.  .  .  .  There  were 
300  petty  principalitie9*between  the  Alps  and  the  lialtic, 
each  with  its  own  laws,  and  its  own  courts,  its  little 
armies,  its  separate  coinage,  its  tolls  and  custom-houses 
on  tile  frontier,  its  crowd  of  meddlesome  and  pedantic 
ollicials.  This  vicious  system,  which  paralyzed  the 
trade,  the  literature,  and'the  political  thought  of  Ger- 
many, had  been  forniiu'.;  itself  tor  sometime,  but  did  not 
become  fully  established  until  the  I'eace  of  Westphalia, 
by  emancipating  the  princes  from  imiierial  control,  had 
niade  them  despots  in  their  own  territories."  James 
Bkyce, 

16.  The    Relations  of  Austria,    Ger.maxv, 
AND  France  after  the  Thirty  Years'  War: 

H.  von  Treitschke:  History  of  Germany,  1531-2 
(3770-1). 

L.  Hausser:  History  of  Germanv,  lo33  (3771). 

H.  von  Sybel:  The  French  Revolution,  1532-3 
(1488-9). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  /. 


*  STUDY  XXVIII. 


THE  MAKING   OF    ENGLAND  (A.  D. 
449-1200). 


1.  Britain  : 

C.  F.  Keary;  Dawn  of  History,  144-5  (137-8), 
T.  Wright:  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  829  (319). 
J,  Cffsar:  Gallic  War,  329  (319). 
C.    Merivale:  History  of  the  Romans,   329-31 

(319-21). 
H.  M.  Scarth:  Roman  Britain,  331  (321), 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  333  (333). 
J.  R.  Green:  The  Making  of  England,  333  (332). 

2.  England  : 

W.  Stubbs:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  121  (114). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  121  (114), 
T.  Hodgkin:  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  2885  (2810). 
W.  Stubbs :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  806  (779). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  English  People,  807  (780). 
J.   R.    Green:  The  Making  of  England,  807-8 
(780-1). 

3.  Ireland  : 

M.  Haverty :  History  of  Ireland,  1794-5  (1754-5). 
E.  Lawless:  The  Story  of  Ireland,  1795  (1755). 
T.  Wright:  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  1795  (1755). 

4.  SCOTL.US'D  : 

W.  F.  Skene:  Celtic  Scotland,  2913-14  (2838-9). 
J.  Rhys:  Clitic  Britain,  2914  (2839). 

E.  a!  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  2914 
(3839). 

W.  F.  Skene:  Celtic  Scotland,  3914-15  (2839^0). 

,5.  The  Anglo-Sa.^on  Conquest  (a.  d.  470-630): 

F.  Pa! grave:  The  Anglo-Saxons,  808  (781). 

J.  M.  Lappenberg:  England  under  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Kings,  80,8-9  (781-2). 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Old  English  History,  809  (783). 

Thomas  Fuller:  Church  History  of  Britain,  810 
(782-3). 

G.  F.  Maclear:  The  Conversion  of  the  West,  810 
(783). 

E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  810(783). 

2 


J.  R.  Green:  The  Making  of  England,  811  (784). 
J.  N.  Earned:  Europe,  1042  (1014). 

6.  The  Conversion  of  Ireland  ;  its  Schools 
and  Missionaries  : 

Sir  C.  G.  Duffy:  Irish  History,  1795-6  (1755-6). 
Count  de  Montalembert:  Monks  of  the  West, 

1796  (1756). 
G.  F.  JIaclear:  Conversion  of  the  West,  474  (460). 
R.  C.  Trench:  Medifeval  Church  History,  474-5 

(460-1). 
J.  E.  T.  Wiltsch:  Statistics  of  the  Church,  475 

(4G1). 
A.  T.  Drane:  Christian  Schools,  711-13  (688-9). 

"  The  rai>id  extension  of  the  monastic  institute  in 
Ireland,  and  the  extraordinary  ardour  with  which  the 
Irish  ccenobites  applied  them'selves  to  the  cultivation 
of  letters,  remain  undisputed  facts.  '  Within  a  century 
after  the  death  of  St.  Patrick,'  says  Bishop  Nicholson, 
'  the  Irish  seminaries  had  so  increased  that  most  parts 
of  Europe  sent  their  children  to  be  educated  here,  and 
drew  thence  their  bishojis  and  teachers.'  The  whole 
country  for  miles  round  Leighlin  was  denominated  the 
'  land  of  Saints  and  Scholars.'  By  the  ninth  century 
Armagh  could  boast  of  7000  students,  and  the  schools 
of  Cashel,  Dindaleathglass,  and  Lismore  vied  with  it  in 
renown."  A.  T.  Dkaxe. 

7.  The  Saxon  Heptarchy: 

E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  811 
(784). 

F.  Gneist:  The  English  Constitution,  811  (784). 
E.  A.  Freeman :  Old  English  History,  812  (785). 
W.  F.  Skene:  Celtic  Scotland,  2914-15  (2839-40). 

8.  The  Danish  Invasions,  and  Alfred  the 
Great : 

R.  G.  Latham:  Nationalities  of  Europe,  2891 
(3816). 

A.  Thierry:  Conquest  of  England  by  the  Nor- 
mans, 2418  (2366). 

G.  W.  Dasent:  The  Story  of  Burnt  Njal,  2418 
(2366). 

E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  812-13 

(785-6). 
M.  J.  Guest:  History  of  England,  813  (786). 
Thomas    Hughes:    Alfred    the    Great,    813-14 

(786-7). 
S.  R.  Gardiner:  English  History,  815-16  (788-9). 
J.  A.  Giles:  Alfred  the  Great,  713  (690). 

"  Alfred  is  the  most  perfect  character  in  history.  .  .  . 
No  other  man  on  record  has  ever  so  thoroughly  united 
all  the  virtues  both  of  ruler  and  of  the  private  man.  In 
no  other  man  on  record  were  so  many  virtues  disfigured 
by  so  little  allo.v.  A  saint  without  superstition,  ascliolar 
without  ostentation,  a  warrior  all  whose  wars  were 
fought  in  the  defense  of  his  country,  a  conqueror  whose 
laurels  were  never  stained  by  cruelty,  a  prince  never 
cast  down  by  adversity,  never  lifted  up  to  insolence  in 
the  day  of  triumph  —  there  is  no  other  name  in  history 
to  compare  with  his.  .  .  .  The  virtue  of  Alfred,  like  the 
virtue  of  Washington,  consisted  in  no  marvelous  dis- 
plays of  superhuman  genius,  but  in  the  simple,  straight- 
forward discharge  of  the  duty  of  the  moment,"  E.  A. 
Freeman. 

9.  The  Danish  Conquest  (a.  d,  970-1042) : 
Sir  E.  S.  Creasy:  History  of  England,  816  (789). 
Gardiner  and  MuUinger:   History  of  England, 

816  (789). 
W.  Stubbs:  Const.  History  of  England,  817(790). 
M.  Haverty:  History  of  Ireland,  1796  (1756). 
8.  Bryant  :"Celtic  Ireland,  1796-7  (1756-7). 
T.  D.  McGee:  History  of  Ireland,  1797  (1757). 

10.  The  Saxon  Restoration  to  the  Norman 
Conquest  (a.  d.  1043-1066): 

A.  H.  .lohnson:  The  Normans  in  Europe,  817-18 

(790-1). 
R.   Vaughan:  Revolutions  of  English  History, 

819  (793). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  819  (793). 


14 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


11.  Formation  of  the  Scottish  Kingdom, 
AND  ITS  Relation  to  England  : 

W.  F.  Skene:  Celtic  Scotland,  2915  (3840). 

E.  A.  Freeman:   The  Norman   Conquest,  2916 

(2840-1). 
W.  F.  Skene:  Celtic  Scotland,  2916  (2841). 

12.  WlLLI-XM   OF   NOR.MANDY,    AND   UIS   CLAIMS 

TO  THE  English  Cuown: 
J.  R.  Green :   The  Conquest  of  England,  2417 

(2:365). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Norman  Conquest,  2417 

(2365). 
A.  H.  Johnson :  The  Normans  in  Europe,  818 

(791). 
Sir  F.  Palgrave:  Normandy  and  England,  818 

(791). 
E.  A.  Freeman :  William  the  Conqueror,  818  (791). 

13.  The  Battle  ok  Hastings  (a.  d.  1066)  and 
Norman  Conquest  : 

J.  R.  Green;   History  of  the  English  People, 

819  (792). 
E.    A.    Freeman:   The  Norman  Conquest,  820 

(793). 
A.   Thierry :   The   Conquest  of   England,   820 

(793). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages.  830-1  (793-4). 
C.  Kingsley :  Hereward  the  Wake,  831  (794). 

14.  The  Domesday  Book  (a.  d.  1086); 
E.  Fischel:  The  English  Constitution,  821  (794). 
T.  TaswellLangmead  :   English  Constitutional 

History,  821-2  (794-5). 
Stuart  Moore :  A  Study  of  Domesday  Book,  822 

(795). 
I.  Taylor:  Domesday  Survivals,  822  (795). 

15.  Scotland  and  the  Conquest  : 
J.   H.   Burton:   History  of  Scotland,   2916-17 

(2841-2). 
Sir  Walter  Scott:  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  2917 
(2842). 

16.  Reigns  of  the  Sons  of  the  Conqueror 
(A.  d.  1087-1154): 

S.  Turner:  History  of  England,  823-4  (796-7). 
C.    H.    Pearson:    England   during   the    Middle 

Ages,  824  (797). 
J.   H.  Round:   Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,   824-5 

(797-8). 
J.    F.    Bright:     History    of    England,    3106-7 

(3024-5). 

E.  W.  Robertson :  Scotland's  Early  Kings,  2918 
(2842-3). 

17.  The   Angevin   Kings    (Plantagenetb)  ; 
Henry  H.  (a.  d.  1154-89): 

Sir  F.  Palgrave :  England  and  Normandy,  121-2 

(114-15). 
J.  R.  Green:  History  of  the  English  People, 

123  (115). 
K.    Norgate:    England    under    the  Angevins, 

127-8  (120-1). 
Mrs.  J.  R.  Green:  Henry  H.,  826  (799). 
K.  Norgate:  England  under  the  Angevins,  826 

(799). 
C.    H.    Pearson:    England  during  the  Middle 

Ages,  179»-y  (1758-9). 

18.  Henuv'8    Conflict    with    the    Church  ; 
Becket  (a.  d.  1162-70): 

J.  Campbell:   Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors, 
826-7  (799-800). 

F.  W.  Mnitland;  Henry  II.  and  the  Criminous 
Clerks,  827  (800). 

21 


A.  P.  Stanley ;  Memorials  of  Canterbury,  827-8 
(800-1). 

H.  C.  Lea:  Studies  in  Church  History,  289  (280). 

Pollock  and  Maitland:  English  Law,  1975. 

J.  B.  Thayer:    Older  Modes   of  Trial,  2000-1 

(1956-7). 
W.   Forsyth;    Trial   by  Jury,   2001  and  2002 

(1957-8). 

"  He  [Henry  II.]  vas  a  foreign  King  who  never  spoke 
the  English  tongue,  who  lived  and  moved  for  the  most 
part  in  a  foreign  camp,  surrounded  with  a  motley  host 
of  lirabanyons  and  hirelings.  .  .  .  It  was  under  the  rule 
of  a  foreigner  such  a.s  this,  however,  that  the  races  of 
conquerors  and  conquered  in  England  tirst  learnt  to 
feel  that  they  were  one.  It  was  by  his  jiower  that  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Ireland  were  brought  to  some 
vague  acknowledgment  of  a  common  suzerain  lord, 
and  the  foundations  laid  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
(Treat  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  was  he  wlio  abolished 
feudalism  as  a  system  ot  government,  and  left  it  little 
more  than  a  system  of  land  tenure.  It  was  he  who 
defined  the  relations  established  between  Church  and 
State,  and  decreed  that  in  England  churchman  as  well 
as  baron  was  to  lie  held  under  the  conmion  law.  .  .  .  His 
reforms  established  the  judicial  system  whose  main 
outlines  have  been  preserved  to  our  own  day.  It  was 
through  bis  '  C'onstitutions '  and  his  'Assizes'  that  it 
came  to  pass  that  over  all  the  world  the  English-speak- 
ing races  are  governed  by  English  and  not  by  Roman 
law.  It  was  by  his  genius  for  government  that  the  ser- 
vants of  the  royal  household  became  transformed  into 
Ministers  of  State.  It  w.as  he  who  gave  England  a  for- 
eign policy  which  decided  our  continental  relations  for 
seven  hundred  years.  The  impress  which  the  personal- 
ity of  Henry  II.  left  upon  his  time  meets  us  wherever 
we  turn.'*     Mrs.  J.  K.  Green. 

19.  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion  (a.d.  1189-1199): 
M.  Burrows  ;  History  of  England,  838  (801). 
W.  Stubbs  :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  828  (801). 
J.  F.  Michaud:  The  Crusades,  653  (630). 

B.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  653-4  (630-1). 
G.  W.  Cox:  The  Crusades,  654  (631). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  J. 


*  STUDY  XXIX. 


ENGLAND  FROM  MAGNA  CARTA  TO 
ACCESSION  OF  THE  TUDORS  (A.  D. 
1215-1485).  ^ 


1.  King  John  and  Magna  Carta  (a.  d.  1215): 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1193-4  (1162). 
W.  Stubbs:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  828  (801). 
M.  A.  Honkham  ;  Margaret  of  Anjoii,  122-3(116). 
J.  F.  Bright  :  History  of  England,  838-9(801-2). 

2.  The  Battle  ok  Bouvines  (a.  d.  1214): 
G.  W.  Kitchiii:  History  of  France,  315  (305). 
F.  P.  Guizot;  History  of  France,  315  (305). 

3.  Magna  Carta  (a.  d.  1215,  June  15): 

S.  Turner:  England  during  the  Middle  Ages, 

824  (797). 
J.  R.  Green:  The  English  People,  829  (802). 
W.  Stubbs:  Const.  History  of  England,  829-30 

(802-3). 
R.  Gneist:  The  English  Constitution,  834,  first 

column,  (807). 
T.  P.  Taswell-Langmead:  English  Constitution, 

838. 
Full  Text  of  the  Great  Chart^'r,  830^  (803-7). 

"TheOreat  Charter  althongh  drawn  up  in  the  form 
of  a  royal  gr.ant,  was  really  a  treaty  between  the  King 
and  his  subjects.  .  .  .  It"ls  the  colU-rtive  people  who 
really  form  the  other  high  contracting  party  in  the 
great  capitulation.  .  .  .    'riio  <ireat  Charter  is  the  tlrnt 

freat  iiuUhc  act  of  the  nation,  after  it  has  realized  its 
deutity.  .  .  .    The  whole  of  the  constitutional  history 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


of  England  is  little  more  than  a  commentary  on  Magna 
Carta.  '    W.  Stubbs. 

4.  The  Evolution  op  the  English  Parlia- 
ment (a.  d.  1216-): 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Growth  of  the  English  Consti- 
tution, 2552-3  (2486-7). 

(a)  ITrider  Henry  III.  (a.  d.  1216-1272). 

R.  Gneist:  The  English  Constitution,  834  (807). 

Simon  de  Montfort,  834-6  (807-9). 

W.  Stubbs;  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  836  (809). 

(b)  Under  Edward  I.  (a.  d.  1272-1307). 

5.  R.  Gardiner:  Enfflish  History,  836  (809). 

W.    Stubbs :    The    Early  Plantagenets,    836-7 

(809-10). 
T.  F.  Tout:  Edward  the  First,  837  (810). 
fi.   Boutmy  :  The  English  Constitution,   837-8 

(810-11). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1061-2  (1033^). 

5.  Growth  of  the  Common  Law  undeb  Henry 
III.  and  Edward  L  : 

T.  P.  Taswell-Langmead :  English  Constitution, 

838  (811). 
See  Law,  Common,  2005-7  (1960-3). 

6.  Conquest   of    Scotland   and  Wales   by 
Edward  I. : 

J.  R.  Green:  History  of  the  English  People, 

2919-20  (2844-5). 
W.    Stubbs:    The  Early  Plantagenets,   3764-5 

(3643^). 

7.  Resistance  to  Papal  Aggressions  (a.  d. 
1200-1400) : 

C.  H.  Pearson:  England  during  Middle  Ages, 

838(811). 
T.  P.  Taswell-Langmead:  English  Constitution, 

838(811). 
W.    Stubbs:    Const.   Hist,    of    England,   838-9 

(811-12). 

8.  Renewal  of  the  Wars  with  Scotland  ; 
Bannockburn  (a.  d.  1314): 

M.  MacArthur :  History  of  Scotland,  2920  (2845). 
J.    H.    Burton :    History  of    Scotland,    2920-1 

(2845-6). 
W.  Denton :  England  in  the  15th  Century,  2921-2 

(2846-7).  J.. 

P.  F.  Tytler  :  History  of  Scotland,  2922  (2847). 

9.  The  Notable  Reign  of  Edward  IH.  (a.  d. 
1327-1377) : 

(a)  His  Wars  with  the  Scots. 
W.  Robertson :  History  of  Scotland,  2922  (2847). 
Sir  Walter  Scott:  History  of  Scotland,  2922-3 

(2847-8). 
W.  Warburton:  Edward  III.,  2923-4  (2848-9). 
Sir  Walter  Scott:  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  2924 

(2849). 
J.  R.  Green:  The  English  People,  291  (282). 

(6)  The  One  Hundred  Years  War  (a.  d.  1337- 
1453). 
J.  Froissart:  Chronicles,  1200-01  (1168-9). 
H.  Hallam:   The  Middle  Ages,  1201  and  2868 

(1169,  2794). 
G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  1201  (1169). 
H.  Hallam:  Middle  Ages,  1201  (1169). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  Historv  of  France,  1204  (1172). 
C.  H.  Pearson:  English  History,  839  (812). 

(c)  The  Black  Death  (a.  d.  1348-9). 

J.  E.  T.  Rogers:  History  of  Agriculture,  292-3 
and  1970  (383^  and  1929). 

G.  Boccaccio:  The  Decameron,  1166  (1136). 

J.  Michelet:  History  of  France,  1201-2(1169-70). 
J.  E.  T.  Rogers:   History  of  Agriculture,  840 
(813). 

2: 


10.  Chaucer,  and  tece  New  English  La»- 
guage  (a.  d.  1340-1400) : 

B.  Ten  Brink :  English  Literature,  840-1  (813-14). 
G.  P.  Marsh:  History  of  the  English  Language, 

841  (814). 

11.  Wyclif,  and  the  Translation  of  the 
Bible  (a.  d.  1384): 

J.  A.  Froude;  History  of  England,  842  (815). 
J.  Gairdner:  English  History,  842  (815). 

12.  The  Lollards,  and  Wat  Tyler  Rebel- 
lion (a.  d.  1375-) : 

C.  UUmann :  Reformers  before  the  Reformation, 
285-6  (276-7). 

B.  Herford :  Story  of  Religion  in  England,  841-2 
(814-15). 

S.  R.  Gardiner :  English  History,  842-3  (815-16). 
J.  Gairdner :   Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York, 

843  (816). 

C.  H.  Pearson:  English  History.  843-4(816-17). 
J.  R.  Green:  History  of  the  English  People, 

844  (817). 

Prof,  de  Vericour:  Wat  Tyler,  844  (817). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  England  under  Richard  lI.,106&-9 
(1040-1). 

13.  The  House  of  Lancaster  (a.  d.  1399-1471) : 
J.  Gairdner:  The  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York, 

844-5  (817-18). 
J.  H.  Burton :  History  of  Scotland,  2925  (2850). 
J.  Gairdner:  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  3765 

(3644). 
W.  Stubbs:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  845  (818). 

14.  Henry  V.  (1413-1422)  and  Agincourt  : 

A.  J.  Church:  Henry  the  Fifth,  1205-6(1173-4). 
C.  M.  Yonge:  English  History,  1206-7(1174-5). 
F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  Prance,  1207  (1175). 
A.  J.  Church:  Henry  the  Fifth,  1207  (1175). 

15.  Henry  VI.  (1422-1471)  and  End  op  Hun- 
dred Ye.\rs'  War: 

A.  de  Lamartine :  Joan  of  Arc,  1207-8  and  1208-9 

(1175-6). 
Lord  Mahon:  Historical  Essays,  1209  (1177). 
J.  O'Hasan:  Joan  of  Arc,  1209  (1177). 
E.  E.  Crowe:  History  of  France,  1210  (1178). 
C.  W.  Oman:  Warwick,  the  Kingmaker,  846-7 

(819-20). 

16.  The  Wars  of  the  Roses  (a.  d.  1455-1485) : 
Mrs.  Hookham:  Life  of  Margaret  of  Anjou,  847 

(820). 
J.  S.  Brewer:  Reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  848  (821). 
W.  Denton :  England  in  the  15th  Century,  848 

(821). 
E.  Boutmy:  The  English  Constitution,  848(831). 
J.  Gairdner:  Henry  VII.,  1801  (1761). 

17.  The  House  of  York  (a.  d.  1461-85);  the 
"  New  Monarchy  " : 

Sir  J.  Mackintosh:  History  of  England,  848-9 

(821-2). 
J.  R.  Green :  History  of  the  English  People,  849 

(822). 
C.  M.  Yonge:  English  History,  849  (822). 
J.  Gairdner:  Life  of  Richard  III.,  849-50(822-3). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1069-71  (1041-3). 

18.  Advance  m  Civilization,  14th  to  16th 
Centuries  : 

(a)  TIte  Renaissance  in  England. 
H.  A.  Taine  :  English  Literature,  851-2  (824-5). 
J.  A.  Symonds :  Shakespere's  Predecessors,  852-3 

(825-6). 

6 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


Jl.  Lang:  Oxford,  729-30  (706-7). 
(6)  The  State  of  Leu  mi ng. 

B.  Ten  Brink  :  Eui^lisb  Literature,840-l(813-14). 
H.  C.  M.  Lyle :  the  University  of  Oxford,  733 

(699). 
A.  Lang:  Oxford,  732-3  (699-700). 
V.  A.  Huber:  English  l,'niversitic3,723^ (700-01). 
J.  Mullinger :  The  University  of  Cambridge,  724 

(701). 
W.  Everett :  On  the  Cam,  734  (701). 
F.   Seebohm :    The    Oxford    Reformers,   730-1 

(707-8). 

C.  Knight:  History  of  England,  2009  (1965). 

(c)  Cttxton,  and  the  Introduction  of  Printing. 
3.  R.  Green:   History  of  the  English  People, 

2662-3  (3090-1). 
J.  H.  Slater:  Book  Collecting,  2663  (3591) 
T.  A.  Romer:  Copyright  Law,  3009-10(1965-6). 

(d)  Trade  and  Commerce. 

L.  Levi  :  British  Commerce,  3223  (3711). 

W.  Cunningham:  Growth  of  English  Industry, 

3233  (3711). 
J.  Michelet:  History  of  France,  1156  (1136). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY   XXX. 


ENGLAND:   THE  TUDORS  (A.  D.  1485- 
1603). 


1.  The  Accession  of  the  Tudors  ;    Henry 
Vn.  (A.  D.  148.5-1509) : 

J.  Forster:  Historical  Essays,  850  (833). 

J.  Gairdner:  llenrv  the  Seventh,  853  (836). 

J.    H.    Burton  ;    History  of    Scotland,   3936-7 

(3851-2). 
J.  N.  Lamed  :  Europe,  1089  (1061). 

2.  The  First  English  Voyages  of  Discov- 
EKY  (A.  D.  1497-8): 

G.   Bancroft :  History  of  the  United  States,  58 

(.51). 
H.  Harrisse :  The  Discovery  of  America,  61  (3678). 

"The  discovery  of  tlie  continent  of  North  America 
and  tlie  tirst  l.indin^  on  its  east  coast  were  accom- 
pll.'dled,  not  l)y  Sebastian  Cabot,  l)Ut  by  his  fatlier  .John, 
in  U97.  under  the  auspices  of  King  Henry  VII.  .  .  . 
The  voyage  of  1498,  also  ac:eouiplished  under  tlie  Brit- 
ish Hag,  was  likewise  carried  out  l)y  Jolin  t'alxit  per- 
aonally  .  .  .  and  the  exploration  embraced  the  north- 
«ast  coast  of  tlie  present  United  States,  as  far  as 
Florida."    Hk.vhv  Haickisse. 

**  Under  this  patent  .lolin  Cabot,  taking  with  him  his 
8on  Sebastian,  embarked  in  quest  of  new  islands  and  a 

5as8ace  to  Asia  liy  the  nortliwest.  On  the  'i4th  day  of 
une  [14971.  almost  fourteen  months  before  Columbus 
came  in  sight  of  the  main,  and  more  than  two  years  be- 
fore Amerigo  Vespucci  sailed  west  of  the  Canaries,  he 
discovered  the  western  Continent,  probably  in  the  lati- 
tude of  about  ftCfi^  among  the  ilisinal  dills  of  Labra<lor. 
He  ran  along  the  coast  for  many  leagio's.  it  is  said  for 
even  30O,  and  landed  on  what  he  consiilered  to  bo  the 
territory  of  the  Grand  Cham."    (iKukoe  Hanckoi-t. 

3.  Henuv    VHL    (1509-1.547)    and    Cardinal 

WOLSEY  : 

SirK.  Comyn:  The  Western  Empire,  1218(1186). 
M.  Creighton  :  Cardinal  Wolscy,  8.54  (837). 

4.  The  Field  op  the  Cloth  of  Gold  (a.  d. 
1.520)  : 

J.  Michelet;  Modern  History,  1232  (1190). 
J.  S.  Brewer:  Henry  VHL,  1148(1119). 

5.  Hknry  VHL,  and  the  Divorce  Question: 
G.    P.    Fisher:    The   Christian   Church,    854-5 

(837-8). 


Sir  J.  Mackintosh :   Sir  Thomas   More,    855-6 

(838-9). 
:  History  of  England,  858-9  (831-2). 

6.  The  Reformation  in  England  (a.  d.  1530-): 

(a)  Origin  of  the  Term  "Protestant." 
P.  Bayne:  Martin  Luther,  2516-17(2455-6). 

{b)  Henry's  Jiupture  jrith  Rome. 
G.  P.  Fisher:  The  Christian  Church,  8:55  (828). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1089-90  (1001-2). 

(c)  The  Establishment  of  tlie  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

T.  B.  Macaulav  :  History  of  England,  856  (839). 
.1.  Tulloch:  Chiistinu  Phi"losophy.  8.56-7  (.S29-30). 
G.  G.  Perry  :  The  Reformation  in  England,  857 
(830). 

"  The  Reformation  in  England  was  singular  amongst 
the  great  religious  movementsof  the  sixteenth  century. 
It  was  the  least  heroic  of  them  all  —  the  leastswayed  by 
religious  passion,  or  moulded  and  governed  by  spiritual 
and  theological  necessities.  From  a  general  point  of 
view,  it  looks  at  first  little  more  than  a  great  political 
change.  The  exigencies  of  roy^l  passion,  and  the  dubi- 
ous impulses  of  statecraft,  seem  its  moving  and  really 
powerful  springs.  .  .  .  Tlie  lust  and  avarice  of  Henry, 
the  policy  of  Cromwell,  and  the  vacillations  of  the  lead- 
ing clergy,  attract  prominent  notice  ;  but  there  may  be 
traced  beneath  the  surface  a  widespread  evangelical  fer- 
vour amongst  the  people,  and,  above  all,  a  genuine  spirit- 
ual earnestness  and  excitement  of  thouglit  at  the  uni- 
versities. These  higher  influences  preside  at  the  tirst 
birth  of  the  movement*  They  are  seen  in  active  opera- 
tion long  before  the  reforming  task  was  talcen  up  by  the 
Court  and  the  bishops."    J.  Tullocu. 

(d)  The  Suppression  of  the  Monasteries. 

H.  Hallam:  History  of  England,  857-8  (830-1). 
G.  G.  Perry:  Reformation  in  England,  8.58(831). 
F.  A.  Gasquet:  Henry  VHL  and  the  Monasteries, 

8.58  (831). 

(f)  The  Reaction;  The  "  Six  Articles." 
J.  F.  Bright :  History  of  England,  859  (832). 

(/)  The  Establishment  of  Protestantism  under 
Edward  VI.  (a.  d.  1.547-1553). 
D.  Hume  :  History  of  England,  8.59-00  (832-3). 
J.  R.  Green  :  History  of  the  English  People,  860 

(833). 

7.  The  Foreign  Relations  of  Henry  VHL : 

(a)  Scotland. 
J.    H.    Burton:    History    of    Scotland,  3926-7 

(2851-2). 
.T.  F.  Bright :  History  of  England,  2927  (3853). 
Sir  W.  Scott  :  History  of  Scotland,  3937  (3853). 
D.  Hume:  History  of  England,  2927-8  (38.53-3). 

D.  Wilson:  Memories  of  Edinburgh,  2928  (2853). 
(i)  Ireland. 

>L  Haverty  :  History  of  Ireland,  2471  (3412). 
J.    A.    Froudc:    History    of    England,   1801-2 

(1761-2). 
J.  R.  Green  :   History  of   the  English  People, 

1802-3  (1762-3). 

(f)  France. 
W.    Robertson:    Reign  of  Charles  V.,    1880-2 

(1840-2). 
F.  P.  Gui/.ot  :  History  of  France.  1335  (1198). 

E.  de  Bonnechose  :  History  of  France,  1225-6 
(119:5^). 

8.  TiiK  Reformation  in  Scotland  : 

W.    Robertson;    History    of  Scotland,    2928-9 

(2H.5;i-4). 
L.    von   Ranke;   History  of  England,  2929-30 

(3854-5). 
.T.  Cunningham;    Church  History  of  Scotland, 

2930  (3H.55). 
M    Creighton  :    The  Age  of  Elizabeth,  2930-1 

(3855-6). 


w 


H 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


9.  "  Bloody  "  Mart,   and  Catholic  Ascend- 
ency (a.  D.  loo3-155S): 

Sir  J.  Mackintosh:   History'  of  England,  860-1 

(833-4). 
T.  Fuller:  Churcli  History  of  Britain,  861  (834). 
R.  Southey  :  Book  of  the  Church,  861-3  (834-5). 
Sir  J.    Mackintosh:    History  of  England,   863 

(835). 
J.  A.  Froude:  History  of  England,  863(835). 
H.  Hallara  :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  863(835). 
W.  H.  Jervis:  History  of  France,  1238  (1196). 

10.  The  Accession  of  Elizabeth  ;  the  Eliza- 
bethan age  (a.  d.  1558-1603) : 

(a)   The  Final  Establishment  of  Protestantum. 

D.  Hume  :  History  of  England,  863-3  (835-6). 

C.  Beard;  The  Reformation,  863  (836). 
(A)  The  Civil  Government. 

M.  BiuTows:  History  of  England,  863  (836). 
H.    Hallam:    Const.    Hist,  of    England,   863^ 
(836-7). 

E.  Fischel:  The  English  Constitution, 3993  (3915). 

D.  Campbell:  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc.,  2037 
(1983). 

Austin  Abbott:  Capital  Punishment,  2037(1983). 

(c)  Tlie  State  of  Literature. 
W.  Hazlitt:  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth, 

864  (837). 
J.    A.    Symonds:     Elizabethan   and    Victorian 

Poetry,  864-5  (837-8). 

{d)  The  Rise  of  the  Great  Schools  of  England. 
H.  Coleridge:  Biographia  Borealis,  731  (708). 

F.  Seebohm:    The    Oxford  Reformers,    730-1 
(707-8). 

T.    Hughes:   The   Public   Schools  of  England, 

733-5  (710-13). 
Our  Public  Schools  —  Their  Discipline, 735  (713). 

(e)  Trade  and  Commerce. 

C.  Gross:  The  Gild  Mercliant,  2197  (2153). 

J.  N.  Lamed:  Commercial  Progress. 3338-9  (3718). 
Lord  Mahon:  History  of  England,  1748-9  (1710). 

11.  The  Act  of  Supremacy,  and  Act  of  Uni- 
formity : 

M.  Burrows:  History  of  England,  865  (838). 

D.  Neal:  History  of  the  Puritans,  865-6  (838-9). 
13.  The  Rise  of  Pdritanism  (about  a.  d.  1560) : 
J.  A.  Froude:  History  of  England,  866  (839). 
T.  B.  Macaulay :  History  of  England,  8G6-7  (840). 
H.  O.  Wakeman  :  The  Church  and  the  Puritans, 

867  (840). 

13.  First  Use  of  the  Tekji  "Protestant" 
(A.  D.  1564) : 

T.  Fuller:  Church  History  of  Britain,  867  (840). 
P.  Heylyn  :  Ecclesia  Restaurata,  867  (840). 

14.  Elizabeth  and  the  Catholics: 

H.  Hallam  :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  867  (840). 
J.  F.  Bright:  History  of  England,  867-8  (840-1). 
J.  L.  Motley  :  The  United  Netherlands,  868  (841). 

15.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  : 

D.  Wilson:  Memorials  of  Edinburgh,  2928(28.53). 
M.    MacArthur:   History    of    Scotland,   2931-2 

(2856-7). 

E.  S.  Becsly  :  Queen  Elizabeth,  2933  (2857). 

J.  Skelton:  Historical  Essays,  3933-3  (3857-8). 
T.    F.    Henderson:   The    Casket  Letters,    3933 

(2858). 
S.     H.     Burke:    Historical     Portraits,     2933-4 

(2858-9). 
A.    C.  Swinburne:  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  2934 

(3859). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1095-6  (1067-8). 

2 


16.  Mary  and  the  Catholic  CoNSPtRACiEs ; 
her  Execution  (a.  d.  1587): 

J.  R.  Green ;  History  of  the  English  People,  868-9 

(841-3). 
J.  A.  Froude  :  History  of  England,  869  (842). 

17.  Tue  Effect  of  Mary's  Execution  ;  the 
Spanish  Armada  (a.  p.  1588) : 

R.  Southey:  Lives  of  British  Admirals,  869  f842). 
S.  A.  Dunham :  Spain  and  Portugal,  869  (843). 
J.  L.  Jlotley:  The  United  Netheriands,  869-70 

(843-3), 
H.    R.    Clinton:  From  Crecy  to  Assye,   870-1 

(843-4). 
W.  Camden :  History  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  871-3 

(844^5). 

"  The  flame  of  patriotism  never  burnt  purer;  all  Eng- 
lislimen  aliice,  Romanists,  Protestant  Episcopalians, 
and  Puritans,  were  banded  together  to  resist  the  in- 
vader. Every  hamlet  was  on  the  alert  for  the  beacon- 
signal.  .  .  .  Philip's  preparations  had  been  commen- 
surate with  the  grandeur  of  his  scheme.  ...  A  vast 
armament,  named,  .as  if  to  provoke  Nemesis,  the  '  Invin- 
cible Armada,'  on  which  for  three  years  the  treasures 
of  the  .\merican  mines  had  been  lavished,  at  length  rode 
the  seas,  blessed  with  Papal  benediction  and  under  the 
])atronage  of  the  Saints.  .  .  .  The  129  vessels  were  armed 
with  2430  br.ass  and  iron  guns  of  the  best  manufacture, 
and  carried  5IW0  seamen.  Parma's  army  amounted  to 
30,000  men  —  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  Italians,  and  Wal- 
loons; and  19,000  Castilians  and  Portuguese,  with  1000 
gentlemen  volunteers,  were  coming  to  meet  him.  .  .  . 
The  overthrow  of  this  armament  was  etfected  by  the 
navy  and  the  elements.  .  .  .  More  than  two-thirds  of 
the  expedition  perished;  and  of  the  remnant  that  again 
viewed  the  hills  of  Spain  all  but  a  few  hundred  returned 
only  to  die."    H.  R.  Clinton. 

18.  Progress  of  the  Reformation  in  Scot- 

L.VND : 

M.  C.  Taylor:  John  Knox,  2934  (2859). 

T.  Carlyle  :  Heroes  and  Hero  Worship,  2934-5 

(2859-60). 
J.  TuUoch:  John  Knox,  2935(3860). 
W.  Robertson:  History  of  Scotland,  2935  (2860). 
J.   Cunningham:  Church  History   of  Scotland, 

2935-6  (3860-1). 
T.  M'Crie:  Scottish  Church  History,  2936  (2861). 
J.    Cunningham  :  Church  History  of  Scotland, 

3936-7  (3^861-2). 
Sir  W.  Scott:  History  of  Scotland,  2937  (3862). 

19.  The  Accession  of  the  Stuarts  ;  James  I. 
(A.  D.  1603): 

J.  Forster:  Historical  Essays,  872  (845). 

"  His  [James']  mother  was  Marie  Stuart,  or  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,  born  of  her  marriage  with  Lord  Darn- 
ley.  He  came  to  the  English  throne  at  a  time  when  the 
autocratic  spirit  of  the  Tudors,  making  use  of  the  pe- 
culiar circumstances  of  their  time,  had  raised  the  royal 
power  and  prerogative  to  their  most  exalted  pitch;  and 
he  united  tne  two  Kingdoms  of  Scotland  and  England 
under  one  sovereignty.  The  noble  inheritance  fell  to  a 
race  who,  comprehending  not  one  of  the  conditions  by 
which  alone  it  was  possible  to  be  retained,  jiroHigately 
misused  until  they  lost  it  utterly.  .  .  What  is  called 
the  Oreat  Rebellion  can  have  no  comment  so  pregnant 
as  that  which  is  suggested  by  the  char.actcr  and  pri'vious 
career  of  the  first  of  the  Stiiart  Kings."    J.  Fobster. 

•.See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I, 


*  STUDY  XXXI. 


ENGLAND:  JAMES  I.  AND  CHARLES 
L;  THE  GREAT  REBELLION  (A.  D. 
1603-1649). 


1.  The  Accession  op  the  Stuarts  (a.  d.  1603): 
J.  H.  Burton:  History  of  Scotland,  3925  (3850). 

8 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


M.  Noble:  Genealogy  of  the  House  of  Stuart, 

2925  (2850). 
J.  Forster:  Historical  Essays,  872  (845). 
T.  P.  TaswcllLungmeaci;  Eng.  Const.  History, 

3107  (3025J. 
A.     V.     Dicey:    The     Privy     Council,     3107-8 

(3025-0). 

2.  The  Reign  of  James  I.  (a.  d.  1603-25) : 

T.   JlcCrie:    Scottish    Church    History,   872-3 

(845-6). 
D.  Hume:  History  of  England,  873  (840). 
H.  Hallani:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  874  (847). 
J.  Cunnini^liam :  Church  History  of   Scotland, 

2937  (281)2). 

3.  The  Settlements  in  America: 
((()  In  Virginia  (a.  d.  1606-). 

John  Fiske:  Beginnings  of  New  England,  3748 

(3627). 
G.  Bancroft :  History  of  the  United  States,  3748-9 

(3627-8). 
H.  (;.  Lodge:  EnglishColoniesin  America,  3749 

(3028). 

(b)  The  Independents  or  Separatists. 
J.  A.  Goodwin:  The  Pilgrim  Republic,  2690-1 

(2617-18). 
G.  Punchard:  History  of  Congregationalism,  2691 

(2618).    • 
J.  Hunter :   The  Foimders  of  New  Plymouth, 

1737  (1698). 
D.  Masson  :  Life  of  John  :Milton,  1737  (1698). 

(e)  The  Plymouth,  Massaehusetts,  Colony  (a.  d. 
1620). 
J.  Fiske  :  The  Beginnings  of  New  England,  1738 

(1699). 
G.  Bancroft :  History  of  the  United  States,  1738-9 

(1699-1700). 
F.    B.    Dexter:    The   Pilgrim    Church,   2141-2 

(2097-8). 

(d)  The  Massachusetts   Bay  Company    (a.  d. 
1630). 
J.  B.  Moore  :  Governors  of  Mass*;husetts  Bay, 

214.5-6  (2101-2). 
8.  A.  Drake  :  Around  the  Hub,  2146-7  (2102-3). 
R.  C.  Winthrop  :  Boston  Founded,  2147  (2103). 

4.  Chaiilks   I.  (A.  D.  1625-1649)  ;  the  Great 
Rebellion  : 

T.  B.  Macaulav:  History  of  England,  874  (847). 
C.  D.  Yongn^  History  of'pVance,  1252-3  (1220-1). 
W.E.  H.  Ltckv:  History  of  England,  1805  (1765). 
J.  N.  L!irniil:"Europc,  "1103-4  (1075-6). 

'*  He  [rharU'S  I.]  seems  to  have  learned  from  the 
theologians  whom  he  most  esteemed  that  between  him 
and  his  subjects  there  could  be  nothing  of  the  nature 
of  mutual  contract;  thathecould  not,  even  if  he  would, 
divest  liitiiself  of  his  despotic  authority;  and  that,  in 
every  pr.-iuise  which  he  made,  there  was  an  implied 
reservation  that  such  promise  might  be  broken  in  case 
of  neccssiU',  anil  that  of  the  necessity  he  was  the  sole 
judge."    T.  B.  Macaitlav. 

5.  The  Petition  of  Right  (a.  d.  1628) : 

H.  Hallam:  Const.Hist.  of  England,  874  and  875 

(847.  848), 
Full  Text  of  the  Petition  of  Right,  87,5-6  (848-9). 

"Our  Enfjlish  Constitution  wa-s  never  made,  in  the 
sense  in  winch  the  r<ui»titutions  of  many  other  coun- 
tries h;ive  been  made.  There  never  w,-i9  any  moment 
when  Englishmen  drew  out  their  political  system  in 
the  sha|)e  of  a  formal  document,  whether  as  the  carry- 
ing out  of  any  abstract  political  theories  or  as  the  imi- 
tation of  the  past  or  present  system  of  any  other  nation. 
There  are  indeed  certain  great  political  documents, 
each  of  whieli  forms  a  landmark  in  our  iiolitical  his- 
torv.  There  is  the  (ireat  Charter  (121.''i].  the  Petition  of 
Right  [IfiiSl,  and  the  Hill  of  Rights  Clfi«'.l].  Hut  not 
one  of  these  gave  itself  out  as  the  enactment  of  anv- 
thing  new.    All  claimed  to  set  forth,  with  new  strength. 


it  might  be,  and  with  new  clearness,  those  rights  of 
EngliTshmen  which  were  already  old.  .  .  .  The  lile  and 
soiil  of  English  law  h;i^  ever  been  precedent;  we  have 
always  held  that  whatever  our  fathers  once  did  their 
sons'liave  a  right  to  do  again."    E.  A.  Frf.e.man. 

"  Lord  Chatham  called  these  three  [Magna  Carta,  the 
Petition  of  Right,  and  the  Hill  of  RightsJ  '  The  Bible  of 
the  English  Constitution.*  to  whicli  appeal  is  to  be 
made  on  every  grave  political  question."  Sm  E.  S. 
Creasv. 

6.  The  Burning  Question  op  Taxation  : 

T.    Carlyle:  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches, 

877  (850). 
T.    B.   Macaulay:    Essays.  —  Hampden,    878-9 
(851-2). 

7.  BOCKINGH.AM   AND   LaCD: 

C.  M.  Yonge:  English  History,  876-7  (849-50). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  Tlie  English   Revolution,   877-8 
(850-1). 

8.  Presbyterians  and  Independents  : 

J.  Rushworth:  Historical  Collections,  879  (8.52). 
W.  Godwin:    History   of  the   Commonwealth, 
879  (852). 

D.  Masson :  Life  of  John  Milton,  1737  (1698). 

9.  The  Scottish  National  Covenant  (a.  d. 
1638) : 

T.  Fuller :  Church  History  of  Britain,  2937-8 

(2862-3). 
J.  II.  Burton :  History  of  Scotland,  2938  (2863). 
J.   Taylor:    The    Scottish    Covenanters,   2938 

(2863). 
A   P.  Stanley :  The  Church  of  Scotland,  2938-9 

(2863-4). 
Full   text  of  the  National  Covenant,    2939-42 

(2864-7). 

10.  The  Bishops'  Wars  : 

M.   MacArthur:    History  of   Scotland,   2942-3 

(2867-8). 
T.  Carlyle  :  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches, 

879-80  (852-3). 

11.  Wentwortu's  System  op  "  Thorough": 
R.    Hassencamp:    History    of  Ireland,    1805-6 

(1765-6). 
R.  Browning:  Thomas  Went  worth,  1806  (1766). 

12.  TuE  Long  Pakliajient  (1640-1);  Execu- 
tion OP  Stkapkord: 

T.  B.  Macaulay:  Essays.  —  Hampden,  880  (853). 

G.  B.  Smith:  History  of  the  Eng.  Parliament, 
2.553  (2487). 

J.  R.  Green  :  The  English  People,  880-1  (858-4). 
H.  D.  Traill:  Lord  Strafford,  881  (8.54). 
R.  Browning  :  Thomas  Wentworth,  881-2  (855). 
Text  of  the  Articles  of  Impeachment  of  Straf- 
ford, 882  (855). 

13.  Rise  OP  Permanent  Parties;  Cavaliers 
and  Roundheads : 

T.   B.    Macaulay :    History  of  England,  882-8 

(855-6). 
D.  Masson  :  Life  of  John  Milton,  2828  (2754). 

14.  The  Grand  Remonstrance  (a.  d.  1641): 
D.  Masson  :  Life  of  John  Jlilton,  883  (856). 

J.  Forster  :  Historical  Essays,  883  (8.56). 
Full  Text  of  the  Grand  Remonstrance,  888-898 
(856-866). 

15.  The  Beginning  of  Civil  War  (a.  d.  1642): 
I).  Hume:  History  of  England,  893-4  (866-7). 
T.  Carlyle  :  Letters  and  Speeches  of  Cromwell, 

894  (867). 
D   Masson:  Life  of  John  Milton,  894-5  (867-8). 
F.  Harrison:  Oliver  Cromwell,  895(868). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1104-5  (1076-7). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


16.  Early    Engagements   and    Cromwell's 
InoNsiDEs : 

J.  F.  Bright:  History  of  England,  895-6  (868-9). 
T.  Carlyle :  Letters  and  Speeches  of  Cromwell, 

890  (869.) 
F.  Harrison:  Oliver  Cromwell,  896  (869). 

"  These  were  the  men  "who  ultimately  decided  the 
•war,  and  established  the  Commonwealth.  On  the  field 
of  Marston,  Rupert  gave  Cromwell  the  name  of  Iron- 
side, and  from  thence  this  famous  name  passed  to  his 
troopers.  There  are  two  features  in  their  history 
■which  we  need  to  note.  They  were  indeed  'such  men 
as  had  some  conscience  in  the'ir  work  ' ;  but  they  were 
also  much  more.  They  were  disciplined  and  trained 
soldiers.  They  were  the  only  body  of  '  regulars '  on 
either  side.  The  instinctive  genius  of  Cromwell  from 
the  very  first  created  the  strong  nucleus  of  a  regular 
army,  which  at  last  in  discipline,  in  skill,  in  valor, 
reached  the  highest  perfection  ever  attained  by  soldiers 
either  in  ancient  or  modern  times."  Frederic  Hak- 
Kisox. 

17.  The  Westminster  Assembly,  and  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  (a.  d.  1043): 

D.  Masson:  Life  of  Milton,  896-7  (869-70). 

J.  Forster:  Statesmen  of   the  Commonwealth, 

897-8  (870-1). 
Text  of  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  898-9 

(871-2). 

18.  The  Catholic  Rising  and  Massacres  in 
Ireland  (a.  d.  1641): 

L.  von    Ranke:    History   of    England,    1806-7 

(1766-7). 
W.  A.  O'Connor   The  Irish  People,  1807(1767). 
M.  Hickson:  Ireland  in  17th  Century,  1807  (1767). 
N.  L.  Walford :  Parliamentary  Generals,896  (869). 
J.  R.  Green;  English  People,  896  (869). 

19.  Progress  of  the  War;  Marston  Moor 
(A.  D.  1644): 

T.  B.  Macaulay :  History  of  England,  899  (872). 
Earl  of  Clarendon:  History  of  the  Rebellion,  899- 

900  (872-3). 
N.  L.  Walford:  Parliamentary  Generals,900(873). 
C.  R.  Markham:  Life  of  Lord  Fairfax,  900  (873). 
€.  Knight:  The  History  of  England,  900  (873). 

20.  From  Marstox  Moor  to  Naseby; 
F.  Harrison:  Oliver  Cromwell,  901  (874). 

H.  Hallam:  Const.   Hist,  of  England,  901(874). 
N.  L.  Walford :  Parliamentarv  Generals,901  (874). 
J.  F.  Bright:  History  of  Eng'land,  903  (87.5). 
T.  Carlyle:  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches,  903 

(875). 
■21.  Closing  Events  op  the  War  (a.  d.  1645- 

1648): 
H.  Hallam:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  902  (875). 
€.  R.  Markham:  Life  of  Lord  Fairfax,  903(876). 
W.  Chambers:   Stories  of  Old   Families,   2943 

(2868). 
B.  M.  Cordery:  King  and  Commonwealth,  903 

(876). 
J.  A.  Picton:  Oliver  Cromwell,  903-4  (876-7). 
J.  K.  Hosmer:  Life  of  Sir  Henry  'Vane,  904-5 

(877-8). 
J.  R.  Green:  History  of  the  English  People,  905 

(878). 
22.  The  Second  Civtl  War,  and  Battle  of 

Preston  (a.  d.  1648) : 
F.  Harrison:  Oliver  Cromwell,  906  (879). 
11.  Hallam:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  906  (879). 
F.    P.  Guizot:    The    English    Revolution,   906 

(879). 
^3.  Pride's  Pttkge,  and  the  Rump  Parlia- 
ment: 
W.   Godwin :    History   of  the  Commonwealth, 

906-7  (879-80). 


J.    K.    Hosmer :   Life  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  907 

(880). 
D.  Neal:  History  of  the  Puritans,  907  (880). 

24.  Trial    and   Execution   of    Charles   I. 
(A.  D.  1649) : 

C.  Knight  :  History  of  England.  907-8  (880-1). 
F.  Harrison  :  Oliver  Cromwell,  908  (881). 

W.  Godwin :    History  of  the  Commonwealth, 

908-9  (881-2). 
S.  R.  Gardiner :  History  of  the  Great  Civil  War, 

909  (883). 
Text  of  the  Act  arraigning  the  King,  909-10 

(882-3). 

"  As  the  head  of  the  King  rolled  on  the  scaffold  the 
old  Feudal  Monarchy  expired  forever.  In  January, 
l&^*3,  a  great  mark  was  set  in  the  course  of  the  national 
life  —  tue  Old  Rule  behind  it,  the  New  Rule  before  it. 
Parliamentary  government,  the  consent  of  the  Nation, 
equality  of  rights,  and  equity  in  the  law  —  all  date  from 
this  great  New  Departure.  The  Stuarts  indeed  returned 
for  one  generation,  but  with  the  sting  of  the  old  mon- 
archy gone,  and  only  to  disappear  almost  without  a 
blow.  The  Church  of  England  returned;  but  not  the 
Church  of  Laud  or  of  Charles.  The  peers  returned,  but 
as  a  meek  House  of  Lords  with  their  castles  razed,  their 
feudal  rights  and  their  political  power  extinct.  It  is 
said  that  the  regicides  killed  Charles  I.  only  to  make 
Charles  II.  King.  It  is  not  so.  They  killed  the  old  Mon- 
archy ;  and  the  restored  monarch  was  by  no  means  its 
heir,  but  a  royal  Stadtholder  or  Hereditary  President." 
Frederic  Harrison. 

35.  The  Eikon  B.^silike  (February,  1649) : 

D.  Masson :  Life  of  John  Milton,  910  (883). 
T.  Carlyle:  Life,  by  Froude,  910-11  (883-4). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XXXII. 


ENGLAND:  FROM  THE  COMMON- 
WEALTH TO  CLOSE  OF  STUART 
DYNASTY  (A.  D.  1649-1714). 


1.  The    Establishment     op    the     Common- 

■WEALTH  {x.  D.  1649): 
D.  Masson:  Life  of  John  Milton,  910  (883). 

:  ,  3043  (1999). 

J.  A.  Picton:  Oliver  Cromwell,  2043  (1999). 

3.  Cro-mwell  in  Ireland  (a.  d.  1649-1650): 
N.  L.  Walford:  Parliamentary  Generals,  1807-8 
(1767-8). 

B.  M.  Cordery:  King  and  Commonwealth,  1808 
(1768). 

T.  Carlyle:  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches, 

1808-9  (1768-9). 
J.  P.  Prendcrgast:  The Cromwellian Settlement, 

1809-10  (1769-70). 

3.  The  Scottish  Revolt  ;  Dunbar  and  Wor- 
cester (a.  d.  1650-1): 

J.    H.    M.   d'Aubigne:    The   Protector,   2943-4 

(3868-9). 
J.  F.  Bright:  Historv  of  England,  3944  (3869). 

C.  Knight:  History  of  England,  3945  (2870). 

D.  Hume:  History  of  England,  3945  (3870). 

F.  P.  Guizot :  Oliver  Cromwell,  2945-6  (2870-1). 

4.  Passage  op  the  Navigation  Acts  (a.  d. 
1651): 

D.  Campbell:    The  Puritan  in  Holland,  etc., 
2832-3  (3284-5). 

G.  L.  Craik:  British  Commerce,  3293  (2245). 

E.  G.  Scott:  Const.  Liberty  in  English  Colonies, 
3286-7  (3170-1). 


220 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


5.  War   with   the   Dutch   Republic  (a.d. 
1652-4): 

D.  Hume:  History  of  England,  911-13  (S84-5). 
J.  F.  Bright;  History  of  England,  912  (885). 

6.  CUOMWELL     AND     THE     PaKLIAMENTS   (A.  D. 
1651-3): 

J.  R.  Green:  Short  History  of  England.  911  (884). 
F.  Harrison:  Oliver  Cromwell.  912-13  (885-6). 
T.  Carlyle:  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches,  913 

(886). 
F.  P.  Guizot:  Oliver  Cromwell,  913  (886). 

7.  The  Protectokate  (a.  d.  1653-1660): 

Full  Text  of  the  Instrument  of  Government.  914- 
18(887-891). 

D.  Masson:  Life  of  .John  Milton,  913-14  (886-7). 
F.  Harrison:  Oliver  Cromwell,  918  (891). 

H.  Hallam:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  918  (891). 

B.  M.  Cordery:  King  and  Commonwealth,  919 
(892). 

"  His  [Cromwell's]  wish  seems  to  have  been  to  govern 
constitutionully,  and  to  substitute  the  empire  of  the 
laws  for  that  of  tlie  sword,  liut  he  soon  found  that, 
hated  aa  he  was,  both  by  Royalists  and  Presbyterians. 
he  could  be  safe  only  by  l>eing  absolute.  .  .  .  Those  sol- 
diers who  would  not  suffer  him  to  assume  the  kingly 
title,  stood  by  him  when  he  ventured  on  acts  of  power 
as  high  as  any  English  King  has  ever  attempted.  The 
government,  therefore,  though  in  form  a  republic,  was 
in  truth  a  despotism,  moderated  only  by  the  wisdom, 
the  sobriety,  and  the  magnanimity  of^the  despot." 

T.  B.  Macaclay. 

8.  The  Restoration  ;  Chables  1L  (a.  d.  1660- 
1685): 

T.  B.  Macaulay:  History  of  England,   919-20 
(892-3). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  The  Restoration,  920  (893). 

C.  Dickens:  History  of  England,  920-1  (893-4). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  921  (894). 

J.  N.  Earned:  Europe,  1105-6  (1077-8). 

J.  Lingard:  History  of  England,  1810  (1770). 

9.  The  State   ok   the   Church  pollowing 
THE  Restoration: 

O.  Airy:  The  English  Restoration,  921  (894). 
J.  Stoughton:  History  of  Religion,  921  (894). 
J.  Lingard:  History  of  England,  921-2  (894-.5). 

E.  Calamy:  The  Nonconformist's  Memorial,  922 
(895). 

T.  B.  Macaulay:  History  of  England.  2946(2871). 
J.  F.  Bright:  History  of  England,  2946  (2871). 

10.  The  Wars  with  Holland  (a.  d.  1065-78) : 
O.  Airy:  The  English  Restoration,  2333  (2285). 

G.  P.  R.  James;  Life  of  Louis  XIV.,  2333-4 
(2285-6). 

J.   R.  Green:  History  of  the  English  People, 

2334  (2286). 
J.  Lingard:  History  of  England,  2335  (2287). 
C.   5L   Yonge:    Landmarks  of  History,  2335-6 

(2287-8). 
O.  Airy:  The  English  Restoration,  2336  (2288). 
J.  R.  Brodhead:  History  of  New  York,  3336-7 

(2288-9). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  2414  (2362). 
J.  A.  Stevens:  The  English  in  New  York,  2383 

(2330-1). 
J.  R.  Brodhead:  History  of  New  York,  2384-5 

(2332-3). 

11.  Catholicism    and    the   Test  Act  (a.  d. 
1673): 

J.  Lingard:  History  of  England,  922-3  (89.'>-6). 
J.   R.   Green:  History  of  the  English   People, 

923^  (890-7). 
J.  Stoughton:  History  of  Religion,  934  (897). 


12.  Titus  Oates,  and  the  Alleged  Popish 
Plot  (a.  d.  1678-9): 

A.  B.  Buckley:  History  of  England,  924  (897). 
T.  B.  Macaulay:  History  of  England,  924  (897). 
A.  Carrel:  The  Counter-Reformation,  925  (898). 

C.  Butler:   Memoirs  of  English  Catholics,  925 
(898). 

H.  Ilallum  :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  930  (903). 

13.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  (a.  d.  1079): 

D.  Hume:  History  of  England,  925  (898). 

E.  Fischel:    The   English   Constitution,   925-6 
(898-9). 

W.  Blackstone:  Commentaries,  2014  (1970). 
Full  Test  of  the  Act,  926-9  (899-902). 

14.  Whigs  and  Tories  (about  a.  d.  1680): 

D.  Hume  :  History  of  England,  930  (903). 

W.  E.  H.  Leckv  :  History  of  England,  2698  (2625). 
G.  Burnet :  History  of  My  Own  Time,  3772  (3651). 

15.  J.1ME8  II.  (A.  D.  1685-9) ;  The  Revolution: 
J.  R.  Green :  History  of  the  English  People,  930 

(903). 
T.  B.  Macaulay:  History  of  England,  931(904). 
J.  F.  Bright:  History  of  England,  931  (904). 
T.  B.    Macaulay:    History  of  England,   931-2 

(904-5). 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh:  History  of  the  Revolution, 

932  (905). 

16.  The  Revolution  : 

W.  H.  Torriano  :  William  the  Third,  933  (906). 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh :  History  of  the  Revolution, 

933-4  (906-7). 
R.  Vaughan :  England  under  the  Stuarts,  934-5 

(907-8). 

17.  William  and  Mary  (a.  d.  1689-1702): 

J.  R.  Green :  History  of  the  English  People,  934 

(907). 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh :  History  of  the  Revolution, 

934  (907). 
J.  N.  Earned:  Europe,  1106-7(1078-9). 
H.  D.  Traill :  William  the  Third,  934  (907). 
II.    Hallam:    Const.    Hist,   of  England,   935-6 

(908-9). 
Full  Text  of  the  Bill  of  Rights,  987-9  (910-12). 

18.  The  War  in   Ireland  ;   the   Battle  of 

THE   BOYNE   AND   PeACE   OP   LiMERICK  : 

E.  Hale:  The  Fall  of  the  Stuarts,  1810-11  (1770-1). 
T.  B.  Macaulay:  History  of  Engliiud.  1811(1771). 
W.   H.   Torriauo  :   William  the  Third,  1811-12 

(1771-2). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,  1812-18 

(1772-3). 
W.  K.  Sullivan:  Two  Centuries  of  Irish  History, 

1813-14  (1773^). 
J.  R.  Green  :    History  of  the  English  People, 

1814  (1774). 

19.  The  Church  and  the  Revolution  : 

J.  Rowley  :  The  Settlement  of  the  Constitution, 

936  (909). 
E.  Hale :  The  Fall  of  the  Stuarts,  2948-9  (2873-4). 
J.  Cunningham:  Church  History  of  Scotland, 

2949  (2874). 

20.  War  with  France  ;   Beacht  Head,  and 
La  Hoque  (A.  D.  1090-2) : 

W.  H.  Torriano:  William  the  Third.  989  (912). 
T   B.  Macaulay:  Hlstorv  of  England.  989(912). 
H   Martin:  History  of  I^rance,  989-40  (913-18). 
G  P  R.James:  Life  of  Louis  XIV.,  1275  (1248). 
J.  W.    Gerard :   The  Peace  of  Utrecht,  1275-0 
(1243-4). 


221 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

21.  Founding  op  the  Bai^k  op  England  (a.  d. 
1694): 

T.  B.  Macaulay:   History  o£  England,   3253-4 

(2209-10). 
W.  Bagehot:  Lombard  Street,  2254-5  (2210-11). 

"  It  was  indeed  not  easy  to  guess  that  a  bill,  which 
purported  only  to  impose  a  new  duty  on  tonnage  for 
the  benefit  of  such  persons  as  should  advance  money 
towards  carrying  on  the  war  was  really  a  bill  creatmg 
the  greatest  commercial  institution  that  the  world  had 
ever  seen."    T.  B.  JIacaulay. 

22.  The  Act  op  Settlement  (a.  d.  1701): 

J.  Rowley :  Settlement  of  the  Constitution,  940-1 

(913-14). 
H.  Hallam :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  941  (914). 

"  According  to  the  tenor  and  intention  of  the  Act  of 
Settlement  aU  prior  claims  of  inheritance,  save  that  of 
the  issue  of  King  William  and  the  Vrincess  Anne,  being 
Bet  aside  and  annulled,  the  Princess  .Sophia  became  the 
source  of  a  new  roval  line.  The  throne  of  England  and 
Ireland,  by  virtue  of  the  paramount  will  of  Parliament, 
stands  entailed  upon  the  heirs  of  her  body,  being  pro- 
testants.  In  them  the  right  is  as  truly  hereditary  as  it 
ever  was  in  the  Plantageuets  or  the  Tudors.  But  they 
derive  it  not  from  those  ancient  families.  The  blood 
indeed  of  Cerdic  and  of  the  Conqueror  flows  in  the 
veins  of  his  present  majestv  [George  IV.].  Our  Ed- 
wards and  Henries  illu.itrate  the  almost  unrivalled 
splendor  and  antiquity  of  the  house  of  Brunswick.  But 
thev  have  transmitted  no  more  right  to  the  allegiance 
of  England  than  Boniface  of  Este  or  Henry  the  Lion. 
That  rests  whollv  on  the  Act  of  Settlement,  and  re- 
solves itself  into  the  sovereignty  of  the  legislature." 

H.  Hallam. 

23.  The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne  (a.  d.  1702-14) : 
H.  D.  Traill :  William  the  Third,  941  (914). 

L.  Stephen:  English  Thought  in  18th  Century, 

941-2  (914-15). 
E.  Gosse:  Eighteenth  Century  Literature,   942 

(915). 
24    The  Wars  of  the   Spanish  Succession 

(1702-1714): 
Earl   Stanhope:   Reign  of  Queen  Anne,   3074 

(2993). 
T  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3074^5(2993-4). 
J.  W.  Gerard  :  The  Peace  of  Utrecht,  1526(1492). 
Q.  B.  Malleson :  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy,  1526 

(1492). 
A  Alison:  Lifeof  Marlborough,  1526-7(1492-3). 
Q.  Saintsbury:  Marlborough,  2341  (2293). 
G.    B.    JIalleson :    Eu|ene    of    Savoy,     2341-2 

(2293-4). 
L  Creighton :  Life  of  Marlborough,  2342  (2294). 
G.  Saintsbury:  Marlborough,  2342-3  (2294r-5). 
R    Johnson :  History  of  the  French  War,  2362 

(2314). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  United  States,  379-80 

(369-70). 
W.  Russell :  History  of  Modern  Europe,  3712-13 

(3592-3). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1110-11  (1082-3). 
25.  The  Union  op  England  and  Scotland 

(A.  D.  1707): 
Earl    Stanhope :    History  of    England,   2952-3 

(2877-8).  „„^„ 

Sir  W.   Scott:   Tales  of   a   Grandfather,    2953 

(2878).  ^        .      . 

J    Rowley:    Settlement    of    the    Constitution, 

2953-4  (2878-9). 
26    Fall  of  the  Whigs  and  Marlborough 

(A.  D.  1710-12) : 
J.  R,  Green:    History  of  the  English  People, 

943^  (916-17). 
R.  B.  Brett :  Footprints  of  Statesmen,  944  (917). 
W  E.  H.  Leckv :  England  in  the  18th  Century, 

944-5  (917-18). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

27.  End  of  the  Stuart  Line  (a.  d.  1714): 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,  945  (918). 
E.  E.   Morris:    The   Early  Hanoverians,  945-6 

(918-19). 

28.  Beginnings  op  English  Commerclal  Su- 
premacy : 

D.  Campbell :    The  Puritan  in  Holland,   etc., 
2332-3  (2284-5). 

R.  L.  Poole  :  The  Huguenots,  1270  (1238). 
Earl   Stanhope :    History   of    England,    1748-9 

(1709-10). 
J    E.  T.  JRogers:    Economic  Interpretation   of 
'  History,  3228-30  (3717-19). 

E.  Eggleston:  Commerce  in  the  Colonies,  323C> 
(3719). 

Lord   Campbell:    Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices, 
2017  (1973). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


I 


*  STUDY  XXXIII. 


ENGLAND:  FROM  GEORGE  I.  TO  THE 
FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 


1.  Accession  op  George  I.  (a.  d.  1714): 
L.  Mariotti:    Italy.  1014-15  (9S6-7). 

H.  HalLam:    The  Middle  Ages,  16.52  (1614). 

P     M    Thornton :    The  Brunswick   Accession, 

'l652-3  (1614-15). 
W.  E.  H.  Leckv :  History  of  England,  945  (918). 
E.  E.  Morris :  The  Early  Hanoverians,  946  (919). 

2.  The  Establishment  op  Parliamentary 
Go^'ERN.^rENT : 

J.  Morlev:  Walpole,  946-7  (919-20). 

J.  F.  Bright :  History  of  England,  947  (920). 

3.  The  Evolution  op  the  Cabinet  : 

A    C.   Ewald :    The  Crown  and   Its  Advisers, 

2681  (2609). 
T   B.  Macaulay:  History  of  England,  354  (344). 
John  Morley  :  Walpole,  354  (344). 
A.  V.  Dicey  :  The  Privy  Council,  354-5  (344-5). 

"  George  I.  cared  verv  little  for  his  new  Kingdom, 
and  knew  very  little  about  its  people  or  its  institutions. 
His  expeditions  to  Hanover  threw  the  management 
of  all  domestic  affairs  almost  without  control  into  the 
hands  of  his  English  ministers.  If  the  two  first  Han- 
overian Kings  had  been  Englishmen  instead  of  Ger- 
mans, if  they  bad  been  men  of  talent  and  ambition,  or 
even  men  of  strong  and  commanding  will  without  much 
talent,  Walpole  would  never  have  been  able  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  government  by  the  House  of  Commons 
and  by  Cabinet  so  Hrmlv  that  even  the  obdurate  will  of 
George  III.  was  unable"  to  overthrow  it.  Happily  for 
the  system  now  established,  circumstances  compelled 
the  first  two  sovereigns  of  the  Hanoverian  line  to  strike 
a  bargain  with  the  English  Whigs,  and  it  was  faithfully 
kept  until  the  accession  of  the  third  George.  The  King 
was  to  manage  the  affairs  of  Hanover,  and  the  Whigs 
were  to  govern  England.  It  was  an  excellent  bargain 
for  England."    John  Morley. 

4.  The  South  Sea  Bubble,  and  the  Mississippi 
Scheme : 

Lord  Mahon:  History  of  England,  3051-2 
(2971-2).  .    .     . 

J.  W.  Monette :  The  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
2089  (2045). 

5.  A.  Drake:  Making  of  the  Great  West,  2089-90 
(2045-6). 

Viscount  Bury:  Exodus  of  the  Western  Nations, 

1279-80  (1247-8). 
L.  Stephen:  Swift,  1816  (1776). 


'  I 


222 


COURSES   FOR  STUDY 


COURSES   FOR  STUDY 


5.  Troubles  WITH  Spain  (a.  d.  172G-31); 

C.    W.    Koch;    Rt'volutious    of    Europe,    3079 

(2998). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3079-80  (2998-9). 

6.  Accession  of  George  II.  (1737);  Wai.pole's 
Ad.ministuation  : 

J.    E.    T.    Rogers:  Historical  Gleanings,  947-8 

(920-1). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky  ;  History  of  England,  948  (921). 

7.  The  War  of  Jenkins'  E.\r  (a.  d.  1739^1); 

E.  E.  Morris:  Eiirlv  Hanoverians.  949  (923). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Jlodern  Europe,  949  (922). 

8.  The  Rise  of  Pitt,— Lord  Chatham: 
Sir  E.  Creasy:  Eminent  Etonians,  950  (923). 

R.  B.  Brett:  Footprints  of  Statesman,  950  (933). 

9.  War  op  the  Austbiam  Succession  (a.  d. 
1740-48): 

T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  225  (218). 

J.  Graham:  History  of  the  United  States,  3363-3 

(2314-15). 
R.  Hiliireth:  History  of  the  United  States,  2363-4 

(2315-10). 
J.  G.    Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  2364 

(2316). 
T.  C.  Haliburton:  English  in  America,  2864-5 

(2310-17). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  Europe,  951  (934). 

: ,  3.S-9  (21-3). 

H.  Tuttle:  History  of  Prussia,  29  (33). 

10.  The  Last  Rising  of  the  Jacobites  (a.  d. 
1745-6): 

J.  R.  Green :  History  of  the  English  People.  3954 
t3879). 

11.  Adoption  op  the  Gregorian  Calendar 
(A.  d.  1751): 

W.  Hales  :  Analysis  of  Clironology,  857  (347). 
Sir  H.   Nicholas:   Chronology  of  History,  357 
(347). 

12.  The  Seven  Years'  War  (a.  d.  17.54-1763)  : 
T.  II.  Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  951-3  (934-5). 

A.  R.  Ropes:  Causes  of  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
952  (925). 

B.  A.   Hinsdale:   The  Old  Northwest,  2445-6 
(2393-4). 

R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  United  States,  3755 

(3034). 
T.  J.  (;iiaprann:  Tlie  French  in  the  Allegheny 

Valley,  2446-7  (2394-.5), 

C.  B.  lirackenbury  :  Frederick  the  Great,  1529 
(1495). 

T.  Carlvle  :  Friedrich  II.  of  Prussia,  1.529  (1495). 
Lord    JIahon  :    History    of    England,    1539-30 

(149.")-0). 
Justin  McCarthv:  The  Four  Georges,  9.53  (935). 
T.  B.  Macaulay":  William  Pitt,  9.53-3  (92.5-0). 

F.  W.  Longman  :  The  Seven  Years'  War,  954 
(927). 

C.  B.  Brackenbury  :  Frederick  the  Great,  1.585-6 

(1.501-2). 
T.  H,  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3975  (2898). 
T.    Carlvle:    Friedrich    II.   of  Prussia,    297.5-6 

(2H9H-i)). 

Frederick  11, :  The  Seven  Years' War,  2976  (2899). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1114-15  (1080-7). 

13.  Accession  of  George  III.  (a.  d.  1760): 

J.    Fiake:    The    American    Revolution,    954-5 

(927-8). 
Sir  T.  E.  May  :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  955-fl 

(9'28-9). 


14.  The  Great  Struggle  of  the  People  with 
Absolutism  : 

(a)  TItc  Fiyhtforthe  Freedom  of  the  Press. 
C.  H.  Timperlev:  Encyclopajdia  of  Typography, 

2667-8  (2595-6). 
J.  Grant:  The  Newspaper  Press,  2008  (2.596). 
T.    B.    Macaulay:    History   of    England,   2669 

(2597). 
C.  H.  Timperley:  Encyclopaedia  of  Typography, 

2071-3  (2599-2000). 

(1)  The  Case  of  John  Wilkes. 

W.  Massev:  History  of  England,  956-7  (930). 
W.  F.  Rae:  John  Wilkes,  958-9  (931-2). 

(2)  The  Junius  Letters. 

Lord  JIahon  ;  History  of  England,  959-60  (933). 
Cushing:  Initials  and  Pseudonyms,  960  (933). 
J.  W.   Ross  Brown  :    Criminal   Law   of  Libel, 

2028-i)  (1984-5). 

"  It  may  be  doubted  whether  .Junius  had  any  confi- 
dant or  trusted  friend.  When  dedicatinj;  his  collected 
letters  to  the  Eufjlish  people,  he  declares:  'I  am  the 
sole  depository  of  my  own  secret,  and  it  shall  perish 
with  me.' "  Lord  Mauon. 

(3)  The  Surrender  of  Parliament. 

W.  Massey  :  History  of  Englaud.  961-2  (934-5). 
T.  P.  Taswell-Langmead :  Eng.  Const.  Histoiy, 

962  (935). 

(6)  l{e)narkable  Increase  of  Capital  Offenses. 
Sir  T.  E.  May  :   Const.  Hist,  of  England,  2028 

(1984). 
J.  F.  Dillon :   Jurisprudence  of  England,  2029 

(1985), 

(f)  Arbitrary  Taxation. 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  United  States,  8395 

(3178-9). 
B,  A.  Hinsdale:    The  American  Government, 

3295  (3179). 
J,  Fiske :    War  of  Independence,  8297-8  (3182). 
J.  :Morlev  :  Edmund  Burke,  3298  (3183). 

(d)  The  Stamp  Act. 
J.  G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  8399 

(3183). 
G.  Bancroft :  History  of  the  United  States,  8303 

(3186-7). 
W.  AVirt :  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  3303-5  (3189). 
J.    Fiske :    The   American   Revolution,   3305-6 

(3189-90).  , 

(f)  Vcdarntionnf  liightsof  Stamp  Act  Congress. 
R,  Frothingham:  Rise  of  the  Republic,  3306-7 

(3190-91), 
Full  Te.\t  of  the  Stamp  Act,  3299-3303  (3183-6). 

15.  The    Ministhy    of    Lord    North;    the 
AMERiCiVN  War: 

J.  F.  Bright:  Historv  of  England.  960-1  (933-4). 
W.  E.  li.  Lecky  :    History  of   England,  963-3 

(93.5-6). 
J.  Morley  :  Edmund  Burke,  963  (936). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  English  Peoi)le,  963  (986). 

16.  Early  War  Measures: 

H.  S.  Randall:  LifeofJelTeraon.  .3340-7(3330-1). 
Lord  Malion  :  History  of  England,  3347  (8-231). 
E.  J.  Lowell:  Hessians  in  the  Revolution.  8347-8 

(3331-2). 
For  Details  of  the  American  War,  sec  Study 

XXXVIH. 

17.  Catholic  Relief  and  the  Gordon  Riots 
(A.  D.  1778-80): 

J    G.  Bourinot:  Const.  Hist,  of  Canada,  388-0 

(378-9). 
W.  E.  H.   Lecky  :   History  of  England,  968-4 

(936-7). 
Sketches  of  Popular  Tumults,  964-5  (087-8). 


223 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

"W.  E.  H.  Lecky :  History  of  England,  181S-19 
(1T78-9). 

18.  LEGisLATrvE  Independence  for  Ireland 
(A.  D.  1782) : 

J.  H.  McCarthy:  Ireland  since  the  Union,  1817 

(1777). 
W.    P.    Collier:    History  of    Ireland,  1817-18 

(1777-8). 
J.  E.  T.  Rogers  :  Ireland,  1818  (1778). 

19.  The  Fall  op  Lord  North's  Ministry: 

J.  Fiske :  American  Revolution,  965  (938). 

W.  Massey  :  History  of  England,  96.5-6  (938-9). 

H.  O.  Wakeman:  Life  of  Fox,  966-7  (939^0). 

20.  Close  of  Ajferican  War  ;  the  Treaty  op 
Paris  (a.  d.  1783) : 

The  Diplomacy  of  the   United  States,  3398-9 
(3282-3). 

E.  Fitzmaurice  :  The  Earl  of  Shelbume,  3399- 
3400  (3283^). 

John  Fiske:  Critical  Period,  3400-1  (3284-5). 
J.    Q.    Adams :    Life  of  John  Adams,   3401-3 
(3285-6). 

F.  Wharton:  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Corre- 
spondence, 3402  (3286). 

J.  Bigelow;  Life  of  Franklin,  3402-3  (3386-7). 
Text  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace,  3403^  (3387-8). 

21.  British  Rule  in  India: 

(a)  Estahlisliment  of  the  Empire. 
J.  M.  Ludlow  :  British  India,  1752  (1713). 
H.    Jlartineau:    British   Rule  in  India,    1753-3 

(1713-14). 
J.  Mill :  British  India,  1753-4  (1714-15). 
J.  R.  Seeley:  Expansion  of  England,  1754(1715). 

"  The  words  '  wonderful,'  '  strange,*  are  often  applied 
to  great  historical  events,  and  there  is  no  event  to 
which  they  have  been  ajiplicd  more  freely  than  to  our 
[the  English]  conquest  of  India.  IJut  the  event  was  not 
wonderiul  in  a  sense  that  it  is  difficult  to  discover  ade- 
quate causes  by  which  it  could  have  been  produced.  If 
we  begin  by  remarking  that  authority  in  India  had 
fallen  on  the  ground  through  the  decay  of  the  Mogul 
Empire,  that  it  lay  there  waiting  to  be  picked  up  by 
somebody,  and  that  all  over  India  in  that  i)erioa  acf- 
venturers  of  one  kind  or  another  were  founding  Em- 
pires, it  is  really  not  surprising  that  a  mercantife  cor- 
poration which  had  monev  to  pay  a  mercenary  force 
should  be  able  to  compete  with  other  adventurers,  nor 
yet  that  it  should  outstrip  all  its  competitors  by  bring- 
ing into  the  field  English  military  science  and  general- 
ship, especially  when  it  was  backed  over  and  over  again 
by  the  whole  power  and  credit  of  England  and  directed 
by  English  statesmen.  .  .  .  England  did  not,  in  a  strict 
sense,  conquer  India;  but  certain  Englishmen,  who 
happened  to  reside  in  India  at  the  time  when  the  Mogul 
Empire  fell,  had  a  fortune  like  that  of  Hyder  All  or 
Runjeet  Singh  and  rose  to  supreme  power  there." 

J.  R.  Seeley. 

(6)   The  Administration  of  Clire. 
T.  B.  Macaulay:  Lord  Clive,  17.54^6  (171.5-17). 
C.  Knight:  History  of  England,  17.56  (1717). 
Sir  W.  Hunter:  India,  17.56-8  (1717-19). 

(c)  Passing  of  the  East  India  Company;   War- 
ren Hastings. 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,  1759-60 

(1720-1). 
H.    Martineau:   British  Rule  in  India,   1760-1 

(1731-2). 
Sir  A.  Lyall:  Warren  Hastings,  1761  (1722). 
Sir  J.  Stracbey :  Hastings  and  the  Rohillas,  1762 

(1723). 
L.  J.  Trotter:  Warren  Hiistings.  1762-3(172.^-4). 
W.  E.   H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,   1763-4 

(1734-5). 
Sir  A.  Lyall:  British  Dominion  in  India,  1764-5 


(1735-6). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

((f)  T7ie  Permanent  Settlement. 
3.  M.  Ludlow:  British  India,  1765  (1736). 
Sir  J.  Stracbey:  India,  176.5-6  (1736-7). 

{e)  The  Impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings. 
T.    B.    Macaulay:     Warren    Hastings,    1766-8 

(1727-9). 
Sir  A.  Lyall:  Warren  Hastings,  1768  (1729). 

23.  Rise  of  the  Younger  Pitt; 

Lord  Rosebery:  Pitt,  968  (941). 

W.  Bagehot:  William  Pitt,  968-9  (941-3). 

Sir  T.  E.  May :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  969  (943). 

23.  Popular  Feeling  towabd  the  French 
Revolution: 

J.  R.  Green:  History  of  the  English  People,  969- 

70  (942-3). 
Goldwin  Smith:  Three  English  Statesman,  970 

(943). 
G.  W.  Cooke :  History  of  Party,  970  (943). 

24.  A  Period  of  Revolutionary  Invention: 
S.  Walpole;  History  of  England,  643-4  (620-1). 
S.  Smiles:  Lives  of  Boulton  and  Watt,  3109-10 

(3037-8). 
Life  of  James  Watt,  3110-11  (3038-9). 

35.  The  Rise  of  the  Press  : 

I.  Thomas:  Printing  in  America,  3669-70  (2598). 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  United  States,  3670 

(3598). 
T.  B.  Macaulay:  Life  of  Addison,  3670  (3598). 

E.  Gosse:  Eighteenth  Century  Literature,  2670-1 
(2598-9). 

A.    Dobson:   Eighteenth  Century  Essays,   2671 
(3599). 

F.  Hudson:  Journalism  in   the  United  States, 
3673  (2600). 

C.  Pebody:    English  Journalism,  2673-3  (3601). 
•  See  Important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


I 


♦STUDY  XXXIV. 


EUROPE:  FROM  THE  PEACE  OF 
WESTPHALIA  (1648)  TO  THE 
FRENCH  REVOLUTION  (1789). 


224 


1.  The  General  Situation  at  Close  OF  Thirty 
Years'  War  : 

A.  Gindely:  The  Thirty  Years'  War,  1519  (1486). 
J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,1.520  (1487). 
S.  A.  Dunham :  The  Germanic  Empire,  1520-1 

(1487-8). 
H.  von  Treitschke :  History  of  Germany,  1521-2 

(3770-1). 
J.  B.   Perkins:   France  under  3Iazarin,  2339-30 

(3381-2). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1101  (1073). 
See  Map  between  pages  1518-19  (1486-7). 

3.  The  Rise  OP  Prussia: 

T.  Carl  vie:  Frederick  the  Great,  316-17  (306-7). 
H.  Tuttle:  History  of  Prussia,  317-18  (307-8). 
T.  Carlyle:  Frederick  the  Great,  2684-5  (2613). 
C.  F.  Johnstone :  Historical  Abstracts,  318  (308). 
G.  B.  Mallcson:  The  Battlefields  of  Germany, 

318-20  (308-10). 
H.  von  Treitschke:  History  of  Germany,  3685-6 

(3768-9). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  3686  (2613). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1107-8  (1079-80). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


3.  TheTVars  of  the  Fronde  ijj  France; 

J.  B.  Perkins ;  France  under  JIazarin,  1258  (1226). 
H.  M.  Hozier  :  Turenne,  125y-!t  (1226-7). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Jlwieru  Europe,  1260  (1228). 

C.  M.  Yonge:  English  Historv,  1260-2  (1228-30). 
J.  B.  Perkins:  France  under  Mazarin,  306  (297). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1102  (1074). 

4.  The  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenkes  (a.  d.  1659): 
T.  Wright :  Historv  of  France,  1262  (1230. 

T.  O.  Cockayne  :  Life  of  Turenne.  1262-3  (1231). 
O.  Airy:  The  English  Restoration,  1263  (1231). 
G.    W.    Kitchin:    History    of   France,    1263-4 

(1231-2). 
J.  Dunlop :  Memoirs  of  Spain,  1264  (1232). 

5.  Loris  XIV.  ASSUMES  the  Government  op 
France  (a.  d.  1661): 

F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  1355,  second 

column,  (1223). 
Sir  J.    Stephen  :    History    of   France,    1257-8 

(1225-6). 
J.  C.   Morison:  Reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  1264-5 

(1232-3). 

"  What  the  age  of  Pericles  was  in  the  history  of  the 
Athenian  Democracy,  what  the  age  of  the  Sciiii<»s  was 
in  tlie  historj'  of  the  Koman  Repul)lic,  that  was  the 
reicnof  Ix>uis  XIV'.  in  the  history  of  the  old  monarchy 
of  France.  ...  It  is  not  only  the  most  conspicuous 
reign  in  the  history  of  France  — it  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous reign  in  the  History  of  Monarchy  in  general. 
.  .  .  His  court  was  an  extraordinary  creati<tn.  He 
mafle  it  the  microcosm  of  all  that  was  most  brilliant 
and  prominent  in  France.  Every  order  of  merit  was 
invited  there  and  received  courteous  welcome.  .  .  . 
But  Louis  XIV. 's  reign  ha.s  better  titles  than  the  adu- 
lations of  courtiers  and  the  eulogies  of  wits  and  poets 
to  the  attention  of  posterity.  It  marks  one  of  the  most 
memorable  epochs  in  the  annals  of  mankind.  It 
stretches  across  history  like  a  great  mountain  range, 
separating  ancient  France  from  the  France  of  modern 
times.  On  the  farther  slope  are  Catholicism  and  Feu- 
dalism in  their  various  stages  of  8i>lendor  and  decay  — 
the  France  of  crusade  and  chivalry,  of  .St.  Louis  and 
Bavard.  On  the  hither  side  are  free-thought,  industry, 
an<l  centralization  —  the  France  of  Voltaire,  Turgot, 
and  CV)ndorcet.  When  Louis  came  to  the  throne,  the 
Thirty  Years'  War  still  wanted  six  years  of  its  end,  and 
the  heat  of  theological  strife  was  at  its  intensest  glow. 
When  he  tlied,  the  religious  temperature  had  cooled 
nearly  to  the  freezing  point,  and  a  new  vegetation  of 
science  and  positive  mquirj*  was  overspreading  the 
world."    J.  C.  .MoKiso.x. 

6.  The    Administration  of    Colbert  (a.  d. 
1661-83): 

(a)  Some  other  Tariff  Meamrea. 
J.    A.   Blanqui :   Hist,    of  Political  Economy, 

3730-1  (3610-11). 
W.   T.   McCuUagh  :  Industrial  History,  3147-8 

(3063-4). 

D.  Campbell:   The   Puritan  in  Holland,   etc., 
233:^-3  (2284-5). 

M.   Chamberlain  :  The  Revolution  Impending, 

3286-7  (3170-1). 

(ft)  The  Si/ntem  of  Colbert. 
Lady    Dilk'e;    France   under    Colbert,    1266-7 

(1234-5). 
J.    A.    Blanqui :   Hist,    of   Political  Economy, 

3148-9  (30(i4-5)." 
H.  Martin  :  History  of  France,  1267-8  (1235-6). 

7.  The  Dutch  Repl'ulic  : 

A.  L.  Pontalis  ;  John  dc  Witt.  2330-2  (2282-4). 
D.    Campliell  :   The  Puritan   in   Holland,   etc., 

2332-3  (2284-5). 
O.  Airy:  The  English  Restoration.  2333  (2285). 
J.  N.  i.arned:  Europe,  1106-7(1078-9). 

8.  Wars  with  Franck  and  England: 

T.    B     Macaulay:    Sir   William    Temple,   2835 
(2287). 


J.  Lingard  :  History  of  England.  922-3  (89.5-6). 
C.   M.   Yonge  :  Landmarks  of  llistorv,   2335-6 

(2287-8). 
O.  Airy  :  The  English  Restoration,  2336  (2288). 
J.  R.  Brotlhead :  History  of  New  York,  2336-7 

(2288-9). 
H.  Martin  :  History  of  France.  2337-8  (2289-90). 
J.  X.  Larned  :  Europe,  1109-10  (1081-3). 

9.  The  Peace  of  Ni.meguen  (a.  d.  1678-9) : 
H.  Jlartin  ;  History  of  France.  2414  (2362). 

O.    Airy :    The    English    Restoration,    2414-15 

(2362-3). 
J.  C.  Morison :  Reign  of  Louis  XIV. ,  3338  (2390). 

10.  French  Absorption  op  Alsace  and  Lor- 
raine (a.  d.  1679-81) : 

G.  B.  Mallcson :  Battlefields  of  Germany,  1513-14 

(1480-1). 
G.    W.    Kitchin:   History  of   France,    1518-19 

(148.5-6). 
W.  Cose  :  House  of  Austria,  1519  (1486). 
J.   B.   Perkins :  France  under  Mazarin,  2086-7 

(2042-3). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  1268-9  (1236-7). 

11.  Louis  XIV.'s  Persecution  of  the  Hugue- 
nots ; 

S.  Smiles :    History  of  the  Huguenots,  1265-6 

(1233-4). 
A.  de  Lamartine :  Bossuet,  1269  (1237). 
R.  L.  Poole:  Huguenots  of  the  Dispersion,  1270 

(1237-8). 

12.  War  op  the  League  op  Augsburg  (A.  D. 
1689-97): 

E.  Hale  :  Fall  of  the  Stuarts,  1271  (1239). 

T.   B.    Macaulay :    History   of  ,  England,    1271 

(1239). 
W.  K.  Sullivan  :  Irish  History,  1813  (1773). 
T.  H.  Dver  :  Modern  Europe.  1271-2  (1239-40). 
H.  D.  Traill:  William  the  Third.  1272-3(1240-1). 
T.  B.  Macaulay:    History  of  England,  1273-4 

(1241-2). 
G.    P.    R.   James:   Life   of  Louis  XIV.,  1275 

(1243). 

13.  The  Peace  of  Rtswick  (A.  D.  1697) : 

J.  W.  Gerard :   The  Peace  of  Utrecht,  1375-6 

(1243-4). 
II.  JIartin  :  History  of  France,  1276  (1244). 

14.  The  War   of   the  Spanish   Succession 
(A.  D.  1703-14): 

See  Study  XXXII. 

15.  FuRTiiEii  Religious  Persecutions: 
(a)   The  Camisfirds. 

H.    M.    Baird ;    The  Camisard  Uprising,    1276 

(1244-5). 

(ft)   The  Port  lioi/alistt. 
J.  Tulldch:  Pascii'l,  2637  (2565). 
J.  B.  Perkins:   France  under  Mazarin,  2687-9 

(2.56.5-7). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  2630  (2567). 
Duke  of  Saint  Simon  :  Memoirs,  2639-40  (2568). 
J.  I.   von   DciUingcr:    European   History,  2640 

(2568). 

16.  Thf,  Papacy: 

L.  von   Ranke:    History  of  the  Popes,  2524-6 

(2463-3). 
A.  R  I\'nnington:  Epochs  of  the  Papacy,  2525-6 

(2463^). 

17.  Death  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  state  op  the 
KiNODoM  (a.  d.  1715) : 

A.  Thierry  :  The  Tiers  £tat,  1378  (1346). 


225 


iiJ 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


V.  Duniy  ;  History  of  France,  1278-9  (1346-7). 

*'  When  the  rei^n,  which  was  to  crown  .  .  .  the  as- 
cendant march  of  the  French  monarchy,  had  falsified 
the  unbounded  hopes  which  its  commencement  had 
excited;  when  in  tlie  midst  of  fruitless  victories  and 
continually  increasing  reverses,  the  people  beheld  pro- 
gress in  all  the  branches  of  public  economy  changed 
into  distress,  —  the  ruin  of  the  finances,  industrj',  and 
agriculture  —  the  exhaustion  of  all  the  resources  of 
the  country,  —  the  impoverishment  of  all  classes  of  the 
nation,  tlie  dreadful  misery  of  the  population,  they 
were  seized  with  a  bitter  'disappointment  of  spirit, 
which  took  the  place  of  the  enthusiasm  of  their  confi- 
dence and  love."    A.  Thierhv. 

*'  Succeeding  generations  have  remembered  only  the 
numerous  victori^,  Europe  defied,  France  for  twenty 
years  preponderailt.  and  the  incomparable  splendor  of 
the  Court  of  Versailles,  with  its  marvels  of  letters  and 
arts,  which  have  given  to  the  17th  century  the  name  of 
the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  It  is  for  history  to  show  the  price 
which  France  has  paid  for  her  King's  vain  attempts 
abroad  to  rule  over  Europe,  and  at  home  to  enslave  the 
wills  and  consciences  of  men.  .  .  .  The  weight  of  the 
authority  of  Louis  XIV.  had  been  crushing  during  his 
last  years.  When  the  nation  felt  it  lifted,  it  breathed 
more  freely;  the  court  and  the  city  burst  into  disre- 
spectful demonstrations  of  jov;  the  very  coffin  of  the 
great  King  was  insulted."    V.  DrRCY. 

18.  Accession  and  Character  of  Louis  XV. 
(a.  d.  1715-1774): 

V.  Duniv:  History  of  France,  1278-9  (1246-7). 
W.  Smyth:  The  French  Revolution,  1280(1248). 
J.  B.  Pcrliins :  Fiance  under  the  Regency,  1280-1 
(1248-9). 

19.  P0L.\ND  : 

S.  A.  Dunham:  Historv  of  Poland,  2613  (2545). 

E.  Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  2100  (2056). 

W.    Koch:    Revolutions    in    Europe,    2613-14 

(2545-6). 
Poland:    Her  History   and  Prospects,  2614-15 

(2546-7). 

:  ,  2616-17  (2548-9). 

History  of  Poland,  2619-20  (2551-2). 

20.  Russia: 


Russia   and   Scandinavia,   2829 
Hist.  Geog.  of  Europe,  2830 
Historical  Abstracts,  2830-2 

2833 


v.   Thomsen : 

(3755). 
E.  A.  Freeman: 

(2756). 
C.  F.  Johnstone: 

(2756-8). 
A.  LeroyBeaulieu:   Empire  of  the  Tsars, 

(2758). 
H.  S.  Edwards:  The  Romanoffs.  2832-3  (2758-9). 

A.  Rambaud:  History  of  Russia.  2833  (3759). 
Voltaire:  History  of  Charles  XII.,  2835  (2761). 

21.  Sweden: 

(a)  Early  Uistori/. 
H.  H.  Howorth:  History  of  Sweden,  2890(2815). 
R.  G.  Latham:  Nationalities  of  Europe,  2890-1 

(282.5-16). 
E.  A.  Freeman :   Hist.  Geog.  of  Europe,  2891-3 

(2816-17). 
T.  Carlyle:  Early  Kings  of  Norway,  2892  (2817). 
T.  H.  Dver:  Modern  Europe,  2893-4  (2818-19). 
C.    R.    Fletcher:    Gustavus    Adolphus,   2894-6 

(2819—21). 
J.  L.  Stevens :  Gustavus  Adolphus,  2897  (2822). 

(i)  From  the  Tlnrty  Years'  War. 
J.  llitchell:   Life  of  Wallcnstein,  1505-6  (1473). 
G.  P.  R.  James:  Wallenstein.  1506-7  (1473-4). 
F.Schiller:  The  Thirty  Years' War,  1507-8  (1475). 

B.  Chapman:  Gustaviis  Adolphus.  1.509-10(1477). 

C.  M.  Yonge  :  English  History,  1510-11  (1478). 
L.  Ilausser  :  The  Reformation;  1514-15  (1481-2). 
E.  C.  Otte:  Scandinavian  History,  2897-9(2824). 

22.  Wars  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden: 
Voltaire:    History  of  Charles  XII.,  2899-3900 

(2824-5). 


A.  Crichton  :  Scandinavia,  2900-1  (2825-6). 
W.  C.  Taylor :  Modern  History,  2901-3  (2836-8). 
T.  H.  Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  2903  (2828). 
J.  N.  Lamed-.  Europe,  1111-12  (1083^). 

23.  Rapid  Advance  of  Prussi.\  : 

T.  B.  Macaulay :  Frederic  the  Great.  1.524  (1490). 
H.  von  Sybel:  Founding  of  the  German  Empire, 

1524-5"(1490-1). 
L.  P.  Segur:  Frederic  William  IL,  1538  (1494). 

24.  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession  (a.  d. 
1740-48) : 

See  Study  XXXHI. 

25.  The  Seton   Years'  War  (a.   d.  1754-63): 
See  Study  XXXIII. 

26.  The  Partition  of  Poland  : 

G.  W.  Kitchin:  History  of  France,  2621  (2553). 
H.  vou  Sybel:  First  Partition  of  Poland,  2621-3 

(3553-5). 
T.  Carlyle:  Frederick  the  Great,  2633  (2555). 
Sir  J.    Mackintosh:  The  Partition  of  Poland, 

2623^  (2555-6). 
A.  Rambaud :  History  of  Russia,  2624-5  (2556-7). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  111.5-16  (1087-8). 
See  Maps    between  pages  1114-15  and  2622-3 

(1086-7  and  2554-5). 

27.  The  General  Attack  upon  the   Jesuit 
Order ; 

H.  M.  Stephens  :  The  Story  of  Portugal,  1933-3 

(1891-2). 
W.  H.  Jervis:  The  Church  of  France,    19.33-4 

(1893-3). 
Clement  XIV.  and  the  Jesuits,  1934-5  (1893-4). 

28.  Europe  on  the  Eve  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution: 

J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1116-17  (1088-9). 
A.    Sorel:  Europe  and  the  French  Revolution, 
1283-4  (3755-6). 

E.  J.   Lowell:  Eve  of  the   French  Revolution, 
1286-7  (1253-4). 

Sarah  Tytler:  Marie  Antoinette,  1387-8  (12.54-5). 

F.  A.  Mignet:  The  French  Revolution,  1388-9 
(13.55-6). 

W.  Basjehot :  William  Pitt,  968-9  (941-2). 

T.  E.  Slay  :  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  969  (942). 

C.  T.  Lewis  ;  History  of  Germany,  1.536-7  (1.503) 

I.  Butt:  History  of  Italy,  1892-3  (1853-3). 

A.  Sorel:   Europe  and  the  French  Revolution, 

3081-2  (3804-5). 
C.  E.   IMallet:   The  French  Revolution,   238-0 

(221-2). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XXXV. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION 
1789-1796). 


(A.  D. 


1.  The  Government  of  Louis  XVI.: 

A.    Thiers:    The    French    Revolution,    1385-6 

(1252-3). 
E.  J.   Lowell :  Eve  of  the  French  Revolution, 

1286-7  (1253-4). 
Sarah  Tytler:  Marie  Antoinette,  1287-8  (1254-5). 

2.  The  French  People  at  thc  Outbreak  of 
the  Revolution  : 

H.  A.  Taine:  Ancien  Regime,  1289-91  (1256-8). 


( 


226 


COURSES   FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


T.  H.  Huxley :  The  Revolutionary  Spirit,  1291 

(1258). 
Chancellor  Pasquier :  Slemoirs,  1291-2  (1258-9). 
H.  von   Hoist :   The  French  Revolution,   1292 

(3757). 
M.   (ie  la  Rocheterie:  Marie  Antoinette,  1292 

(1259). 

"  *  I  am  miserable  because  too  much  is  taken  from  me. 
Too  mucli  is  taken  1  rom  me  because  not  enou^li  is  taken 
from  the  privileged.  Not  only  ilo  the  jirivilegeil  lorce 
me  to  pay  in  their  place,  but,  again,  they  previously 
deduct  from  my  earnings  their  ecclesiastical  and  leudal 
dues.  When,  out  of  my  income  of  HH)  francs,  1  have 
parted  with  63  francs,  or  more,  to  the  collector,  1  am 
obliged  again  to  give  U  francs  to  the  seignior,  also  more 
than  14  for  tithes,  and,  out  of  the  remaining  18  or  19 
francs  I  have  additionally  to  satisfy  the  exciseman.'  .  .  . 
These,  in  precise  terms,  arc  the  vague  iileas  beginning 
to  ferment  in  the  popular  brain  and  encountered  on 
every  page  of  the  records  of  the  .states-General.  .  .  . 
The  nrivileeed  wrought  their  own  destruction." 

*^  H.  A.  Taine. 

"In  1701,  long  before  the  inauj2:uration  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror,  there  were  in  a  population  of  (^,000  [in  Paris], 
118,000  paupers.  Under  the '  ancien  regime  '  the  immi- 
grant proletariat  from  the  country  was  by  the  law  barred 
out  from  all  ways  of  earning  a"  livelihood  except  as 
common  day  laborers,  and  the  wages  of  these  were  in 
1T88,  on  an  average,  2G  cents  fur  men  and  Vt  for  women, 
while  the  price  of  bread  was  higher  than  in  our  times. 
■What  a  gigantic  heap  of  ferment  !  "    H.  vox  Holst. 

3.  The  States-Gekeral  : 

Sir  J.  Stephen  :  History  of  France.  3108-9  (3027). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  History  of  France,  3109  (3027). 

Lord  Brougham;  History  of  England  and  France, 
2555  (2489). 

Bussey  and  Gaspey:  History  of  France,  1197,  sec- 
ond column,  (1165). 

A.  Thierry:  Formation  of  the  Tiers  Etat,  1202-3 
(1170-1). 

Voltaire:  Modern  History,  1349,  first  column, 
(1216). 

F.  A.  Mignet:  The  French  Revolution,  1288-9 
(1255-«). 

H.  von  Sybel:  The  French  Revolution,  1292-3 
(1259-60). 

4.  The  Third  Estate  ;  the  National  Assem- 
ui.v  (June,  1789): 

W.  Stubbs:  Const.  Hist,  of  England,  1014(986). 

A.  Thierry :  Formation  of  the  Third  Estate,  1014 
(986). 

"W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,  1293^ 
(1260-1). 

5.  The  Mob  in  Arms;  Fall  of  the  Bastille 
(July  14,  1789) : 

Chambers'  Miscellany;  History  of  the  Bastille, 

280  (271). 
H.    A.    Taine:  The  French  Revolution,  1294-5 

(1261-2). 
Chancellor  Pasquier:  Memoirs,  1295-6  (126'2-3). 

6.  The  Work  of  the  Assembly  ;  the  Declara- 
tion OF  Rights  : 

B.  Tuckcrman:  Life  of  Lafayette,  1296-7(1364). 
H.  M.  Stephens:  The  French  Revolution,  1297-8 

(1264-5). 
G.     H.    Lewes:    Life  of    Robespierre,    1298-9 

(1265-6). 
: ,  1656  (1618). 

7.  The  Attack  op  the  Women  on  Versailles  : 
T.  Carlvle  :  The  French  Revolution,  1299-1300 

(1266^7). 
F.  A.  Mignet:  The  French  Revolution,  1300-01 
(1267-8). 

8.  The  New  Constitution  (1789-91): 

Sir  T.  E.  May :  Democracy  in  Europe,  1301  (1268). 


W.  O'C.  Morris;  The  French  Revolution,  1301-2 
(1268-9). 

9.  The  Emigration  of  the  Nobility: 
Chancellor  Pasquier:  Memoirs,  1297  (1264). 

W.  O'C.  Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  1303, 
first  column,  (1209). 

10.  The  Rise  op  the  Clubs: 

F.  A.   Mignet:  The  French  Revolution,  1302 
(1269). 

H.  von  Sybel:    The  French  Revolution,  1302 
(1269). 

G.  H.  Lewes;  Life  of  Robespierre,  1302-3  (1270). 
J.  Michelet;  The  French  Revolution,  1303  (1270). 

11.  The  Attitude  of  Foreign  Powers;  Flight 
OF  TUB  King  (1791): 

T.  H.  Dyer;  Modern  Europe,  1303-4  (1270-1). 
H.  vonSvbel:  The  French  Revolution,  1304-5 
(1271-2). 

12.  The  Girondists; 

H.  Van  Laun:  The  Revolutionary  Epoch,  1306 

(1273). 
A.  de  Lamartine:  The  Girondists,  1306  (1273). 
H.  von  Sybel:  The  French  Revolution,  1306-7 

(1273-4). 
W.   E.    H.  Lecky:   History  of  England,    1307 

(1274). 
R.  Lodge;  Jlodern  Europe,  1307-8  (1274-5). 

13.  War  with  Austria  and  Prussia  ;  Mob  Rule 
IN  Paris  (1793) : 

A.  Griffiths:   Revolutionary   Generals,    1308-9 
(127.5-6). 

B.  M.  Gardiner:  The  French  Revolution,  1309-10 
(1270-7). 

H.  M.  Stephens:  The  French  Re  volution,  1310-13 
(1277-9). 

14.  The  September  Massacres  (1792) : 

A.  de  Lamartine:  The  Girondists,  1313-13  (1380). 
H    A.  Taine:  The  French  Revolution,  1313-14 
(1280-1). 

15.  The  Proclamation  of  the  Republic  (Sep- 
tember 21,  1792); 

Sir  A.  Alison :  History  of  Europe,  1314-16  (1283). 

C.  MacFarlane;    The   French  Revolution,  1332 
(1299). 

H.  M.  Stephens:  The  French  Revolution,  1833 
(1299). 

16.  First  Successes  of  the  Republican  Army: 
C.  F.  Johnstone  :   Historical  Abstracts,  2345-<5 

^2297-8). 
C.   E.  Mallet:   The  French  Revolution,  228-9 

(221-2). 
H.  von  Sybel:  The  French  Revolution,  1537-9 

(1503-5). 
C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  1316-17.(1283-4). 
17u,The  Trial,  Sentence,  and  Execution  op 

CouisXVL  (Janu.uiy,  1793): 
F.  A.  Mignet:  The  French  Revolution,  1817-18 

W   O'C.  Morris:  The  First  Empire,  1818  (1285). 
T.   Carlyle:    Th«  French  Revolution,  1819-20 
(1286-7). 

18.  Increasing  Anarchy;  the  Revolution- 
ary  Tribunal: 

T  H.  Dyer :  ^ilodern  Europe.  18'20-1  (1287-8). 
H  M.  Stephens  :  The  French  Revolution,  1822-4 
(1289-91). 

19.  The  Insurrection  fn  La  Vendee  (1798): 
A     Thiers:    The    French    Revolution,    1821-3 

(1288-9). 


227 


COURSES  FOR   STUDY 

A  de  Lamartine  :  The  Girondists,  1324-5  (1292). 
F    A.   llignet :    Tlie  French  Revolution,   1325 

'(1292). 
:  ,  1327-8  (1294-5). 

20.  Formation  op  European  Coalition 
AGAINST  France  ; 

J    R.  Green;  History  of  the   English  People, 

969-70  (942-3). 
Goldwin  Smith :  Three  English  Statesmen,  9iO 

(943). 
G.  W.  Cooke  :  History  of  Party,  970  (943). 
H.  vou   Sybel:   The  French  Revolution,  1318 

(1385).  „      , 

J.  R.   Green:   History  of  the  English  People, 

1318  (1285). 
Sir  A.  Alison  :  History  of  Europe,  1824  (1291). 

21.  The  Committee  of  Pdblic  Safety 
(August,  1793); 

R.  Lodge  :  Modern  Europe,  132.5-6  (1292-3). 
L.  Gronlund  :  Ca  Ira,  1326  (1293). 

22.  Charlotte  Corday;  the  Ass.iSsrNATioN 
OF  ]\Iarat  : 

B  M.  Gardiner ;  The  French  Revolution,  1326-7 
(1293-4). 

23.  The  "Reign  of  Terror";  Execution  of 
iviARiE  Antoinette,  and  Mme.  Roland 
(1793) : 

H.  Martin;  History  of  France,  1329-31  (1296-8). 
H.  M.  Stephens ;  The  French  Revolution,  1331-2 

(1298-9). 
Sir  T.    E.    May  ;   Democracy  in  Europe,  1333 

(1300). 
T     Carlyle:    The    French    Revolution,    1333-4 

'(1300-1). 
J.  N.  Lamed  :  Europe,  1119-20  (1091-2). 

24.  Abandonment  of  Christlanity  ;  the 
Worship  of  Reason  : 

C.  MacFarlane:    The  French  Revolution,  1332 

(1299). 
W.  H.   Jervis:    The   Galilean   Church,  1332-3 

(1299-1300). 
John  Morley  ;  Robespierre,  1334-5  (1301-2). 

"  Before  the  year  ended  [17931  the  legislators  of  Paris 
voted  that  there  was  no  God,  and  destroyed  or  altered 
nearly  even-thing  that  had  any  reference  to  Christian- 
ity .  .  Ttiey  decreed  that  on  the  10th  of  November 
the  'Worship  of  Reason'  should  be  inaugurated  at 
Notre  Dame.  A  temple  dedicated  to  •  Philosophy  '  was 
erected  on  a  jilatform  in  the  middle  of  the  choir.  A 
motley  procession  of  citizens  of  both  sexes,  headed  by 
the  constituted  authorities,  advanced  towards  it;  on 
their  atiproach.  the  Goddess  of  Reason,  impersonated 
by  a  well  known  figurante  of  the  opera,  took  her  seat 
upon  a  grassy  throne  in  front  of  the  temple;  a  hymn, 
composed  in  her  honor  by  the  poet  Chenier,  wa.s  sung 
by  a  body  of  young  girls  dressed  in  white  and  bedecked 
with  flowers;  and  the  multitude  bowed  the  knee  before 
her  in  profound  adoration.  It  was  the  '  abomination  of 
desolation  sitting  in  the  holy  place.'  .  .  .  The  example 
set  by  Paris,  was  faithfully  repeated,  if  not  surpassed 
in  atrocity,  throughout  the  provinces.  Religion  was 
proscribed,  churches  closed,  Christian  ordinances  in- 
Mrdicted;  the  dreary  gloom  of  atheistical  despotism 
overspread  the  land.''    W.  H.  Jervis. 

25.  Progress  of  the  War  aqatnst  the  Co- 
alition (1793-4): 

W.  O'C.  Morris:  The  French  Revolution  1328 

(1295). 
Sir  A.  Alison  ;  History  of  Europe,1328-9  (1296). 
W.  Massey  ;  History  of  England,1336-7  (1303^). 

26.  The  Climax  of  the  "  Reign  of  Terror  " 
(1794) ;  THE  'i^D  Prairial  ; 

John  Morley:  Robespierre,  1337-8  (1304-5). 
H    von  Sybel:   The  French  Revolution,    1338 
(1305). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

A  Thiers;  The  French  Revolution,  1338  (1305). 
H.  A.  Taine ;  The  French  Revolution,  1338  (1305). 
"  It  is  estimated  that,  in  the  eleven  western  depart 
ments,  the  dead  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  ages  exceeded 
400,000.  Considering  the  programme  and  principles  of 
the  Jacobin  sect,  this  is  no  great  number;  they  might 
have  killed  a  good  many  more.  But  time  was  wanting; 
during  their  short  reign  they  did  what  they  could  with 
the  instrument  in  their  hands."    H.  A.  Taixe. 

27.  Fall  op  Robespierre;  End  of  the  "Reign 
of  Terror"  (July,  1794): 

J.  E.   Symes:  The  French  Revolution,   1338-9 

T.  B.  Macaulav :  Bart-re's  Jlemoirs,  1340  (1307). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  1340  (1307). 
Sergcnt  JIarceau ;  Reminiscences  of  a  Regicide, 

1340  (1307).  .       _,„  , 

B.  M.  Gardiner :  The  French  Revolution,  1340-1 

(1307-8). 

28.  Progress  OP  the  Foreign  Wars: 

T   H   Dyer;  Modern  Europe,  1341-2  (1308-9). 
H.  Van  Laun;  The  Revolutionary  Epoch,  1342-3 

(1309-10). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France,  1345-6  (1312-13). 
Sir  A.  Alison :  History  of  Europe,  1346  (1313). 

29.  The  Constitution  of  the  Year  III.  (1795): 
F    A.  Mignet:  The  French  Revolution,  1343^ 

(1310-11).  „^,  ^ 

A     Thiers:  The    French    Revolution,    1344-5 
■(1311-12). 

30.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  ;  the  Directory 
(1795); 

J.  G.  Lockhart:  Life  of  Napoleon.  1346-7  (1314). 
E.  de  Bonnechose:  History  of  France,  1347(1314). 
"Within  five  days  from  the  'Day  of  the  Sections' 
Buonaparte  was  named  second  in  command  of  the  army 
of  the  interior;  and  shortly  afterwards,  Barras  hnding 
his  duties  as  Director  sufficient  to  occupy  his  time,  gave 
up  the  command-in-chief  of  the  same  army  to  his '  Uttle 
Corsican  officer.'  "    J.  G.  Lockhart. 

•.See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


i 


*  STUDY   XXXVI. 


FRANCE   UNDER  NAPOLEON  (A.  D. 
1795-1815). 


1.  Napoleon  in  Command  (a.  d.  1795): 

J.     G.     Lockhart;    Life  of    Napoleon,    1346-7 

E  de  Bonnechose :  History  of  France,'1347  (1314). 
J.'  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1120  (1092). 

2.  The  Italian  Campaign  (1796-7) : 

C   A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  1347-9  (1314-16). 

Count  de  Melito:  Memoirs,  1349  (1316). 

R.  Lodge  ;  Modern  Europe,  1349-50  (1316-17). 

3.  The  State  of  England  : 

A.  Alison :  History  of  Europe,  970-1  (943-4). 
T  Wright:  History  of  France,  1349  (1316). 
W.  Bagehot:  Lombard  Street,  2255  (2211). 

4.  The  Overthrow  of  Venice;   Peace   op 
Campo  Formio  : 

T  Mitchell :  Rise  of  Napoleon.  1350-1  (1317-18). 
T  H.  Dyer]:  Modern  Europe,  1351-2  (1318-19). 
See  Map  between  pages  2622-3  (2554-5). 

5.  The  Coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Fructidob 

E    de  Bonnechose:  History  of  France,  1352-3 
(1319-20). 


\ 


228 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


A.  Thiers  :  The  French  Revolution,  1353  (1320). 
Chevalier    O'Clery:   The    Italian    Revolution, 
1353-4  (1320-1). 

6.  The  United  States  asd  the  Revolution  ; 
THE  X.  Y.  Z.  Letters  : 

E.  Everett :  Life  of  Washington,  3422  (3306). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  George  Washington,  3422  (3306). 
T.  W.  Higginson;  The  United  States,  3431  (3315). 

'*  The  plan  of  this  coven  intercourse  came  through 
the  i)rivate  Secretary  of  M.  de  Talleyrand,  then  French 
Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs;  and  the  impudence  of 
these  three  letters  of  the  alphabet  went  so  tar  as  to  pro- 
pose a  bribe  of  1,200,000  francs.  '  You  must  pay  money, 
a  great  deal  of  money,'  remarked  Monsieur  Y.  The 
secret  of  these  names  was  kept,  but  the  diplomatic 
correspondence  was  made  public,  and  created  much 
wrath  in  Europe,  as  well  as  in  America.  ...  At  last 
the  insults  passed  beyond  bearing,  and  it  was  at  this 
time  that  •  millions  for  defense,  not  one  cent  for 
tribute,'  first  became  a  proverbial  phrase,  having  been 
originally  used  by  Charles  C.  Pinckney."  T.  VT.  HiG- 
oixsox. 

7.  The  Helvetic  Repcblic: 

H.   Zschokke  :  History  of  Switzerland,  3133-4 

(3049-50). 
C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  3134-5  (30.50-1). 
Sir  A.  Alison  ;  History  of  Europe,  3135  (3051). 

8.  Napoleon  in  Egypt  (1798-1799) ;  Battle  op 
the  Nile: 

W.  Massey ;  Historv  of  England,  1354-5  (1321-2). 
J.  G.  Lockhart :  Life  of  Napoleon,  1357-9  (1326). 

9.  The  Second  European  Coalition  (1798-9): 
H.  Van  Laun:  The  Revolutionary  Epoch,  1355-7 

(13-22-4). 
T.  Wright  :  History  of  France,  1359-60  (1326-7). 
Sir    A.    Alison:    History    of    Europe,    1360-1 

(1327-8). 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1361  (1328). 

F.  C.  Schlosser:  The  Eighteenth  Century.  1361-2 
(1328-9). 

J.  Adolphus:  History  of  England,  1362  (1829). 

10.  End  of  the  First  Republic;  Napoleon 
First  Consul  (1799): 

C.  K.  Adams :   Democracy  in  France,    1363-4 

(1329-31). 
F.    A.    Mignet:  The  French   Revolution,  1364 

(1331). 
F.  C.  Schlosser:  The  Eighteenth  Century,  1364-5 

(1331-2). 

11.  The  Second  Conquest  op  Italy;  Peace 
OF  LUNEVILLE  (1800-1801): 

R.    H.    Home:     Napoleon     Bonaparte,    1365-6 

(1332-3). 
W.  O'C.  Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  1366-7 

(1333-4). 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1867  (1334). 
Sir  A.  Alison :    History    of    Europe,   1539-40 

(1505-6). 
C.  T.  Lewis:  History  of  Germany,  1540  (1506). 

12.  Louisiana  wrested  prom  Spain  and  sold 
TO  THE  United  States  (1802-3): 

M.  Thompson:  The  Story  of  Louisiana,  2093-4 

(2049-50). 
C.  P.  Robertson  :  The  Louisiana  Purchase,  2094 

(2050). 
H.  von  Hoist :  Const.  Hist,  of  the  United  States, 

3443  (3327). 

T.  M.  Cooley :   The  Acquisition  of  Louisiana, 

3443-4  (3327-8). 
Henry  Adams:  History  of  the  United  States, 

3444  (3328). 


13.  The  ' '  Continental  System  " ;  Napoleon's 
Domestic  Policies  : 

J.    It.    Green:    The    English    People,    1368-9 

(1335-6). 
L.  Levi :  British  Commerce,  1379-80  (1346-7). 
Captain  A.  T.  Mahan :  Influence  of  Sea  Power, 

1380-1  (1347-8). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  Europe,  1369-70(1336-7). 
C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  1370-1  (1337-8). 
P.  Lanfrey:  History  of  Napoleon,  1371  (1338). 
yi.   Arnold :  Schools  on    the    Continent,   738-9 

(715-16). 

"The  significance  of  the  Peace  of  Luneville  lay  in 
this,  not  only  that  it  was  the  close  of  the  earlier  revo- 
lutionary struggle  in  Europe;  .  .  .  but  that  it  marked 
the  concentration  of  all  her  energies  in  a  struggle  with 
Britain  for  the  supremacy  of  the  world.  .  .  .  The 
country  [Britain]  stood  utterly  alone  while  the  Peace 
of  Luneville  secured  France  from  all  hostility  on  the 
Continent.  ...  To  strike  at  England's  wealth  had 
been  among  the  projects  of  the  Directory;  it  was  now 
the  dream  of  the  First  Consul.  .  .  .  Her  carrying  trade 
must  be  annihilated  if  he  closed  every  port  against  her 
ships.  It  was  this  gigantic  project  of  a  'Continental 
System  '  that  revealed  itself  as  soon  as  Buonaparte  be- 
came master  of  France."    J.  R.  Gueen. 

14.  War  declared  by  Great   Britain;  Na- 
poleon becomes  Emperor: 

H.   Martineau :     History  of    England,    1371-3 

(1338-40). 
J.   R.    Seeley:  History  of  Napoleon  I.,  1373-4 

(1340-1). 
Chancellor  Pasquier:  Memoirs,  1374  (1341). 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Life  of  Napoleon,  1374-5  (1341-2). 

15.  Third  European  Coalition;  Trafalgar 
and  austerlitz  (1805): 

R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  1375  (1342). 

J.    F.    Bright:    History    of    England,    1375-6 

(1342-3). 
W.  O'C.  Morris:  Napoleon,  1376-7  (1343-4). 

16.  The  Campaign  against  Prussia  and  Rus- 
su.  (1806-7) : 

W.  Menzel :  History  of  Germany,  1540-1  (1506-7). 
J.  Bryce;  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1541  (1507). 
J.  G.  Lockhart:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1.542-4  (1510). 
Sir  A.  Alison:  Historv  of  Europe,  1544-5  (1511). 
H.  Martin:  History  of  France.  1545-6  (1511-12). 
A.  Rambaud:  History  of  Russia,  1546-7  (1513). 
R.  Lodge  :  Modern  Europe,  1547  (1513). 
C.  Joyneville:  Life  of  Alexander  I.,  1547-8(1514). 

17.  The  Character  op  Napoleon's  Emfirb 
AND  Rule: 

W.  O  'C.  Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  1381-2 

(1348-9). 
P.  Lanfrey:  History  of  Napoleon,  1382  (1349). 
Sir  H.  L.  Bulwer:  Historical  Characters,  1382-3 

(1349-50). 
Sir  A.  Alison ;  History  of  Europe,  1383-4  (1350-1). 
II.  Martin;  History  of  Prance,  '2526  ('2464). 
Sir  A.  Alison;  History  of  Europe,  3526-7  (2464-5). 
M.  Talleyrand:  Memoirs,  2527-8  (2465-6). 

18.  The  Peninsular  War  (a.  d.  1808-1814): 
M.  M.  Busk:  History  of  Portugal,  2647-8  (2576). 
J.  R.  Seeley  :  Napoleon  I.,  8082-8  (3000-1). 

T.  H.  Dyer  :  Motlern  Europe,  8088-1  (3001-2). 
P.  Lanfrey  :  History  of  Napoleon  I.,  1384  (1851). 
II.  R.  Clinton;  The  War  in  the  Peninsula,  8084 

(3002). 
C   Knight:  History  of  England,  8084-5(8002-8). 
H.  R.  Clinton  :  War  in  the  Peninsula.  3087  (3005). 
The  Times :  Memoir  of  Wellington.  80H7-9  (8007). 
T      Hamilton  :     The     Peninsular     Campaigns, 

3089-90  (3907-8). 
P.  Lanfrey  ;  History  of  Napoleon  I.,  8091  (3009). 


229 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


General  Vane  :  The  Peninsular  War,  3092  (3010). 
J.    F.    Bright:    History    of    England,    3092-3 

(3010-11). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1123(1095). 

19.  The  Russian  Campaign  (a.  d.  1812): 

J.  R.  Seeley:  History  of  Napoleon,  1385-6  (1353). 
P.  Lanfrey:  History  of  Napoleon  I.,  1386  (1353). 
E.    Labaume  :   The   Campaign  in  Russia,  1386 

(1353). 
A.  Rainbaud:  History  of  Russia,  2842-3  (3768-9). 
L.    Tolstoi:    The    Russian    Campaign,   2843-4 

(2769-70). 
A.  Thiers:  History  of  the  Empire,  2844^5(2771). 
V.  Duruy  :  History  of  France,  2845-6  (2771-3). 
Sir  R.  Wilson  :  The  Invasion  of  Russia,  2846-7 

(3772-3). 
E.  Labaume:   The  Campaign  in  Russia,  2847 

(2773). 
A.  Thiers :  History  of  the  Empire,  1387  (1354). 

20.  The  Germ.^^nic  Uprising  ;  Battle  of  Leip- 
sic  (A.  D.  1812-13) : 

H.  Martin  :  History  of  France,  1555-6  (1521-2). 
"W.  Menzel  :  History  of  Germany,  1556  (1532). 
J.    Mitchell  :    The  Fall  of    Napoleon,    1557-8 

(1523-4). 
J.  G.  Lockhart :  Life  of  Napoleon,  1558-9  (1525). 
R.  H.  Home  :  History  of  Napoleon,  1560  (1526). 
C.  T.  Lewis  :  History  of  Germany,  1561-2  (1538). 
"W.  Hazlitt:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1562-3  (1.528-9). 
A.  Thiers :  History  of  the  Empire,  1563  (1529). 
Sir  A.  Alison:  History  of  Europe,  1563-4  (1530). 

21.  Invasion  op  the  Allies;  Abdication  of 
Napoleon  (a.  d.  1814): 

A.  Rambaud :  History  of  Russia,  1387-9  (1354-6). 
J.    Mitchell:    The   Fall  of    Napoleon,  1389-91 

(1356-8). 
Sir  A.  Alison:  History  of  Europe,  1895  (1855). 
W.  R.  Thayer :  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

1895-6  (18.55-6). 
I.  Butt:  History  of  Italy,  1896-7  (1856-7). 

"  The  act  of  .-ilidication  was  worded  in  the  following 
terms:  '  The  Allied  Powers  having  proclaimed  that  the 
Emperor  Napoleon  is  the  sole  obstacle  to  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  peace  in  Europe,  the  Emperor  Napoleon, 
faithful  to  his  oath,  declares  that  he  is  ready  to  descend 
from  the  throne,  to  quit  France,  and  even  to  relinquish 
life,  for  the  good  of  the  country,  which  is  inseparable 
from  the  rights  of  his  son,  from  those  of  the  regency  in 
the  person  of  the  Empress,  and  from  the  maintenance  of 
the  laws  of  the  Empire.  Doueat  our  palace  of  Eontain- 
bleau,  4th  April,  IS14.  Napoleon." "    J.  Mitchell. 

22.  The  Pope  and  the  Jesuits: 

M.  Talleyrand:  Memoirs,  2527-8(2465-6). 
Eraser's  Magazine  :  The  Jesuits,  1935  (1894). 
23    The  Congress  op  Vienna  (September, 

1814): 
C   A.  Fyffe:  INIodern  Europe,  3745-7  (3624-6). 
R.  Lodge  :  Modern  Europe,  3747  (3626). 

24.  The  New  Government  ;  Louis  XVIII. : 
H   Martin:  History  of  France,  1391-2  (1358-9). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  1392  (1359). 

25.  The  "One  Hundred  Dats";  Waterloo 
(A.  D.  June  18,  1815): 

G.  Hooper:  Waterloo,  1392^  (1359-61). 

H.  K.  Clinton:  Wellington's  Campaigns,  1394-6 

(1361-3). 
G.  Hooper:  Waterloo,  1396-7  (1363^). 
Baron  de  Jomini:  The  Campaign  of  Waterloo, 

1397-8  (1364-5). 
J.  R.  Seeley:  Napoleon  I.,  1398-9  (1365-6). 
Sir  A.    Alison:   History   of  Europe,    1399-1400 

(1366-7). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XXXVII. 


THE  AMERICAN  COLONIES. 


230 


1.  The  Discovery  op  North  America  (a.  d. 
1498): 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  58  (51). 

H.  Harrisse:  Discovery  of  North  America,  59 

(3678). 
:  ,  61  (3678). 

2.  The  Aborigines: 

D.  G.  Brinton :  The  Lenape,  84  (77). 

J.  G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  84-5 

(77-8). 
J.  W.  Powell:  Ethnological  Report,  85  (78). 
J.  R.  Brodhead:  History  of  New  York,  85  (78). 

3.  Earliest  English  Ventures: 

E.  J.  Payne :  Elizabethan  Seamen,  74-5,  76  (67-9). 

E.  Haves:  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  76  (69). 
I.  N.  tarbox:  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  77  (70). 

J.  A.  Doyle:  English  in  America,  76-7  (69-70). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  77-8  (70-1). 
J.  G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  78-9 
(71-2). 

4.  The  Virginia  Company  and  Colony  : 

J.    Fiske:    Beginnings  of    New  England,  3748 

(3627). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  U.  S.,  374&-9  (3637-8). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  The  English  Colonies,  3749  (3638). 
R.  A.  Brooke  :  Virginia,  3749-50  (3638-9). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3751  (3630). 
C.  Campbell:  The  Colony  of  Virginia,  3751-2 

(3630-1). 
H.  B.  Adams:   College  of  William  and  Mary, 

749-50  (726-7). 

5.  Virginia  under  the  Stuarts  : 

R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3752  (3631). 
R.  Beverley:  History  of  Virsinia.  3753-3  (3632). 
J.  E.  Cooke  :  Virginia,  3753  (3633). 
W.  Ware :  Nathaniel  Bacon,  3753-5  (3633-4). 

6.  The  Mayflower  and  the  Plymouth  Col- 
ony (a.  d.  1620) : 

C.  Deane:  New  England,  2141  (2097). 

F.  B.    Dexter:    The   Pilgrim  Church,   2141-3 
(2097-8). 

Goldwin  Smith :  The  American  Colonies,  2142 

(3098). 
J.  G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  2143 

(2099). 
W.  T.  Davis.  Ancient  Plymouth,2144-5  (3100-1). 

7.  The  Massachusetts  Bay  Company  : 

H.  C.  Lodge:  English  Colonies,  3145  (2101). 

J.  G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  2145 

(2101). 
J.  B.  Moore  :  Governors  of  New  Plymouth,  2146 

(2101-2). 
J.   Fiske:    Beginnings  of  New  England,  2148 

(2104). 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S. ,  2148-9  f2104-5). 

8.  Founding  or  Boston  (a.  d.  1630): 

S.  A.  Drake:  Around  the  Hub,  3146-7  (3102-3). 
R.  C.  Winthrop :  Boston  Founded,  2147  (3103). 
G.  G.  Bush:  Harvard,  751  (738). 
The  Oldest  School  in  America,  750-1  (727-8). 

9.  Early  Religious  Conditions  : 

J.  G.  Palfrey:  New  England,  2147(2103). 

J.   Fiske:   Beginnings  of  New  England,   2147 

(2103). 
G.  E.  ElUs:  Early  Massachusetts,2147-8  (2103-4). 


1 


i 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


J.  A.  Doyle  :  The  American  Colonies.  2149  (2105). 

.1.  S.  Barrv :  Massachusetts,  2149  (2105). 

G.    E.    Ellis :    Early    Massachusetts,    2149-50 

(2105-6). 
C.  F.  Adams:  5Iassachusctts,  2150-1  (2106-7). 

10.  Tire  Dutch  Settle.ments  : 

G.  Bancroft  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  79-80  (72-3). 
E.  B.  OCallaghan  :  New  Netherlands,  2377  (2325). 
J.  R.  Brodhead  :  History  of  New  York,  2377-8 

(232.5-6). 
G.  W.  Schuyler  :   Colonial  New  York,  2378-9 

(2326-7). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  U.  S.,  677  (654). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  English  Colonies,  2379-80(2327-8). 
J.  W.  Gerard:  William  Kieft,  2380  (2328). 
S.  S.  Randall :  History  of  New  York,  2380  (2828). 
H.  R.  Stiles :  History  of  Brooklyn,  2381  (2329). 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Lamb:  The  City  of  New  York,  2379, 

2382  (2327,  2330). 

11.  The  Beginnings  of  Conuecticct  (a.  d. 
1634): 

(a)  The  First  Settlements. 

B.  Trumbull :  History  of  Connecticut.  510  (496). 

C.  W.  Bowen:  Boundary  Disputes,  510  (496). 
A.  Johnston  :  Connecticut,  510  (496). 

J.   Fiske :    The  Beginnings  of  New  England, 

510-11  (496-7). 
R.  Hildreth  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  513  (499). 
J.  G.  Palfrey  :    History  of  New  England,  513 

(499). 
A.   Johnston:    A  New  England  State,  514-15 

(500-1). 

(6)  Constitution  Making. 
A.  Johnston  :  A  New  England  State,  511  (497). 
Public  Records  of  Colony  of  Connecticut,  511-13 

(497-9). 
Full  Text  of  the  Fundamental  Orders,  511-13 

(497-9). 

(c)  The    Fundamental    Agreement,    and    the 
"  Blue  Laics." 
J.    A.   Doyle:    The   Puritan   Colonies,    513-14 

(499-500). 
C.  H.  Levermore:  New  Haven,  514  (500). 
J.   H.    Trumbull  :    The  True  Blue  Laws,   514 

(3691-2). 

12.  Roger  Williams,  and  the  Providence 
Plantations  : 

(a)  T?ie  Persecution  of  Williams. 
8.  G.   Arnold :  History  of  Rhode  Island,  3707 

(2034). 
T.  Durfce:  Historical  Discourse,  2707-8  (2634-5). 
J.  L.  Diman :  Orations  and  Essays,  2708-9  (2636). 
J.  It.  Bartiett :  Letters  of  Roger  Williams,  3709 

(2636). 
W.  Gammell :  Life  of  Roger  Williams,  2709-10 

(2630-7). 
J.    D.    Knowles :   Memoir  of  Roger  Williams, 

2710-11  (2037-8). 

(ft)  Constitution  of  Providence  Plantation. 
G.  W.  Greene:  Rhode  Island.  2713  (2039). 
Stephen  Hopkins  :  Tlie  Planting  of  Providence, 

2713-14  (2039^1). 

(c)  First  Baptist  Church. 

W.  R.  Staples:  The  Town  of  Providence,  2714 
(2641). 

13.  TnK  Founding  op  Rhode  Island: 

R.   Hildreth:    History  of   the  U.    S.,    2711-12 

(36;iS-9). 
O.  S.  Straus:  Roger  Williams,  2713(2639). 

14.  Loud  Baltimore,  and  Maryland: 

(d)  The  Planting  of  the  Colony. 

J.  McSherry:  History  of  Maryland,  2135  (2091) 


J.  L.  Bozman:  Maryland,  2135-6  (2091-2). 

J.  G.  Shea :  Catholic  Church  in  Colonial  Days, 

2136-7  (2092-3). 
G.  B.  Keen:  New  Albion,  2353  (2305). 

(6)  lieligious  Troubles,  and  Toleration. 
J.  A.  Doyle:  English  in  America,  2137-8(2093^). 
G.  L.  Davis:  American  Freedom,  2138  (2094). 
W.  H.  Browne:  Maryland.  2138  (2094). 
H.   C.    Lodge:   The  English  Colonies,  2138-9 

(2094-5). 

15.  The  Swedish  Settlement  in  Delaware  : 

J.  R.  Brodhead  :  History  of  New  York,  677(654). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  677  (654). 

B.  Firris:  Settlements  on  the  Delaware,  677-8 
(654-5). 

G.  W.  Schuyler  :  Colonial  New  York,  678  (655). 
E.  H.  Roberts :  New  York,  678-9  (655-6). 

16.  Early  History  op  Pen-nsylvania  : 

(a)  Rival  Claims  to  Territory. 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  23.54  (2306). 
W.  H.  Browne:  Maryland,  2135-6  (2091-2). 

C.  II.    Levermore:  "Republic  of  New  Haven, 
2368  (2319). 

J.  R.  Brodhead :  History  of  New  York,  2384-5 

(2332-3). 

(6)  T7ie  Territory  and  Government  ofPenn. 
Susan  Coolidge  :  History  of  Philadelphia,  2564-5 

(2498-9). 
Scharf  and  Wcstcott:  Philadelphia.  2565  (2499). 
T.  Clarkson :  Memoirs  of  Penn,  2565  (2499). 
W.  II.  Dixon:  History  of  Penn,  2.566-7  (2.500-1). 
B.  A.  Hinsdale  ;  Old  Northwest,  2567  (2.501). 
J.    Dunlop :    Controversy   between    Penn    and 

Baltimore,  2.567-8  (2501-2). 
B.  Fernow :  The  Middle  Colonies,  2568-9(2502-3). 

17.  General  Review  op  the  Settlement  op 

THE  CoLONIKS,  and  THEIK  RELATION  TO  THE 

Mother  Country,  3281-0  (316.5-70). 

18.  First  Conpederation  of  Colonies  (a.  d. 
1643) : 

R.    Hildreth:   History    of    the    U.    S.,    2357-0' 
(2309-10). 

19.  New  Amsterdam   becosies   New  York 
(A.  D.  1664): 

J.    A.    Stevens:    The  English  in  New  York, 

2383-3  (2330-1). 
R.  L.  Fowler  :  History  of  New  York.  2388(2331). 
B.  Tuckcrman  ;  Peter  Stuy  vesant,  2384  (2332). 
J.  K.  Brodhead  :  History  of  New  York,  2384-5 

(2332-3). 
: ,  2336-7  (2288-9). 

20.  Attempted    Overthrow  of  Charters  ; 
Andros;  the  Charter  Oak  : 

J.  G.  Palfrey  :  History  of  New  England,  2385 

(2338) 
G   L.  Austin  :  History  of  Massachusetts,  2153-4 

(2109-10).  .      .        ,„         ,       .. 

Brooks  Adams  :  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts, 

31.54-5  (3110-11). 
H.   C.    Lodge:   The  English   Colonies,   2155-8 

(3111-13). 
J.  S.  Barry  :  History  of  Massachusetts,  2156-7 

(3113-l.S). 
G.   II.    IloUistcr:  History  of  Connecticut,   515 

E.  B    Sanford;  History  of  Connecticut,  515-16 

(.501-2). 
A.  John.ston:  Connecticut,  516  (502). 
G.Bancroft;  History  of  the  U.  S.,  516-17  (503-8). 


231 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


21.  King  Philip's  War  (a.  d.  1674-8): 

G.    Bancroft;    History   of  the   U.    8.,    2358-9 

(2310-11). 
C.    W.    Elliott :   New  England  History,   23o9 

(2311). 
R.    Hildreth:    History  of  the    U.   S.,   2359-60 

(2311-12). 
J.  G.  Palfrey  :  History  of  New  England,  2360 

C2312) 
J    Fiske :  Beginnings  of  New  England,   2360 

(2312). 

22.  First  Coloni.\l  Congress  (a.  d.  1690),  and 
King  William's  War  : 

R.  Frothingham  :  Rise  of  the  Republic,  3287-8 

(3171-2) 
G  Bancroft :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  376-7  (366-7). 
J.  6.  Palfrey  :  History  of  New  England,  377 

J    S    Barry:  History  of  Masaschusetts,  377-8 

"  (367-8). 
23    The  Salbm  Witchcraft  Madness  (a.  d. 

1692-3) : 
J.  G.  Palfrey :  History  of  New  England,  2157-8 

(2113-14). 
C.  W.  Elliott:  New  England  History,  2158-9 

(2114-15). 
G   Bancroft  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  2159  (2115). 
C   W   Upham :  Salem  Witchcraft,  2159  (2115). 
J.  R.  Lowell:  Witchcraft,  2159  (2115). 
24.  The  Carolin.^s  and  Georgia  : 
J.  A.  Doyle:  English  in  America,  76-7  (69-70). 
G  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  77-8  (70-1). 
F  X   Martin  :  History  of  N.  Carolina,  81  (74). 
J   H   Wheeler  :  North  Carolina,  2424  (2372). 

F.  L.  Hawks:  History  of  N.  Carolina,  2424-5 
(2372-3). 

W.    G.    Simms :   History  of   S.  Carolina,  2425 
(2373). 

G.  Bancroft:    History  of  the   U.    S.,    2425-6 
(2373^). 

J   A  Doyle  :  English  in  .^merica,  2426  (23(4). 
W.    G.    Simms:   History  of   S.    Carolina,   3047 

(2967). 
R.  Mackenzie  :  America,  1457  (1424). 
25    The  Intercolonial  Wars  ;  Louisburg  : 
R.  Johnson  :  The  French  War,  2362  (2314). 
J     Grahame  :    History   of  the    U.    S.,    2362-3 

(2314-15). 
R.    Hildreth:    History  of    the   U.    S.,   2363-4 

(2315-16).  .      , 

T     C.    Haliburton:   The  Enghsh  in   America, 

2364-5  (2316-17). 

26.  The  Struggle  for  the  Ohio  Valley  : 
R.  G.  Thwaites  :  The  Colonies,  3290  (3174). 
Viscount  Bury  :  Exodus  of  Western  Nations, 

F.  Varkman :    Montcalm    and    Wolfe,    3290-1 

(3174r-5) 
H  Hale  :  Iroquois  Book  of  Rites,  2444-5(2392-3). 
B     A.    Hinsdale:    The   Old   Northwest,    378-9 

(368-9). 

• ,  2445-6  (2393^). 

J.  Winsor  :  Nar.  and  Crit.  History,  2446  (2394). 
R.  Mackenzie:  America,  2446-7  (2394-5). 
T.  H.  Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  2975  (2898). 

27.  The  Congress  at  Albany  (a.  d.  17.54): 
B.  Franklin:  Autobiography,  3291  (3175). 
W.  E.  Foster:  Stephen  Hopkins,  3291  (3175). 
Full  Text  Representation  of  the  Present  State 

of  the  Colonies,  3291-3  (3175-7). 
Text  of  the  Plan  of  Union,  3293-4  (3177-8). 


28.  Mason  AND  Dixon's  Link: 

W  H  Dixon  :  William  Penn,  2566-7  (2500-1). 
G  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  2571  (2505). 
B.  A.  Hinsdale  :  The  Old  Northwest,  2571  (2505). 

29.  The  Scotch-Irish: 

W.    W.     Henry :    The    Scotch-Irish,    2912-13 

(2837-8). 
T.  Roosevelt :  Winning  of  the  West,  2913  (2838). 

"  Full  credit  has  been  awarded  the  Koundhead  and 
the  Cavalier  tor  their  leadership  in  our  history;  nor 
have  we  been  altogether  blind  to  the  deeds  of  the  Hol- 
lander and  the  Huguenot;  but  it  is  doubtful  it  we  have 
wholly  realized  the  importance  of  the  part  played  by 
that  stern  and  virile  people,  the  Irish  whose  preachers 
taught  the  creed  of  Knox  and  Calvin.  These  Irish  re- 
presentatives of  the  Covenanters  were  in  the  West  al- 
most what  the  Puritans  were  in  the  Northeast,  and  more 

than  the  Cavaliers  were  in  the  South That  these  Irish 

Presbyterians  were  a  bold  and  hardy  race  is  proved  by 
their  at  once  pushing  past  the  settled  regions,  and 
plunging  into  the  wilderness  as  the  leaders  of  the  white 
advance  .  .  .  They  were  fitted  to  be  Americans  from 
the  very  start;  they  were  kinsfolk  of  the  Covenanters; 
thev  deemed  it  a  religious  dutv  to  interpret  their  own 
Bible,  and  held  for  a  divine  right  the  election  of  their 
clergy.  For  generations,  their  whole  ecclesiastic  and 
scholastic  systems  had  been  fundamentally  democrat- 
ic."    T.  EOOSEVELT. 

30.  Early  Western  Settlements: 

(a)  The  NoHlurest  Territory. 
T.  Roosevelt :  Winning  of  the  West,  2429  (2377). 
W    F    Poole :  The  West  from   1763  to  1783, 

2429-30  (2377-8). 

(6)  The  Wyoming  Valley. 
A.  Johnston  :  Connecticut,  2569-70  (2503-i). 

(o)  Transtilmnia  and  Daniel  Boone. 
N.  S.  Shaler:  Kentucky,  1981-2  (1939-40). 

(d)   The  Watauqa  Commonwealth. 
T.  Roosevelt:    Winning  of  the  West,  3179-80 

(3094-5). 

(<■)   The  State  of  Franklin,  and  Sevier. 
J.  B.  McMaster:    History  of  the  U.  S.,  3181-2 

(3096-7). 
W.  H.  Carpenter:  History  of  Tennessee,  3182 

(3097). 
31.  CoLONLiL  Life: 

(a)  Religion. 
J    G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  214. 

(2103). 
G.  E.  Ellis:  Early  Massachusetts,  2147-8  (2104). 
J   A.  Doyle:  American  Colonies,  2149  (2105). 
G.    E.    Ellis:    Early    Massachusetts,    2149-50 

(2105-6). 

C.  F.  Adams:  ]\Iassachusetts,  2150-1  (2106-7). 

J    Fiske  :    Beginnings  of  New  England,  2151 

and  2153  (2107,  2109). 

:  ,  309  (299). 

W.  R.  Staples:   The  Town  of  Providence,  2714 

(2641). 

D.  Weston :  Early  Baptists,  266-7  (3690). 

R,  Hildreth :   History  of  tlie  U.  S.,  2568  (2502). 
G   L   Davis  ;  American  Freedom,  2138  (2094). 
R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3755-6  (3635). 
J.  A.  Russell:   Catholic   Church  in  the  U.  S., 

2526  (2464). 

(A)  Education. 
H   B    Adams:   College  of  William  and  Mary, 

749-50  (726-7). 
The  Oldest  School  in  America,  750-1  (727-8). 
G.  G.  Bush :  Harvard,  751  (728). 
R.  G.  Boone:    Education  in   the  U.  S.,  751-2 

(728-9). 
J.  L.  Stewart:  The  University  of  Pennsylvania, 

7.52  (729). 
J,  G.  Palfrey  :  History  of  New  England  (Yale), 

752-3  (729-30). 


232 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


The  College  of  New  Jersey,  753  (3799). 
Columbia  College  Hamlbook,  753-4  (730-1). 
G.    T.    Curtis :     Daniel   Webster  (Dartmouth), 

7.54-5  (3741-2). 
R.  A.  Guild;  Rhode  Island  College   (Brown), 

755  (3693). 

(f)  Printing  and  the  Press. 
C.  R.  Hildeburn  :  Printing  in  New  York,  2668-9 

(2596-7). 
I.  Thomas:  History  of  Printiug,  2669-70  (2598). 
G.  Bancroft  ;   History  of  the  U.  S.,  2670  (2598). 
:  ,  2387  (2335). 

F.  Hudson :  Journalism  in  the  U.  S. ,  2672  (2600). 
J.  Parton:  Life  of  Franklin,  2061-2  (2017-18). 
B.  Samuel :  The  Father  of  American  Libraries, 

2062-3  (2018-19). 

((/)  Mnneu  and  Banking. 
W.  B.  Weeden  :  Indian  Money,  2252-3  (2208-9). 
J.   R.   Snowden :     Description   of  Coins,   2253 

(2209). 
J.  J.  Knox  :  United  States  Notes.  2255-6  (2212). 
W.  G.  Sumner:  History  of  American  Currency, 

2256  (2212). 
John  Fiske  :  American  Revolution,  2256  (2212). 

(e)  Trade  and  Commerce. 
J.  E.  T.  Rogers:    Economic   Interpretation  of 

History,  3229-30  (3718-19). 
E.  Eggleston :  Commerce  in  the  Colonies,  3230 

(3719). 
M.  Chamberlain:  Revolution  Impending,  8286-7 

(8170-1). 
J.    L.    Bishop:    American    Manufactures,   3289 

(8173). 

G.  L.    Beer:    Commercial  Policy  of  England, 
8296-7  (3180-1). 

John  Morley:  Edmund  Burke,  3298  (8182). 

(/)  Slavery. 
E.  J.  Paying :  Elizabethan  Seamen,  74-5  (67-8). 
G.  W.  Williams :  Negro  Race  in  America,  2998 

(2920). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3751  (3630). 
E.  Washburn ;  Slavery  in  Massachusetts,  2998-9 

(2920-1). 
G.  W.  Greene  :  Rhode  Lsland,  2715  (2642). 
W.  E.  Foster :  Stephen  Hopkins,  3002  (2924). 
J.  A.  Doyle  :  English  in  America,  3047-8  (2968). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  U.  S.,  3048  (2968). 
T.  Clarkson  :    Abolition  of   the   Slave  Trade," 

3000  (2922). 
J.  Fiske  :  Critical  Period,  3001  (2928). 
T.  JelTerson  :  The  State  of  Virginia,  3001  (2923). 
J.  E.  Cooke:  Virginia,  3001  (2923). 
E.  B.  Sanford  :  Connecticut,  3001-2  (2923^). 
W.  F.  Poole:  Anti-Slavery  Opinions,  3002  (2924). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Stud))  I. 


*  STUDY   XXXVIII. 


THE   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION. 


1.    REIyATIONS     BETWEEN     THE    COLONIF.9     AND 

THE  Crown  on  the  Eve  of  the  Revolu- 
tion: 

M.  Chamberlain:  Revolution  Impending,  3288-7 
(3170-1). 

G.  L.  Craik:  British  Commerce,  2293  (2245V 

G.  Bancroft:  Hislorv  of  the  U.  S.,  3288  (3172). 

H.  W.  Preston:  American  History,  3288-9 
(3172-3). 


J.  L.  Bishop:   History  of  American  Manufac- 
tures, 3289  (3173). 
B.   A.   Hinsdale:    The  American  Government, 

3295  (3179). 
G.  L.   Beer:  Commercial  Policy  of  England. 

3296-7  (3180-1). 
John  Morley  ;  Edmund  Burke,  3298  (8182). 

"  Historians,  in  treating  of  the  American  rebellion, 
have  contineil  their  arguinents  too  exclusively  to  the 
question  of  internal  ta.vation,  and  the  right  or  policy 
of  exercising  this  prerogative.  The  true  stjurce  of  the 
rebellion  lav  (letiter,  in  our  traditional  colonial  policy. 
Just  as  the  .^pamartis  had  been  excited  to  the  discovery 
of  America  by  the  hojie  of  obtaining  gold  and  silver, 
the  English  merchants  utilized  the  discovery  by  the 
same  fallacious  method,  and  with  the  same  fallacious 
aspirations.  .  .  .  They  only  saw  that  a  colonial  trade 
had  sprung  up,  and  their  jealousy  blinded  them  to  the 
benetits  that  a<-crued  to  themselves  as  a  (Consequence 
of  it.  Their  folly  found  them  out.  .  .  .  The  result  of 
the  whole  transaction  was  the  birth  of  a  very  strong 
sense  in  the  minds  of  the  colonists  that  the  mother 
country  looked  upon  them  as  a  sponge  to  be  squeezed. 
This  conviction  took  more  than  a  passing  hold  upon 
them.  It  was  speedily  inflamed  into  incxtinguishal>lo 
heat,  first  by  the  news  th.at  they  were  to  be  taxed  with- 
out their  own  consent,  and  next  by  the  tyrannical  and 
atrocious  measures  by  which  it  was  proposed  to  crush 
their  resistance.'*    John  AIorley. 

2.  The  Question  of  Taxation: 

G.    Bancroft:    History    of    the    U.    S.,  3294-5 

(3178-9). 
W.  Tudor:  Life  of  James  Otis,  3295-6  (3179-80). 
J.    Fiske:   The   War   of  Independence,    3297-8 

(3181-2). 
T.  Hutchinson:  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 

3298-9  (3182-3). 

3.  The    Stamp   Act,   and   the    Stamp    Act 
CoNORESs  (a.  d.  1765): 

J.  G.  Palfrey:  History  of  New  England,  3299 

(3183). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3303  (3187). 
W.Wirt:  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  3303-5(3187-9). 
W.  W.  Henry:  Patrick  Henry,  3305  (3189). 
J.  A.  Stevens:  The  Stamp  Act,  3305  (3189). 
John  Fi.ske:  The  American  Revolution,  3305-6 

(3189-90). 
E.    B.    Sanford:    History  of   Connecticut,  517 

(.503). 
R.  Frothingham:  Rise  of  the  Republic,  3306-7 

(3190-1). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,  8317-19 

(3201-3). 
Full  Te.xt  of  the  Stamp  Act,  3299-8302  (3183-6). 

"  It  w.as  in  the  midst  of  this  magnificent  debate, 
while  he  [Patrick  Menryl  was  descanting  on  the  tyranny 
of  the  obnoxious  act,  "that  he  exclaimed  in  a  voice  of 
thunder,  .and  with  the  look  of  a  god:  •  Ca-sar  had  hia 
Brutus  — Charles  the  First  his  Cromwell  —  and  (ieorgo 
the  Third  — (''Treason!  "  cried  the  speaker.  "Treason, 
treason!"  echoed  from  every  part  ot^  the  house.  It  w.l9 
one  of  those  triing  moments  that  is  decisive  of  char- 
acter. Henrv  faltered  not  for  an  instant;  but  rising  to 
a  loftier  attitude,  and  fixing  <m  the  speaker  an  eye  of 
the  most  deterniiued  fire,  he  finislied  his  sentence  with 
thefirmcst  enipliasis)  — may  profit  by  their  example.  If 
this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it.'  "    W.  W  irt. 

4.  Examination  of  Franklin  by  the  House 
OF  CcM.MONS  (a.  d.  1766)  : 

J.  Bigelow:  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,   3317 

(3201). 
Full  Text  of  the  Questions  and  Answers  froin 

the    "  Parlinmentnrv    History  of    England," 

3308-3317  (3192-3201). 

"  What  used  to  be  the  pride  of  the  Americans  ?  " 

"To  indulge  In  the  f.oshions  and  manufactures  of 
Great  Britain." 

'•  What  is  now  their  prldo? 

"To  wear  their  old  clothOB  OTOr  again,  until  they  can 
make  new  ones." 


233 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

5.  The  "Boston  Ma8sacke,"  and  its  Results 
(A.  D.  1770): 

J.  K.  Hosmer:  Samuel  Adams,  311  (301). 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky :  History  of  England,  311-12 

(301-2). 
R.  Frothingham :    Rise  of  the  Republic,  3321 

(3205). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3331  (3205). 

6.  The  Townshend  Acts,  and  the  "Boston 
Tea  Party": 

J.  K.  Hosmer:  Samuel  Adams,  3319  (3203). 

C.  J.  Stille:    Life  of  John  Dickinson,  3319-20 

(3303-4). 
G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3331-3  (3306). 
J.  Fiske  :  War  of  Independence,  3322  (3206). 
J.  K.  Hosmer :  Samuel  Adams,  3323-3  (3206-7). 
:  ,  3324-5  (3208-9). 

A.  Gilman:  The  Story  of  Boston,  312  (302). 

7.  The  Boston  Port  Bill  and  its  Effects 
(A.  D.  1774): 

W.  M.  Sloane  :  The  French  War  and  the  Revo- 
lution, 3335  (3209). 

R.  Frothingham  :  The  Siege  of  Boston,  313-14 
(303-4). 

E.  G.  Scott:  Development  of  Constitutional 
Liberty,  3325-6  (3209-10). 

8.  Examination  of  Gov.  Hdtchinbon  by 
King  George  (a.  d.  1774): 

Diary  of  Thomas  Hutchinson,  3326-30  (3210-14). 
Full  Text  of  the  Conversation. 

9.  The  First  Continental  Congress  (a.  d. 
1774) : 

R.   Frothingham:   Rise  of  the  Republic,  3330 

(3314). 
J.  C.  Hamilton:   History  of  the  U.  S.,  3330-1 

(3314-15). 
P.  L.  Ford:  The  First  Congress,  3331-3  (3215-16). 
M.  Chamberlain  :  John  Adams,  3333  (3216). 
H.  von  Hoist :  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S. ,  3332-3 

(3216-17). 

10.  The  General  Situation  in  the  Colo- 
nies,  AND  IN   P.\RLI.\MENT  : 

R.   Frothingham:   The  Siege  of  Boston,  3333 

(3317). 
H.  B.  Carrington :   The  American  Revolution, 

3333  (3217) 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  History  of  England,  3334(3318). 
Edmund  Burke:  His  Great  Speech  in  the  House 

of  Commons,  3334^7  (3218-21). 
G.  Pellew:  John  Jay,  2388-9  (2336-7). 

B.  J.  Lossing:  Lite  of  Philip  Schuyler,  2389-90 
(2337-8). 

M.   L.   Booth:   History  of  l^ew   York,   2390-1 

(3338-9). 
H.  S.  Randall:  Life  of  Jefferson,  3756  (3635). 

(296 


R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3049  (2^69) 
11.  The  Beginning  of  the  War  (April,  1775): 
R.  Frothingham:  The  Siege  of  Boston,  2160-1 

(3116-17). 
T.  W.  Higginson:  History  of  the   U.    S.,  3338 

(3323). 
G.   E.   Ellis:  Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,   3338-40 

(3322—4). 
G.  B.aucroft:  Historv  of  the  U.  S.,  3340-1  (3225). 
J.  Sparks:  Life  of  Ethan  Allen,  3341  (3325). 
C.  W.   Elliott:  New  England  History,   3341-2 

(3225-6). 
A.  Johnston:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3343  (3327). 
J.  Winsor:  Nar.  and  Crit.  History,  3343  (3227). 

234 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

G.  E.  Ellis:  The  Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  3343-4 

(3337-8). 

"  Allen  sought  and  found  the  Commander's  hed-room, 
and  when  Captain  Delaplaoe  waked  he  .  .  .  opened  the 
duor.  with  trousers  in  hand,  and  there  the  great  gaunt 
Ethan  stood,  with  a  drawn  sword  in  his  hand.  ■  Sur- 
render!' said  Ethan.  'To  you?'  asked  Delaplace. 
'Yes,  to  me,  Ethan  Allen.'  'By  whose  authority?* 
asked  Uelaplace.  Ethan  w.as  growing  impatient,  and 
raising  his  voice,  and  waving  his  sword,  he  said  :  '  In 
the  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah,  and  of  the  Continental 
Congress.'  Delaplace  little  comprehended  the  words, 
but  surrendered  at  once.  Thus,  on  the  morning  of  10th 
of  May,  the  strong  fortress  of  Ticouderoga  was  taken  by 
the  border-men,  and  with  it  44  prisoners.  120  iron  can- 
non, with  swivels,  muskots,  halls,  and  some  powder, 
without  the  loss  of  a  siugle  man.  The  surprise  was 
planned  and  paid  for  by  Connecticut,  and  was  led  by 
Allen,  a  Connecticut-born  man,  but  was  carried  out  by 
the  '  Green  Mountain  Boys.'  "    C.  W.  Elliott. 

13.  w-vsiiington,  c'o.mmander-in-cniepofthe 

Continent.\l  Army: 
W.  Irving:  Life  of  Washington.  3342  (3236). 
E.  Everett:  Life  of  Washington,  3345  (3339). 
E.   E,  Hale:  Naval  History  of  the  Revolution, 

3345-6  (3329-30). 

13.  War  Measures  of  P.4.rliament  ;  the  Hes- 
sians : 

H.  S.  Randall:  Life  of  Jefferson,  3346  (3230). 
Earl  Stanhope:  History  nf  England,  3347  (3231). 
E.  J.  Lovr'ell:  Hessians  in  the  Revolution,  3347-8 
(3231-2). 

14.  Independence  declared  (July  4,  1776): 
L.  Sabine:  Biographical  Sketches,  3337-8(3222). 
G.  Bancroft  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3340-1  (3225). 
H.  S.  Randall:  Life  of  Jefferson,  3347  (3231). 

J.    Q.    Adams :    Life  of  John  Adams,   3348-9 

(3232-3). 
J.    T.    Morse,   Jr.:  Thomas  Jefferson,   3349-50 

(3233-4). 
J.  Fiske:  American  Revolution,  3350  (3234). 
H.  von  Hoist:  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3353 

(3230). 
Text  of  the  Declaration,   and   Signers,  3351-2 

(3235-6). 

15.  The  War  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
(A.  d.  1776-7): 

B.  J.  Lossing:  Historv  of  the  U.  S.,  3353-3  (3237). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  George  Washington,  33.53-4  (3238). 
J.  Fiske :  War  of  Independence,  3354-6  (3338-40). 
H.  P.  Johnston:  Campaign  of  1776,  3350  (3240). 

E.  Lawrence :  New  York   in   the   Revolution, 
3356-7  (3240-1). 

16.  The  Campaign  on  the  Delaware  (a.  d. 
1777): 

F.  D.  Stone:  The  Struggle  for  the  Delaware, 
3361-2  (3245-6). 

G.  AVashiugton:  Writings.  3363-3  (3246-7). 

F.  Kapp:  Life  of  von  Steuben.  3303-4  (3347-8). 

17.  The  Struggle   for  the   Hudson  ;    Sur- 
render OF  BURGOTNE  (OcT.  15,  1777): 

R.    Hildreth:    History  of    the   U.    S.,    3365-6 

(3249-50). 
Sir  E,  Creasy:  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles,  3366-8 

(32r,0-'2). 
E.  Everett:  Life  of  Washington,  3368  (325'2). 

G.  Washington:  Writings,  3368  (3252). 

18.  Formation  of  State  Governments,  and 
Articles  of  Confederation  : 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S..  3360-1  (3244-5). 
J.    Story:    Commentaries  on  the   Constitution, 

3368-9  (3252-3). 
H.  von  Hoist:  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.   S.,  3372 

(3356). 


^1 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


Full  Text  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
3369-73  (3253-6). 

19.  The  French  Alli.^nce  : 

F.  Wharton:  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the 
U.  S.,  3357(3341). 

J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.:  Benjamin  Franklin,  3357-8 
(3241-2). 

J.  Marshall;  Life  of  Washington,  33.58  (3242). 

W.  6.  Sumner:  Finances  of  American  Revolu- 
tion, 33.59-60  (3243-4). 

B.  Tuckerman  :  Life  of  Lafayette,  3364r-5  (3249). 

G.  Bancroft  :  History  of  the  U.  S..  3373-3  (32,57). 
S.  Eliot :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3376-7  (3260-1). 

F.  Wharton;  Diplomatic Correspondenceof  U.S., 
3380-1  (3264-5). 

20.  Indi.\n  Troubles  :  Clark's  Conquest  of 
THE  Northwest  (1778-9)- 

E.  H.  Roberts:  New  York,  3374  (3358). 

E.  Cruikshank;  Story  of  Butler's  Rangers,  3374^5 
(3358-9). 

A.  F.  McDavis :  Border  Warfare  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, 3375-6  (3259-60). 

W.  L.  Stone:  Life  of  Joseph  Brant,  3376  (3260). 

T.  Roosevelt:  Winuinj;  of  the  West,  2429  (2377). 

O.  Turner;  Ilistoryof  Pioneer  Settlement,  3382-3 
(3266-7). 

A.  T.  Norton:  Sullivan's  Campaign  against  the 
Iroquois,  3383-4  (3367-8). 

21.  The  War  in  the  South  (1778-80): 
W.  Irving:  Life  of  Washington,  3381  (3265). 

C.  B.  H:irtlcy:  Life  of  Gen.  Marion,  3384-5 
(3268-9). 

G.  Tucker:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3386-7  (3270-1). 
G.  W.  Greene ;  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene,  3389-90 

(3273-4). 
W.  G.  Simms :  History  of  South  Carolina,  3390 

(3374). 
J.  Fiske;  War  of  Independence,  3390-1  (3274-5). 

22.  Washington's  Anxietieb  and  Movements 
(1778-80): 

W.  Irving  :  Life  of  Washington,  3377  (3261). 
Q.  Washington:  Writings,  3377-8(3261-2). 
G.  W.  Greene:  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene,  3378-9 

(3262-3). 
H.    C.     Lodge:     George   Washington,    3381-2 

(326.5-6), 
W.  Irving;  Life  of  Washington,  338.5-6(3269-70). 
W.  G.  Sumner:  History  of  American  Currency, 

3380  (3370). 

"  At  the  end  of  1779  Conpress  was  at  Its  wit's  end  for 
money.  Its  is»iies  h.i{l  jmt  ^pecio  entirely  out  of  reach, 
and  the  cause  of  the  Revolution  was  in  danger  of  bcin^ 
druwiK'd  under  the  pajier  sea.  ...  In  the  spring  or 
17HII  the  bills  were  worth  two  cents  on  the  dollar,  and 
then  ceased  to  circulate.  The  paper  was  now  worth 
more  for  an  advertisement  or  a  jolie  than  for  any  pros- 

fect  of  any  kind  of  redemption.  A  I)arber's  B"h()p  in 
'hiladeljihia  was  jtapered  with  it;  and  a  dog,  coated 
with  tar,  and  with  tlio  bills  stuck  all  over  him,  wa-s  pa- 
raded in  the  streets."    W.  O.  SuMSEB. 

23.  The  Arrival  of  RocnAiiBEAU  (1780) : 
J.  C.  Hamilton  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3387  (3271). 
T.    Biilch  :  The    French    in    America,    8887-8 

(8271-2). 

24.  The  Treason  op  Arnold  ;  and  Mutiny 
OK  Pennsylvania  Troops  : 

R.   Hildreth:    History    of    the  U.    S..   8388-9 

(8272-8). 
H.  B.  Carrington  ;  Battles  of  the    Revolution, 

3391-3  (3375-6). 

25.  The  Virotnia  Campaign  (a.  d.  1781) ; 

B.  Tuckerman:  Life  of  Lafayette,  8392-3 
(3276-7). 

235 


H.   P.  Johnston :    The    Yorktown  Campaign, 

3393(3277). 
H.  H.   Carrington  :  The  American  Revolution, 

3398-4  (3277-8). 
R.  C.  Winthrop :  Address  at  Yorktown,  3394-5 

(3278-9). 
W.  E.  H.   Lecky:  History  of  England,  8895-6 

(3279-80). 

26.  The  Cession  op  Western  Tebritobt  to 
THE  Union  : 

A.  Johnston;  The  United  States.  3396  (3280). 
H.  B.  Adams :  Land  Cessions  to  the  U.  S. ,  8896-7 

(3380-1), 

B.  A.  Hinsdale  :  The  Northwest,  3397  (3281). 

27.  Peace  Negotiations  ; 
J.  Marshall;  Life  of  Washington,  8397-8(3381-2). 
Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  3398-9  (3382-3). 
E.  Fitzmaurice :  Life  of  the  Earl  of  Shelburne, 

8399-3400  (3383-4). 

E.  B.  Andrews ;  History  of  theU.  S.,  3400  (3284). 
J.  Fiske;  The  Critical  Period,  3400-1  (3254-5). 
J.    Q.    Adams :    Life  of   John  Adams,   3401-3 

(328.5-6). 

F.  Wharton  :  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Corre- 
spondence, 3402  (3286). 

J.  Bigelow  :  Life  of  Franklin,  3402-3  (3286-7). 

28.  The  Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace  (Sep- 
tember, 1783): 

H.  W.  Preston;  Documents  of  American  History, 

3403-t  (3287-8). 
T.  Pitkin  :  Political  History  of  the  U.  8.,  3409-11 

(3293^5). 
T.   Roosevelt:  Winning  of  the  West,  3411-12 

(3295-6). 
39.    The  Dissolution  op  the  Continentai. 

Army  : 

G.  T.  Curtis:  The  CoLStitution  of  the  U.  S., 
3403  (3287). 

J.  H.  McMaster:  History  of  the  U.  8.,  3404-5 

(3388-9). 
80.  General  Conditions  following  the  War: 
G.  E.  Ellis  :  Loyalists  and  their  Fortunes,  8202-8 

(3110-17). 
J.  B.  McAIaster:  History  of  the  U.  8.,  8405-6 

(8289-90). 
A.  Hamilton:  The  Federalist,  8406-7  (8290-1). 
A.  Johnston  :  History  of  American  Politics,  8407 

(3291). 
J.  R.  Soley  :  Maritime  Industries  of  America, 

3408  (3292). 
W.  B.  Weedeu  :  Economic  Illst.  of  New  England, 

3408  (3292). 
W.   G.  Sumner:  Finances  of  the  Revolution, 

3409  (8293). 
J.  SchouUr:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  2161  (2117). 

"  Four  years  only  elapsed,  between    the  return  of 

Ecace  and  the  downfall  of  a  Kovernnieut  which  had 
een  framed  with  the  hope  and  promise  of  perpetual 
duration.  .  .  .  Hut  this  lirief  period  was  full  of  sulTcr- 
Inc  and  peril.  There  are  scarcely  any  evils  or  dangers, 
of  a  political  nature,  and  siiringlnp  fr.un  iioliilc.il  and 
social  causes,  to  which  a  fli'e  people  can  be  exposed, 
which  the  people  of  tlio  Vnitcd  States  did  not  experi- 
ence during  that  period."    (r.  T.  (lUTls. 

"  It  is  not  too  much  to  sav  that  the  period  of  Are  year* 
following  the  peace  of  17B3  was  the  most  critical  mo- 
ment in  all  the  history  of  the  American  people."  JoUK 

FiSKE. 

31 .  Plans  for  Settlement  of  the  Northwest 

Territory  : 
J.  B.  JIcMastcr:  History  of  the  U.  8.,  2480-1 

(2378-9). 
T.  Donaldson  :  The  Public  Domain,  2431  (2379). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

R.  King  :  Ohio,  2431  (2379). 

J.  Winsor:  Nar.  and  Crit.  History,  2431-2  (2380). 

T.  Donaldson  :    The    Public   Domain,    2434-5 

(2382-3). 
Full  Text  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  2432-4  (2382). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XXXIX. 


THE  UNITED  STATES:  UNION  UN- 
DER THE  CONSTITUTION;  ADMIN- 
ISTRATIONS OF  WASHINGTON 
AND  ADAMS. 


1.  Federal  Government  : 

E.  A.  Freeman  :  History  of  Federal  Government, 

1136  (1108). 
A.  B.  Hart :  The  Study  of  Federal  Government, 

1136  (1108). 
J.   N.    Dalton :  Federal   States  of  the   World, 

1138-9  (1110-11). 

2.  The  Weakness  of  the  Confederation  : 
J.  B.  McMaster;  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3405-6 

(3289-90). 
Alexander  Hamilton :    The  Federalist,   3405-6 

(3290-1). 
A.  Johnston:  History  of  American  Politics,  3407 

(3291). 
Text  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  3369-72 

(3253-6). 

3.  The  SIaking  of  the  Constitution  (a.  d. 
1787) : 

J.  S.  Landon  :  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3412-13 

(3296-7). 
K    M.  Rowland:  Life  of  George  Mason,  3413 

(3297). 
W.  C.  Rives :  Life  of  James  Madison,  3413-14 

(3297-8). 
James  Madison  :  Letters  and  Writings,  3414-15 

(3298-9). 
S.  H.  Gay  :  James  Madison,  3415-16  (3399-3300). 
John  Fiske  :  The  Critical  Period,  3416  (3300). 
A.  B.  Hart  :  Formation  of  the  Union,  3416-17 

(3300-1). 

4.  Ratification  op  the   Constitution,  and 
Election  of  President  (.v.  d.  1789) : 

J.  S.  Landon  :  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3417-18 

(3301-2). 
W.  Irving  :  Life  of  Washington.  3418  (3302). 
Text  of  the  Constitution,  with  all  Amendments, 

619-25  (596-602). 

5.  Organization  op  the  Government;  For- 
mation OF  Parties  : 

A    Johnston:    History  of    American    Politics, 

3418-19  (3302-3). 
Thomas  Jefferson :  Writings,  3419-20  (330.3-4). 
H    C.   Lodge :   Life  of    George  Cabot,   3420-1 

(3304-5). 

6.  The  First  Census  (a.  d.  1790),  3421  (3305). 

7.  Organization    of    the   Supreme    Court 
(A.  D.  1789) : 

J.  S.  Landon :  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3122-3 

(3039-40). 
J.  Bryce;  The  American  Commonwealth,  3123 

(3040). 
E.  A.  Freeman  :  The  English  People,  3123  (3040). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

"  It  [the  Supreme  Court]  is,  I  believe,  the  only  na- 
tional tribunal  in  the  world  which  can  sit  in  judgment 
on  a  national  law,  and  can  declare  an  act  of  all  the 
three  powers  of  the  Union  to  be  null  and  void.  No  such 
power  does  or  can  exist  in  England.  Any  one  of  the 
three  powers  of  the  State. —  King,  Lords,  or  Commons, 
—  acting  alone,  may  act  illegally,  the  three  acting  to- 

f ether  cannot  act'illegally.  An  act  of  Parliament  is 
nal;  it  may  be  repealed  bv  the  power  which  enacted 
it;  it  cannot  be  questioned  by  any  other  power.  For 
in  England  there  is  no  written  constitution;  the  pow- 
ers of  Parliament, —  of  King,  Lords,  and  Commons, 
acting  together,  —  are  literallj'  boundless.  But  in  your 
Union,  it  is  not  only  possible  that  President.  Senate,  or 
House  of  Representatives,  acting  alone,  may  act  ille- 
gally; the  three  acting  together  may  act  illegally. 
.  .  .  Congress  may  pass,  the  President  may  assent  to 
a  measure  which  contradicts  the  terms  of  the  Con- 
stitution. If  they  so  act,  they  act  illegally,  and  the 
Supreme  Court  can  declare  such  an  act  to  be  null  and 
void.  This  difference  flows  directly  from  the  differ- 
ence between  a  written  and  unwritten  constitution." 

E.  A.  Fkeemak. 

8.  The  First   Tariff  IVIeasure,  and  First 
B.ANK  OF  the  U.  S.  : 

J.  T.  Morse,  Jr. :   Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 

3150  (3066). 
A.  Hamilton :  Report  on  Manufactures,  3150-3 

(3066-8). 
H.  W.  Domett :  The  Bank  of  New  York,  2256 

(2212). 
J.  A.  Stevens:  Albert  Gallatin,  2257-8  (2213-14). 

9.  Founding  op  the  Federal  Capital  (a.  d. 
1791); 

A.  Johnston:    History    of    American   Politics, 
3419  (3303). 

J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3767-8(3646-7). 

10.  Admission  of  New  States  to  the  Union: 
'  (a)  Vermont  (A.  d.  1791). 

B.  J.  Lossing :  Life  of  Philip  Schuyler,  3736-7 
(3616-17). 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3737  (3617). 
Z.    Thompson :    History    of    Vermont,   3737-8 

(3617-18). 
R.    Hildreth :    History    of    the    U.  S.,  3738-9 

(3618-19). 

(6)  Kentucky  (a.  d.  1793). 
N.  S.  Shaler :  Kentucky,  1981-3  (1939-40). 
W.    B.    Allen ;    History  of    Kentucky,  1983-3 

(1940-1). 
R.   Hildreth  :  History  of  the  U.  S. ,  1983  (1941). 

(c)  Tennessee  (a.  d.  1796). 
T.    Roosevelt :   Winning  of  the  West,  3179-80 

(3094-5). 
J.     Phelan :    History    of    Tennessee,     3180-1 

(309.5-6). 
J.  B.  McMaster:   History  of  the  U.  S.,  3181-3 

(3096-7). 
W.   H.  Carpenter :  History  of  Tennessee,  3183 

(3097). 

11.  Slavery  ;  the  first  Fugitive  Slave  Law 
(a.  d.  1793): 

H.    G.    McDougall  :    Fugitive  Slaves,   3421-3 

(3305-6). 
William  Jay :   Letter  to  Josiah  Quincy,   3432 

(3306). 
J.  W.  Draper :  History  of  the  Civil  War,  3422-3 

(3306-7). 
H.  Von  Ilolst:  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3431-3 

(3315-16). 

12.  Relations  with  Fr.vnce  ;  "Citizen"  Ge- 
net ;  THE  X.  Y.  Z.  Letters  : 

E.  Everett :  Life  of  Washington,  3423  (3306). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  George  Washington,  3433(3306). 
T.  W.  Higginson  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3431 
(3315). 


236 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


13.  The  Whisket  iNsrjBRECTioN  (a.  d.  1794): 
George  Tucker;   History  of  the  U.   S.,  2572-o 

(2506-7). 

14.  Strained  Relations  wrrn  Great  Britain; 
THE  Jav  Tre.vty  (a.  d.  179-^-5): 

6.  Pellew  :  J  ohn  Jav.  3423-4  (3307-8V 
H.  von  Hoist:  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  8424 
(3308). 

15.  Third  Presidential  Election:  Washing- 
ton's Farewell  Address  (a.  d.  1796); 

H.  von  Hoist:  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3430-1 

(3314-1.5). 
W.  Irving:  Life  of  Washington,  3424-5  (3308-9). 
Full   Text  of   the  Farewell  Address,   3425-30 

(3309-14). 

"  In  offering  to  you,  my  countrymen,  these  counsels 
of  an  old  and  affectionate  friend,  I  dare  not  hope  they 
will  make  the  strong  and  lusting  impression  1  could 
wish;  that  they  will  control  the  usu.'il  current  of  the 
passions,  or  prevent  our  nation  from  runninji  the  course 
which  has  hitherto  marked  the  destiny  of  nations.  But 
if  I  may  even  (latter  myself  that  they  may  be  produc- 
tive of  some  partial  henetit,  some  occasional  good;  that 
they  may  now  and  then  recur  to  model'ate  the  fury  of 
party  spirit,  to  warn  aj^ainst  the  mischiefs  of  foreign  in- 
trigue,  to  guard  against  the  impostures  of  pretended 
patriotism;  this  hope  will  be  a  full  recompense  for  the 
solicitude  for  your  welfare,  by  which  they  have  been  dic- 
tated. .  .  .  Though,  in  reviewing  the  incidents  of  my 
administration.  1  am  unconscious  of  intentional  error, 
I  am,  nevertheless,  too  sensible  of  my  defects  not  to 
think  it  prctbable  that  I  may  have  commited  many  er- 
rors. Whatever  they  may  be,  I  fervently  beseech  the 
Almighty  to  avert  or  mitigate  the  evils  to  which  they 
may  tend.  I  shall  also  carry  with  me  the  hope  that  my 
Country  will  never  cease  to  view  them  with  indulgence; 
and  that  after  lorty-live  years  of  my  life  dedicated  to 
Its  service  witli  an  upright  zeal,  the  faults  of  incompe- 
tent abilities  will  he  consigned  to  oblivion,  as  myself 
must  soon  be  Ui  the  mansions  of  rest."  Gkokge  Wash- 
ington, Fareuell  Addrens. 

16.  The  Death  of   Washington  (December 
14,  1799): 

H.  C.  Lodge  :  George  Washington,  3439. 

17.  The  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws  (a.  d.  1798) : 
J.  8.  Landon:  Const.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3432 

(3316). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  Alexander  Hamilton,  3434-5  (3319). 
Text  of  the  Naturalization  Act.  3432  (3316). 
Texts  of  the  Alien  Acts,  3432-3434  (3310-18). 
Text  of  the  Sedition  Act,  3434  (3318). 

18.  Thk  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Re-solutigns: 
E.  D.  Warfield ;  The  Kentucky  Resolutions,  3435 

(3319). 
8.  H.  Gav:  .lames  Madison,  3438-9  (3.322-3). 
J.  B.  McMaster:  History  of  the  U.  S. ,  3439 (3323). 
Text  of  the  Kentucky  Resolutions.  3435-7  (3321 ). 
Textof  tlie  Virginia  Resolutions,3437-8 (3321-2). 
•  Set  important  note  at  head  oj  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  XL. 


THE  UNITED  STATES:  THE  THREE 
DEMOCRATIC  ADMINISTRATIONS 
(A.  D.  i8oi-2S). 


1.  The     ForRTFi     1'kksidential     Election; 

Thomas  Jekkbrson  President: 
W.  Whilelork  :  Life  of  .lohn  .lay,  .3440  (3324). 
Goldwin   Smith :    The    United    States,    3440-1 

(3324-5). 
R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3441  (3325). 
A.    Bradford :     Federal     Government,    3441-2 

(332.5-6). 


237 


2.  John  M.\^rshall  Chief  Justice  : 

A.  B.  Magruder:  John  Marshall,  3442-3  (3326-7)l 

3.  W.ui  with  tee  Baubart  States: 

E.  Schuyler:  American  Diplomacy,  272  (263). 
J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  272-3  (263-4). 
Henry  Adams:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  273  (264). 
S.   Laue  Poole:    The"Barbary  Corsairs,   273^ 

(264-5). 
R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  274  (265). 

4.  Ohio  admitted  to  the  Union  (a.  d.  1802): 
T.  Roosevelt:  Winning  of  the  West,  2429(2377). 
H.   Hale:  The  Iroquois  Book  of  Rites,  2444-5 

(2392-3). 

B.  A.    Hinsdale:  The  Old  Northwest,  2445-6 
(2393-1). 

B.  King  :  Ohio,  2431  (2379).  <■ 
J.  Winsor :  Nar.  and  Crit.  History,  2481-2  (2380). 
T.  Donaldson  :  The  Public  Domain,2434-5  (2383). 
Full   Text  of  the  Ordinance  of    1787,  2432-4 

(2380-2). 

5.  The  Loihsiana  Purchase  (a.  d.  1803) : 

C.  Gayarre  :  Louisiana,  2090  (2046). 
Waring  and  Cable  :  New  Orleans,  647  (624). 

G.  Bancroft:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  2091  (2047). 
G.  AV.  Cable:  The  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  2091-2 

(2047-8). 
T.  M.   Cooley  :   The  Acquisition  of  Louisiana, 

2092-3  (2048-9). 
M.  Thompson :  The  Story  of  Louisiana,  2093^ 

(2049-50). 
C.  F.  Robertson  :  The  Louisiana  Purchase,  2094 

(2050>. 
H.  von  Hoist :  Const.  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3443 

(3327). 
Henry  Adams :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3444  (3328). 
See  maps  between  pages  3342-3  (3326-7). 

6.  Federalist  Secession  Movement  (A.  d.  1804); 
T.  M.  Cooley :  The  Acquisition  of  Louisiana, 

3444  (3328). 
C.  F.  Robertson  :  The  Louisiana  Purchase,  3445 

(3329). 

"  The  purchase,  according  to  the  Federal  view  of  the 
Constitution,  was  perfectly  legitimate.  .  .  But  the 
Federalists  in  general  took  harrow  and  partisan  views, 
and  in  order  to  eiiiliarra-ss  the  administration  resorted 
to  quibbles  which  were  altogether  unworthy  the  party 
which  had  boasted  of  W'ashington  as  its  chiei  anil 
Hamilton  as  the  exponent  of  its  doctrines.  .  .  .  The 
Federal  leaders  did  notstop  at  cavils;  they  insisted  that 
the  unconstitutionalextensionof  territory  was  in  effect 
a  dissolution  of  the  I'nion,  so  that  they  were  at  liberty 
to  contemplate  and  plan  for  a  final  disruption."  Judqb 
T.  M.  Cooley. 

7.  The  British  Impressment  or  Seamen; 
G.  Tucker:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3444  (3328). 
Henry  Adams  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3444(3328), 
Goldwin    Smith:    The    United    States,   3444-5 

(3328-9). 

8.  The  Impeachment  of  Judge  Chase  (a.  d. 
1 804-5): 

Henrv  Adams :  John  Randolph,  3445-6  (3380). 

J.  Q.'Adams  :  Memoirs,  3446  (3830). 

J.  Schouler  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3446-7  (3881). 

9  The  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition  (a.  d. 
1804-5): 

The  Nation  :    Review  of  Dr.   Coues"  History, 
8447-8  (3331-2). 

10  Aaron    Burr's   Filibusterino  Scheme 
(A.  D.  1808-7): 

J.  D.  Hammon<i :  History  of  Political  Parties, 
8450-1  (3334-5). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

11.  The  Question  op  the  Slave  Trade  : 

W.  F.  Poole:  Anti-Slavery  Opinious.  3002(2934). 
John  Fiske:  The  Critical  Period,  3002-3  (2924-5). 
C.  P.  Lucas  :  The  British  Colonies.  3003  (392.5). 
E.  Quincy :  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy,  3451-3  (3336). 

12.  Troubles   with  Great   Britain   (a.   d. 
1804-1810) : 

J.  B.   McMaster:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3448-9 

(3332-3). 
S.  H.  Gay:  James  Madison,  3449-50  (3333-1). 
Henry  Adams  :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3450  (3334). 

:  ,  34.52-3  (3336-T). 

Goldwin  Smith  :  The  United  States,  3453  (3337). 
G.  L.  Riyes :  Thomas  Barclay,  3454  (3338). 

13.  Sixth  Presidentiai,  Election  ;  James 
■     Madison  President  (a.  d.  1808) : 

J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  United  States,  3453 
(3337). 

14.  The  Third  Census  (a.  d.  1810),  3454  (3338). 

15.  Louisiana  admitted  to  the  Union  (a.  d. 
1813): 

"Waring  and  Cable :  New  Orleans,  2095  (2051). 

L.  Carr  :  Missouri,  2095  (2051). 

J.  W.  Monette  :  The  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 

2095  (2051). 
R.  Hildreth :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  1182-3  (11.53). 

16.  Beginning    op    the  War    with    Great 
Britain  (a.  d.  1812): 

C.  Schurz:  Life  of  Henry  Clay,  3455  (3339). 
R.  Johnson  :  The  War  of  1812,  3456-7  (3340-1). 
T.  W.  Higginson :  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3457-8 

(3341-2). 
R.  Hildreth  :   History  of  the  U.  S.,  3458  (3343). 
J.    Schouler:    History   of    the    U.    S.,    3458-9 

(8343-3). 

17.  Condition,    and    Early   Successes,    op 
THE  Navy: 

J.  A.  Stevens:  Second  War  with  Great  Britain, 

3459  (3343). 
J.  R.  Soley  :  Wars  of  the  U.  S.,  3459-60  (3343-4). 

18.  PERRy'sVlCTORYONLAKEERIE(A.  D.  1813): 

J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  U.  S., 3460-3  (3344-6). 
T.  Roosevelt :  The  Naval  War,  3463  (3346). 

19.  The  Burning  of  Toronto,  and  Buffalo 
(A.  d.  1813): 

G.  Bryce :  History  of  Canada.  3463-3  (3346-7). 
J.  T.  Headley:  Second  War  with  England,  3463-4 

(3347-8). 
R.  Johnson:  The  War  of  1812,  3464-5  (3348-9). 

20.  The  Creek  War  ;  Jackson's  First  Ca.m- 

PAIGN  : 

A.  S.  Gatschet :  The  Creek  Indians,  103  (95). 
A.  Gallatin  :  Synopsis  of  Indian  Tribes,  103  (9.5). 
W.  G.  Sumner":  Andrew  Jackson,  3405  (3349). 

21.  LuNDY's    Lane,    and    Lake    Champlain 
(A.  D.  1814) : 

S.  Perkins  :   History  of  the  Late  War,  3466-7 

(33.50-1). 
W.  Dorsheimer:    Buffalo  in  the  War  of  1812, 

3467-8  (3351-3). 
T.  Roosevelt :  The  Naval  War  of  1813,  3469-70 

(3353-4). 
23.  The  Capture  of  Washington;  Burning 

OF  Public  Buildings  (a.  d.  1814) : 
A.  Johnston :  The  United  States,  3465  (3349). 
C.  B.  Todd:   The  Story  of  Washington,  3468 

(3353). 


COLTISES  FOR  STUDY 

G.  R.  Gleig :  Campaigns  of  the  British  Army, 

3468  (3353). 
R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3468-9  (3353-3). 
33.  The  Last  Battles  op  the  War  : 
J.  R.  Soley:  The  Boys  of  1813,  3474  (3358). 
J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3474-5  (3358-9). 

24.  The  Tre.-vty  op  Peace  (a.  d.  1814) : 

J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.  :  John  Quincy  Adams,  3470-1 

(33.54-5). 
T.  Wilson:  The  Treaty  of  Ghent,  3471  (3355). 
Full  Te.xt  of  the  Treaty,  3471^  (3355-8). 

25.  Incorporation  of  the  Second  Bank  op 
theU.  S.  (a.  d.  1817): 

D.  Kinley  :  The  Treasury  of  the  U.  S.,  2258-9 
(3314-1.5). 

W.  G.  Sumner:  Andrew  Jackson,  3259  (3315). 
A.  Johnston  :  History  of  American  Politics,  2259 
(3315). 

26.  The   Eighth    Presidential    Election; 
James  Monroe  elected  (a.  d.  1816): 

N.    Sargent:   Public  Men  and  Events,   3475-6 
(3359-60). 

E.  Stanwood :  Presidential  Elections,  3476  (3360). 

27.  The  First  Move  toward  "Internal  Im- 
pro\'EMENTS  "  (a.  d.  1816-17)  : 

A.  B.  Hart:  Formation  of  the  Union,  3476  (3360). 
C.  Colton  :  Life  of  Henry  Clay,  3476  (3360). 

28.  Admission  op  New  States  to  the  Union  : 
(a)  Indiana  (a.  d.  1816). 

T.    Donaldson:    The   Public    Domain,   2434-5 

(3382-3). 
J.  W.  Monette :  The  Mississippi  Valley,  1787-8 

(1748-9). 

{b)  MisMssippi  (a.  d.  1817). 
J.  W.  Monette :  The  Mississippi    Valley,  2233 

(2189). 
T.  Donaldson:  The  Public  Domain,  2094  (3050). 
J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3233  (2189). 

(c)  Illinois  (A.  D.  1818). 

J.  Wallace :  History  of  Illinois,  1734  (1695). 

B.  A.  Hinsdale :   The   Old  Northwest,  3379-80 
(3263-4). 

J.  B.  McMaster:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  2430-1 

(2378-9). 
J.  W.  Jlonette :  The  Mississippi  Valley,  1787-8 

(1748-9). 
R.  G.  Thwaites  :  The  Boundaries  of  Wisconsin, 

3776  (3655). 

(d)  Alabama  (a.  d.  1819). 
W.  Brewer  :  Alabama,  30  (32). 

(e)  Maine  (a.  d.  1820). 

C.  W.   Tuttle  :    Captain  John  Mason,  2354-5 
(2306-7). 

C.  W.  Elliott:    New  England  History,   2123-3 
(2079-80). 

G.  L.  Austin:  History  of   Massachusetts,  2123 

(2080). 
W.  D.  Williamson :  History  of  Maine,2123  (2080). 

29.  The  Seminole  Wars: 

A.  S.  Gatschet  :  The  Creek  Indians,  108  (101). 

D.  G.  Brinton :  The  Floridian  Peninsula,  108-9 
(101-2). 

Bryant  and  Gay:  History  of  the  U.  S., 1183  (1153). 
W.  G.  Sumner:  Andrew  Jackson,  1183-4(1154). 
T.  Roosevelt:  Life  of  Benton,  1184  (1154). 

30.  The  Dartmouth  College  Case  (a.  d.  1819): 
G.    T.   Curtis:   Life  of  Daniel  Webster,  754-5 

(3741-2). 


« 


238 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


81.  The  Beginning  of  Ocean  Navigation  : 
F.  E.  Chadwick:  Developmentof  the  Steamship, 
3115-16  (3033^). 

32.  Ninth  Presidential  Election;  the  "  Eua 
OP  Good  Feeling"  (a.  d.  1820): 

J.  Schoiiler;  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3478  (3362). 
T.  W.  Higginson:  History  of   the  U.  S.,  3478 

(3362). 

"Monroe  like  ■Washington  was  re-chosen  President 
by  a  vote  iirartirally  viiKininmus.  One,  however,  of  llie 
'J32  elfctoral  vtlrs  L-a>l  was  wanting  to  consununate  this 
exceptional  ht)nor;  for  a  Nrw  Hampshire  elector,  witll 
a  boldness  of  (iiscretion  which,  in  our  days  and  espe- 
cially upon  a  close  canvas.s,  would  have  coiidenmed  him 
to  infamy,  threw  away  upon  John  Quincy  Adams  the 
vote  which  l)elonge(l  like  those  of  his  colleagues  to 
Monroe,  deternuned,  so  it  is  said,  that  no  later  mortal 
should  stand  in  Washington's  shoes.  Of  America's 
Presidents  elected  by  virtual  acclamation  history 
furnishes  but  these  two  examples;  and  as  between  the 
men  honored  by  so  unapproachable  a  tribute  of  conli- 
dence,  Monroe  entered  ujion  his  second  teriii  of  ortice 
with  less  of  real  political  opposition  than  ^^'a>^llillgton." 

J.  SCIItlLLLK. 

33.  TuE  Fourth  Census  (1820),  3478  (3362). 

34.  The  First  Great  Conflict  o^t:r  Slavery; 
THE  JIissouKi  Compromise  (a.  d.  1818-21); 

Waring  and  Cable;  New  Orleans,  209.5  (2051). 
L.  Carr  ;  Missouri,  2095  (2051). 
Carl  Schurz  ;  Life  of  Henry  Clay,  3476-7  (3360-1). 
J.  A.   Woodt)iirn;   The   ^Missouri   Compromise, 
3477-8  (3301-2). 

35.  Tu»  Monroe  Doctrine  (a.  d.  1823) : 

T.  W.  Higgiuson:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3478-9 

(3362-3). 
D.  C.  Oilman:  James  Monroe,  3479  (3363). 

36.  Tariff    Legislation;    "The    American 
SvsTK.M  "  (A.  d.  1816-24) : 

O.  L.  Elliott:   The  Tariff  Controversy,  3153^ 

(3069-70). 
T.  H.  Benton:  Thirty  Years' View,  3154  (3070). 
•  See  ijnportant  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


•STUDY  XLI. 


THE    UNITED    STATES    FROM   THE 

ELECTION    OF   ADAMS    (1825)  TO 

THE    COMPROMISE    OF    1850. 


L  Tenth  Presidential  Election  (a.  d.  1824): 
J.  Quincy;  Life  of  J.  Q.  Adams,  3479-80(3364). 
J.    P.    Kennedy:   Life   of   William   Wirt,  3480 

(3364). 
Goldwin    Smith;   The    United    States,   3480-1 

(3364-5). 

2.  Reconstruction  op  Parties; 

T.  H.  Benton;  Tiiirty  Years'  View,  3481  (3365). 
A.  .Johnston:  History  of  Am.   Politics,  3481-2 
(3365-6). 

3.  Tariff  Changes ;  "The  Bill  op  Abomi- 
nations " : 

T.  H.  Benton:  Thirty  Years'  View,  31.54  (3070). 
H.  C.  Lodge:  Daniel  Webster,  31.54  (3070). 
W.  G.  Sumner:  Andrew  .Jackson.  31,54-5(3071). 
C.  Sehurz:  Life  of  Henry  Clay,  3155  (3071). 

4.  Eleventh    Presidential  Election  ;   An 
drew  Jackson  (a.  d.  1828): 

W.  G.  Sumner:  Andrew  Jackson,  3482  (.^366). 
T.  H.  Benton  :  Thirty  Years'  View,  3482  (3366). 

5.  Nullification  and  Disunion  Sentlment  ; 
S.  H.  Gay  :  James  Madison,  3438-9  (3322-3). 


239 


T.    M.   Coolev:  The  Acquisition  of  Louisiana, 
»443-i  (3327-8). 

A.  Johnston;  American  Politics,  3470  (3354). 
H.  vou  Hoist;  Const.  Hist.  3470  (33.")4). 

Texts  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Resolutions, 
343.5-8  (3319-22). 

6.  Nullification  Ordinance  of  South  Car- 
olina ;  Webster-Hayne  Debate: 

G.   T.   Curtis:  Life  of  Daniel  Webster,  3482-3 

(3306-7). 
C.  Schurz:  Life  of  Henry  Clav,  3483  (3367). 
G.    Hunt:   The  Nullification' Struggle,  3483-4 

(3367-8). 
Text  of  Ordinance  of  Nullification,  3485  (3369). 

7.  The  Beginning  of  the  "Spoils  System "  ' 
John  Fiske;  Civil  Gov't,  in  the  U.  S.,  490. 

8.  liisE  of  the  Abolitionists  ; 

H.  von  Hoist ;  Const.  Hist.,  300.5-6  (2927-8). 

B.  Tuekerman;  William  Jay,  3485-6  (3369-70). 
Goldwin  Smith :  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  3486 

(3370). 
J.  F.  Clarke;  Anti-Slavery  Days,  3487  (3370-1). 

"  The  'Liberator'  was  a  weekly  journal,  bearing  the 
names  of  A\  illiam  Lloyd  Garrison  and  Isaac  Knapp  as 
publishers.  Its  motto  was, '  Our  Country  is  the  world. 
Our  Countrymen  are  Manlvind,'  a  direct  challeuge  to 
those  whose  motto  was  the  Jingo  cry  of  those  days, '  Our 
Country,  right  or  wrong  ! '.  .  .  The  salutatory  of  the 
'  Liberator'  avowed  that  its  editor  meant  to  speak  out 
without  restraint.  *  I  will  be  as  harsh  as  truth  and  as 
uncompromising  as  justice.  On  this  subject  (.Slavery] 
1  do  not  wish  to  think,  or  speak,  or  write  with  modera- 
tion. No  !  No  !  Tell  a  man  whose  house  is  on  fire  to  give 
a  moderate  alarm;  tell  him  to  moderately  rescue  liis 
wife  from  the  bands  of  the  ravisher;  tell  the  mother  to 

gradually  extricate  her  babe  from  the  fire  into  whicli  it 
as  fallen  —  but  urge  me  not  to  use  moderation  in  a  cause 
like  the  i)resent.  1  am  in  earnest  — I  will  not  eijuivo- 
cate  —  I  will  not  excuse — I  will  not  retreat  a  single 
inch  —  I  will  be  heard.'  This  promise  was  amply  kept." 

Goldwin  Smrru. 

9.  The  Fifth  Census  (a.  d.  1830),  3487  (3371). 

10.  The  First  Railroads  : 

W.  J.  M.  Raukine:  The  Steam  Engine,  3111-13 

(3029-30). 
S.  Smiles:    Life  of    George    Stephenson,   8112 

(3030). 

C.  F.  Adams,  Jr.:  Railroads,  3112-13  (3030-1). 

11.  Jackson  and  the  United  States  B.\nk: 

D.  ICinlev:    The  Independent  Treasury,  2258-9 
(2214-15). 

W.  G.  Sumner:  Andrew  Jackson,  2259  (2215). 
A.  Johnston;  Aniericiin  Politics,  2259(2215). 
J.  Parton;  Life  of  Jackson,  3487-8  (3371-2). 
C.  Scliurz;  Life  of  Clay,  3488  (3372). 

12.  Birth  of  the  Whig  Party  (a.  d.  1834): 

E.  Stanwood:    Presidential    Elections,     8488 
(3372). 

G.  T.  Curtis;  Life  of  Webster,  3488-9  (3372-8). 

13.  Sla\t?ky  in  the  District  of  Columbia  ; 
The  Right  of  Petition: 

N.  Sargent:  Public  Men  and  Events,  8489  (8378). 
J.   F.  Clarke:  Anti-Slavery  Days,  8490  (8374), 

3494  (3378). 
Bryant  and  Gay:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  8400 

(3374). 
T.  H.  Benton:  Thirty  Years'  View,  8492  (3876). 

14.  Thirteenth      Presidential      Election 
(A.  D.  1836): 

A.   D.  Morse:   Political  Influence  of  Jackson, 

3490-1  (3374-5). 
G.  Bancroft;  Martin  Van  Buren,  8491  (8875). 


COUKSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


15.  The  Financial  Panic  of  1837: 

A.  Johnston:  American  Politics,  2259  (2315). 
E  M   Shepard :  Martin  Van  Buren,  3489  (3373). 
A.  Johnston:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3774  (3653). 
Century  Magazine:  Cheap  Money  Experiments, 

3259-60  (2215-16). 
T   M.  Cooley:  Michigan,  2260  (2316). 
E.  G.  Spaiilding:  100  Years  of  Banking,  2260 

(3316). 
A.  S.  Belles:  Financial  Hist.,  3491  (3375). 

16.  Admission  of   New    States;    Arkansas, 
Michigan: 

T.  Donaldson:  The  Public  Domain,  3094  (2050). 
J.  W.  Monette :  The  Mississippi  Valley,  140  (133), 

1787-8  (1748-9). 
R.  G.  Thwaites:  The  Boundaries  of  Wisconsin, 

2323-4  (2179-80). 

17.  The  Sixth  Census  (a.  d.  1840),  3493  (3377). 

18.  The    Harkison-Ttler      Administration 
(a.  d.  1841-5) : 

N.  Sargent:  Public  Men  and  Events,  3493(3877). 
A.  Johnston :  American  Politics,  3493-4  (3377-8). 
J.  F.  Clarke;  Anti-Slavery  Days,  3494  (3378). 
A.  S.  BoUes:  Financial  Hist.,  3158  (3074). 
J.  Schouler:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3494-5  (3378-9). 

19.  The  Polk  Administration  (a.  d.  1845-9): 
W.  Wilson:  Division  and  Reunion,  3495  (3379). 
E.  M.  Shepard:  Martin  Van  Buren,  3496  (3380). 

20.  The  "Walker  Tariff"  (a.  d.  1846): 
A.  L.  Perry  Political  Economy,  3159  (3075). 

J.  0.  Blaine :  Twenty  Years  in  Congress,  3159-60 
(3075-6). 

21.  Admission  of  New  States  to  the  Union; 
Florida,  Te.xas,  Iowa,  Wisconsin: 

R.  Hildreth:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  1184  (1154). 
T   Roosevelt:  Life  of  Benton,  1184  (1154). 
H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  3495-6  (3379-80). 
J.  W.  Monette:  The  Mississippi   Valley,   3186 

(3101). 
C.  Schurz:  Life  of  Clay,  3187  (3102). 
J.    W.    Draper:   American   Civil  War,   3187-8 
'(3103-3).  .     „„_„ 

R    G  Thwaites- Boundaries  of  Wisconsm,  3 u6 

(3655). 
See  Maps  between  3442-3  (3336-7). 

22.  Thp  War  with  Mexico  (a.  d.  1846-8) : 
H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  2317  (2173). 

J.   W.   Draper:  American   Civil  War,   2317-18 

' (3173-4). 
A   H   Noll:  History  of  Mexico,  3318  (2174). 
Bryant  and  Gay :  History  of  the  U.  S. ,  231S  (3174). 
J  R  Solev:AVarsoftheU.S..  3318-19(2174-5). 
H.  O.  Ladd:  War  with  Mexico,  2219-20  (3175-6). 

23.  The  Free  Soil  Party  ;  Sixteenth  Presi- 
dential Election  (a.  d.  1848): 

E  M.  Shepard :  Martin  Van  Buren,  3498  (3383). 
C  F  Adams:  Richard  Henry  Dana,  3498(3383). 
C.  Colton:  Life  of  Clay,  3498  (3382). 

24.  The   Seventh  Census  (a.  d.   1850),  3499 
(3383). 

35.   Conquest  of  Californla;  Discovert  of 

Gold: 
J.  Royce:  California,  358  (348). 
E.   E.    Dunbar:   Romance  of  the  Age,  daa-bO 

J  S   Hittell :  Discovery  of  Gold,  360  (350). 
J.  E.  Cairnes:  Political  Economy,  2261  (3217). 


26.  Aggression  of  the  Slave  Power;  Web- 
ster's "  Seventh  op  March"  Speech  (a.  d. 

1850): 
J.  S.  Landon:  Const.  Hist.  3499  (3883). 
F.  W.  Seward;  Seward  at  Washington,  3499-3500 

(3883-4). 
Daniel  Webster:  Works,  3500-03  (3384-7). 
H   C.Lodge:   Daniel  Webster,  3503  (3387). 
J.    F.  Rhodes:    History   of    the   U.    S.,    3503 

(3387). 
H.  Wilson:   The  Slave  Power,  1685  (1646). 

'•  When  Seward  came  to  the  territorial  question,  his 
words  created  a  sensation.  •  We  hold,'  he  said,  •  no  ar- 
bitrary authority  over  anything,  whether  acquired  law- 
fully or  seized  by  usurpation.  The  Constitution  regu- 
lates our  stewardship;  the  Constitution  devotes  the 
domain  (i.  e.  the  territories  not  formed  into  States)  to 
union,  to  justice,  to  defense,  to  welfare,  and  to  liberty. 
But  there  is  a.  higher  la  «•  than  the  (  (institution,  which 
regulates  our  authority  over  the  domain,  and  devotes 
it  to  the  same  noble  purposes.  The  territory  is  a  part, 
no  inconsiderable  part,  of  the  common  heritage  of 
mankind,  bestowed  upon  them  by  the  Creator  ot  the 
Universe.  We  are  His  stewards,  and  must  so  discharge 
our  trust  as  to  secure  in  the  highest  attainable  degree 
their  happiness.'  This  remark  aliout  '  a  higher  law  ' 
.  .  .  w,is  destined  to  have  a  transcendent  moral  in- 
fluence. A  speech  which  can  be  condensed  into  an 
aphorism  is  sure  to  shape  convictions."  J.  F.  Rhodes. 

27.  The  Fugitive  Slave  Law  ; 
OP  1850": 


Compromise 

Fugitive    Slaves,    3421-3 
3503-4 


M.  G.    McDougall 

(3305-6) 
W.  R.    Houghton:    American    Politics, 

(3387-8). 
J.  F.  Rhodes:  History  of  the  U.  S.,  3504(3388) 
C.  Schurz:  Life  ot  Clay,  3504  (3388). 
Text  of  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  3.504-7  (3388-91). 
•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XLII 


ENGLAND  (GREAT  BRITAIN  AND 
IRELAND)  FROM  THE  FALL  OF  NA- 
POLEON TO  THE  DEATH  OF  QUEEN 
VICTORIA. 


1    England  at  thk  Close  of  the  Napoleonic 

Wars; 
J.  F  Bright:  History  of  England.  975-6(948-9). 
J   McCarthy:  Sir  Robert  Peel,  977-8  (950-1). 
H.  Ashworth:  Richard  Cobden,  3153-3  (3068-9). 
3   Agitation  for    Parliamentary  Reform 

(a.  d.  1816-): 
C   Knight;  History  of  England,  976-7  (949-50). 
J.  McCarthy:  Sir  Robert  Peel,  977-8  (950-1). 
3    Removal  of  Disabilities  from  Dissenters 

(A.  D.  1827): 
J.   R.  Green:    History  of  the  English  People, 

933-4  (896-7): 
J.  Stoughton:  Religion  in  England,  924  (897). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:    History  of  England,  944-5 

(917-18). 
S.  Walpole;  England  from  1815,  979  (952). 
4.  Union  of   Great  Britain   and  Irelaud  ; 

Catholic  Emancipation: 
J.  H.  McCarthy  :  Ireland  since  the  Union,  1817 

(1777). 
W   F  Collier:  History  of  Ireland,  1817-18  (1778). 
W.  A.  O'Connor  :  The  Irish  People,  1818(1778). 
W   E.  H.  Lecky  :  History  of  England,  1818-19 

(1778-9);  1833-3  (1783-3). 


I 


240 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


W.  Massey  :  Reign  of  George  III.,  1821-2  (1782). 
W.  E.    H.   Lecky  :   Leaders  of  Public  Opinion, 

1824-5  (1784-5). 
J.  A.  Hamilton:  Daniel  O'Connell,  1825  (1785). 

5.  Pakty  Divisions: 

R.  Burnet:  Hist,  of  My  Own  Time,  3772  (3651). 
R.  Chambers:  Annals  of  Scotland,  3772-3(3652). 
D.  Hume  :  History  of  Enjiland,  930  (903). 
I.  Jennings  :  The'Croker  Papers,  518  (504). 

6.  The  Great  Reform  of  Representation 
(A.  D.  1830-2) : 

W.  Heaton:  Three  Reforms  of  Parliament,  980-2 

(953-5). 
Sir  T.  E.  May:  Const.  Hist.,  982-3  (955-6). 
J.  N.  Larned  :  Europe,  1126  (1098). 

7.  Suppression  of  Slave  Trade  :  Abolition 
gp  CoLONiAi,  Slavery  (a.  d.  1792-1833). 

C.  P.  Lucas ;  British  Colonies,  3003  (2925),  3006 

(2928). 
L.    Herstlet :    Treaties  and  Conventions,   3003 

(2925). 
J.  McCarthy:  Epoch  of  Reform,  983  (956). 

8.  The  Oxford,  or  Tractarian  Movement 
(1833-): 

H.  O.  Wakeman  :  Religion  in  England,  2459-60 

(2407-8). 
S.  Walpole :  History  of  England.  2460  (3408). 

9.  CoM.MEuciAi,  Supremacy  :  Free  Trade  Agi- 
tation: 

H.  deB.    Gibbins:    British    Commerce,   3230-1 

(3719-20). 
A.  J.  Wilson:  British  Trade,  3231-2  (3720-1). 
A.  L.  Bowley :  Foreign  Trade,  3232  (3721). 
H.  Ashworth:  Recollections  of  Cobden,  3152-3 

(3068-9). 
John  Morley:  Life  of  Cobden,  3156-7  (8072-3). 

10.  Factory  Legislation: 

G.  Howell:  Conflicts  of  Capital  and  Labor,  1133-4 

(1105-6). 
C.  D.  Wright:  Factory  Legislation,  1134  (1106). 

11.  Accession  and  Marriage  op  Queen  Vic- 
toria (A.  D.  1837,  1840) : 

A.  H.  McCalman:  History  of  England,  984  (957). 

J.  McCarthy :  Sir  Robert  Peel,  985  (958). 

:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  988-9  (959-00). 

12.  The  Chartist  Agitation  (a.  d.  1838-48): 
C.  Knieht:  History  of  England.  987  (960). 

J.  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  987-8 

(960-1). 
J.  F.  Bright:  History  of  England,  990  (963). 

13.  The  Opium  Wau  (a.  d.  1839-42): 

S.  Walpole:  England  from  1815,  435-7  (421-3). 
C.  Knight:  History  of  England,  437  (423). 
S.  W.   Williams:    The   Middle   Kingdom,    437 
(423). 

14.  Adoption  op  Penny  Postage  (a.  d.  1840): 
C.  Knight:  History  of  England,  988  (961). 

W.  N.  Molesworthl  Hist,  of  England,  988  (961). 

15.  Affairs  in  Ireland  (a.  d.  1840-1850): 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1130-1  (1102-3). 

(a)  Aqitdiinn  for  Hepeal  of  the  Union. 
Sir  C.  G.  DulTv:  Irish  History,  183.5-7  (1785-7). 
E,    Lawless:    The    Story    of    Ireland,    1827-9 

(1787-9). 

(h)   T)ie  Maynooth  Grant. 
S.  Walpole:  History  of  England.  1829-80  (1790). 

(0  The  Great  Famine  (a.  d.  184.5-7). 
A.  M.  Sullivan:  New  Ireland,  1880-1  (1790-1). 


L.  Levi:  British  Commerce,  1831  (1791). 
SirR.  Blennerhassett:  Ireland,  1833  (1792). 
T.  P.  O'Connor:  The  ParneU  Movement,  1833 
(1792). 

16.  Bank   op   England  ;    Chartkb   Act   op 

1844: 
T.  B.  JIacaulay:  History  of  England,   2253-t 

(2209-10). 
W.  Bagehot:  Lombard  Street,  23.54-5  (2210-11). 
W.  C.  Taylor:  Sir  Robert  Peel,  2260  (2216). 
F.  C.  Montague:  Life  of  Peel,  2260-1  (2216-17). 

17.  Repeal  of  the  Corn  L.\ws  (a.  d.  1846); 
Perfected  Free  Trade: 

F.  G.  Montague:  Sir  Robert  Peel,  3157-8(3073-4). 
L.    Levi:   Hist,   of    British   Commerce,   3158-9 

(3074-5). 
H.  Martineau:  History  of  Thirty  Years'  Peace, 

3159  (3075). 
W.  N.  Molesworth:  History  of  England,  2393-4 

(2245-6). 
J.  McCarthy:  Epoch  of  Reform,  3160  (3076). 
A.  Mongredien:  Free  Trade  Movement,  3160-1 

(3076-'7). 

18.  Overthrow  op  Peel;  Advent  of  Disraeli 
(A.  D.  1846) • 

J.  McCarthy  :  Epoch  of  Reform,  989  (962). 

J.  A.  Froude:  Lord  Beaconsfield,  989-90(983-8). 

19.  Civil  Service  Reform  (a.  d.  1853-5): 

D.  B.    Eaton:  Civil  Service  in  Great  Britain, 
489-90  (475-6). 

20.  The  Crimean  War  (a.  d.  1853-6): 

S.  Walpole:  Foreign  Relations,  2848-9  (2774-5). 
J.  >IcCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  2849-50 

(277.5-6). 
J.  F.  Bright:  Hist,  of  England,  2850-1  (2776-7). 
W.  N.  Molesworth:  England,  2851-3(3777-8). 

21.  Anglo-French  War  with  China  (a.  d. 
18.56-60): 

J.  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  439-41 
(425-7). 

22.  Sepoy  Mutiny  in  India  (a.  d.  1857-1858): 
W.  W.  Hunter :  Brief  Hist,  of  Indian  People, 

1779  (1740). 
Lord  Lawrence:  Speech,  1779-80  (1740-1). 
H.  S.   Cunningham:  Eari  Canning,  1780  (1741). 
Sir  O.  T.  Burne:  Clyde  and  Strathnairn,  1780-2 

(1741-3). 
J.  T.  Wheeler:  Short  History,  1782-3  (1743-4). 
R.  B.  Smith:  Lord  Lawrence.  1783-4  (1744-5). 
W.  N.  Molesworth:   Hist,  of  England,  1784-5 

(174.5-6). 
S   Walpole:  History  of  England.  1785-6(1746-7). 
J.   McCarthy;  Hist,    of   Our  Own  Times,  1786 

(1747). 

23  Attitude  toward  thk  American  Civil 
AVau(a.  d.  1861-.5): 

The  Queen's  Proclamation  of  Neutrality,  8544 

(3428). 
Proclamation  of  President  Lincoln.  3544  (3428). 
The  Case  of  the  United  States  at  Geneva,  8544-5 

(3428-9). 
J.  Jay :  The  Great  Conspiracy,  8545  (8429). 
J.  Watts ;  Facts  of  the  Cotton  Famine,  998-4 

(966-7). 

24  Further  Pakliamentary  Reform  (a.  d. 
1865-8); 

A    H.  McCalman:  History  of  England,  994-5 
(987-8). 


241 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

B.  C.  Skottowe :  History  of  Parliament,  995-6 

(968-9). 
D.  W.  Rannie:  The  English  Constitution,   996 

(969). 
R.  Wilson,  Queen  Victoria,  997  (970). 

25.  Mb.  Gladstone's  First  Irish  Meascres 
(A.  D.  1868-70) : 

J.  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  996-7 
(969-70). 

26.  Treaty  of  "Washington  ;  Geneva  Arbi- 
tration (A.  D.  1869-73) : 

B.  J.  Lossing:  The  Civil  AVar,  30-1  (23-4). 
Case  of  the  U.  S.  before  Tribunal   of  Arbitra- 
tion, 31  (24). 

C.  Gushing:  The  Treaty  of  Washington,  34  (27); 
35-6  (28-9). 

Treaties  and  Conventions  between  U.  S.  and 
Other  Powers,  34-5  (27-8). 

27.  Irish  Politics;  The  Home  Rule  Party; 
Parnell;  Coercion. — Phoenix  Park  Mur- 
ders (a.  d.  1873-1883). 

J.  H.  McCarthy  :  Irish  History,  1835-6(1795-6). 

:    England  Under  Gladstone,  1836-7  (1797). 

Summaries  from  The  Times,  1837  (1797). 

W.  M.  Pirablett:  Political  Historv,  1837-8(1798). 

Cassell's  History  of  England,  1838  (1798). 

28.  England  in  South  Africa  (a.  d.  1877-81) : 
A.  Trollope:  South  Africa,  3039-40  (2961-2). 
J.  H.   McCarthv  :    England  Under  Gladstone, 

3040-02  (2963^). 
J.  F.  Bright:  Hist,  of  Enslaud,  3042-3  (2964-5). 
J.  S.  Keltic;  Partition  of  "Africa,  3043-5  (2967). 

29.  The  War  in  Egypt  (a.  d.  1882-): 
J.  C.  McCoan:  Esypt,  788-9(761-2). 

H.  Vogt:  The  E^vptian  War,  790-2  (763-5). 
J.  E.  Bowen:  Conflict  in  Egypt,  793-4  (765-7). 
A.  E.  Hake :  Story  of  "Chinese"  Gordon,  794r-5, 

(767-8). 
80.  The  Partition  of  Africa  (a.  d.  1884-91) : 
A.  S.White:  Development  of  Africa,31-3  (17-19). 
31.  The  Third  Reform  Bill  (a.  d.  1884-5): 
W.  Heaton:  Three  Reforms  of  Parliament,  999- 

1000  (973-3). 
R.  Gneist:  Parliament  in  Transformation,  1000 

(973). 
W.  A.  Holds  worth:  New  Reform  Act,  1005  (978). 
Text  of   Third   Reform  Act,    1884,    1000-1004 

(973-7). 

■33.  Gladstone's  Home  Rule  Bill  for  Ire- 
land (a.  d.  1885-6) : 

G.  B.  Smith:  Prime  Ministers  of  Queen  Victoria, 
1005  (978). 

P.  W.  Clayden:  England  Under  the  Coalition, 
1005-7  (978-80) ;  1839-40  (1799-1800). 

J.  Bryce  :  The  Irish  Question,  1838-9  (1798-9). 

R.  Johnston:  The  Queen's  Reign,  1840  (1800). 

33.  Retirement  of  Gladstone  (a.  d.  1893-4): 
Irish  Home  Rule  Bill,  1007-8  (980-1). 

Earl  of  Rosebery  Prime  Minister,  Vol.  VI., 
203^. 

34.  Venezuela  Boundary  Dispute  (a.  d.  1895): 
(See  Study  XLVI.) 

35.  Diamond  Jubilee  op  the  Queen  (a.  d. 
1897): 

The  Message  of  the  Queen  to  her  Subjects,  Vol. 
VI.,  207-8. 


242 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

36.  Death  op  Gladstone  (May  19,  1898): 
Tributes  of  Lords  Salisbury  and  Rosebery,  and 

Mr.  Balfour,  Vol.  VI.,  209-10. 

"  The  most  distinguished  political  name  of  the  cen- 
tury has  been  withdrawn  from  the  roll  of  Englishmen." 

Lord  Salisbury. 

"This  country,  this  nation,  loves  brave  men.  Mr. 
Gladstone  was  the  bravest  of  the  brave.  There  was  no 
cause  so  hopeless  that  he  was  afraid  to  undertake  it; 
there  was  no  amount  of  opposition  that  would  cowe 
him  when  once  he  had  unaertaken  it."  Lord  Rose- 

BEKV. 

37.  The  Great  Boer  War  (a.  d.  1899-1902) : 
[The  treatment  of   this  subject  in  volumes  VI.  and 

VII.  of  HistO!*y  for  Ready  Reference  covers  sixty-tive 
of  its  large  double-column  pages  ^45G-517  in  Vol.  G  and 
6-0-024  in  Vol.  7),  and  is  the  most  complete  statement 
of  all  the  causes  that  led  up  to  that  contliet  that  can  be 
found  in  any  work.  The  scope  of  these  Studies  does  not 
admit  of  a  uetailed  analysis  of  this  material,  nor  is  such 
an  analysis  necessary-;  as  all  the  despatches.  State 
papers,  and  descriptive  matter  are  arranged  in  sucji  an 
orderly  manner,  under  the  general  head  of  "  Soutli  Af- 
rica," that  one  needs  no  aid  in  studying  the  subject.] 

38.  Death  of  Queen  Victoria  (Jan.  28,  1901): 
Detailed  Account  of  her  last  illness.  Vol.  VI., 

213-13. 
Tributes  of  leading  Statesmen,  Vol.  VI.,  213-16. 

"  The  simple  dignity,  befitting  a  Monarch  of  this 
realm,  in  that  she  could  never  fail,  because  it  arose 
from  her  inherent  sense  of  the  fitness  of  things.  It  was 
no  trapj)ing  put  on  for  office,  and  therefore  it  was  that 
this  dignity,  this  Queenly  dignity,  only  served  to  throw 
into  a  brighter  light  tliose  admirable  virtues  of  the 
wife,  the  mother,  and  the  woman,  with  which  she  was 
so  richly  endowed."  A.  J.  Balfour,  Leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons. 

"  But  have  you  realized  what  the  personal  weight  of 
the  late  Queen  was  in  the  councils  of  the  world  V  She 
was  by  far  the  senior  of  all  the  European  Sovereigns. 
The  German  Emperor  was  her  grandson  by  birth.  The 
Emperor  of  Russia  was  her  grandson  by  marriage.  She 
had  reigned  eleven  years  when  the  Emperor  of  Austria 
came  to  his  throne.  She  had  seen  two  dynasties  pass 
from  the  throne  of  France.  She  had  seen,  as  Queen, 
three  Monarchs  of  Spain,  and  four  Sovereigns  of  the 
House  of  Savoy  in  Italy.  .  .  .  Can  we  not  realize,  then, 
what  a  force  tlie  personal  influence  of  such  a  Sovereign 
was  in  the  troubled  councils  of  Europe  ?  And  when, 
as  we  know,  that  influence  was  always  given  for  peace, 
for  freedom,  and  for  good  government,  we  feel  that 
not  merely  ourselves  but  all  the  world  has  lost  one  of 
its  best  friends."    Lord  Roseberv. 

39.  Victorian  Age  in  Liter.\ture: 

J.  ^McCarthy :  Literature  of  the  Victorian  Reign, 
985  (958). 

R.  Garnett:  Reign  of  Queen  Victoria,  986  (959). 

G.  L.  Craik:  Hist,  of  Eng.  Literature,  986(959). 

J.  A.  Symonds:  Elizabctlian  and  Victorian  Po- 
etry. 986-7  (959-60). 

T.  D.  Robb:  Elizabethan  Drama  and  Victorian 
Novel,  987  (960). 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XLIII. 


FRANCE    FROM   THE    FALL    OF  NA- 
POLEON TO  A.  D.   1910. 


1.  Treaty  op  Paris  ;  New  Boundaries  (a.  d. 
1814): 

H.  Martin:  Hist,  of  France,  1391-2  (1358-9). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modem  Europe,  1392  (13.59). 

2.  Congress  of  Vienna  (a.  d.  1814): 

C.  A  Fyffe-  Modern  Europe,  3745-7  (3635-6). 
R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  3747  (3626). 

3.  The  Holy  Alliance  (a.  d.  1815-): 

M.  E.  G.  Duff;  European  Politics.  1697  (1658). 
E.  Hertslet:  Europe  by  Treaty,  1697  (1658) 


! 


I 


I 


% 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


W.  R.  Tliaycr:  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

1697-8  {1658-9). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1124  (1096). 

4.  Restoked  Monarchy;  Louis  XVIII.  (a.  d. 
181^V24): 

J.  II.   Rose:    Century  of  Continental  History, 
1401  (1368). 

5.  CoNGKESs  OF  Verona  (a.  d.  1822): 
R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  3741  (3621). 
F.  H.  Hill:  George  Canniuu,  3741  (3621). 
R.  Bell.  Life  of  Canning.  3741-2  (3621-2). 
J.  N.  Earned:  Europe,  1124-5  (1096-7). 

6.  FRE^■CH  Invasion  op  Spain: 

T.  H.  Dyer:  Modern  Europe,  3094-6  (3012-14) . 

7.  Charles  X;  Revolution  of   1830;  Louis 
Phu-ippe  (a.  d.  1824-1830): 

J.    II.   Rose:   Century  of  Continental  History, 

1401-2  (1368-9);  1402  (1369). 
T.  W.  Kno.x:  Decisive  Battles,  1645-6(1607-8). 
AV.  MUller:  Political  History,  1402-3  (1369-70). 

8.  Revolt  of  Belgium  (a.  d.  1830-2): 

S.  Walpole:  England  from  1815,2348-50  (2802). 
C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  2350  (2302). 

9.  CoNcjuEST  OF  Algiers  (a.  d.  1830-). 
T.  W.  Knox :  Decisive  Battles,  275  (266). 

T.  Wright:  History  of  France,  275-6  (266-7). 
J.  R.  >rorell:  Algeria,  276-7  (267-8). 

10.  Revolution  OF  1848: 

J.  Slacdonnell:  France  since  the  First  Empire, 

1404  (1371). 
R.  Mackenzie :  The  Nineteenth  Century,  1404-5 

(1371-2). 

11.  Second  Republic;  Louis  Napoleon: 
N.  W.  Senior:  Journals,  1405-6  (1372-3). 

E.  S.  Cayley :  Revolution  of  1848, 1406-8  (1373-5). 

12.  French  Intervention  AT  Ro.ME  (A.  v.  1849): 
W.  Milller:  Political  History,  1901-3  (1S6I-3). 
W.  R.  Thayer:  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

1903  (1863). 

13.  The  Coup  d'£tat  op  1851: 

A.  W.  Kinglake :  Invasion  of  the  Crimea,  1408-10 

(1375-7). 
H.  Murdock:  Reconstruction  of  Europe,  1410-11 

(1377-8). 

14.  The  Second  Empire    Ord.^iked    (a.    d. 
1851-2): 

H.  Martin:  Hist,  of  France,  1411-12  (1.378-9). 

15.  Crimean  War;  Peace  Congress  of  Paris; 
"DECLAR.vnoN  OP  Paris"  (a.  d.  1853-1856): 

S.  Walpole:  Foreign  Relations,  2848-9  (2774-5); 

2853-5  (2779-81). 
J.  McCiirthv :  Our  Own  Times,  2849-50  (277.5-6). 
J.  F.  Bright:  Hist,  of  England.  2850-1  (2776-7). 
W.  N.  Molesworth:  England,  2851-2  (2777-8). 
E.  Schuyler:  American  Diplomacy,  675-6(652-3). 

16.  Alliance  with  Sardinia  ;  War  with  Aus- 
tria (A.  D.  1859): 

.T.  W.  Probyn:  Italy,  181.5-1890,1903-5(1863-5). 
H.   Murdock:   The   Reconstruction  of  Europe, 
1905-6  (1865-6). 

17.  With    the    Enolish    in    China    (a.    d. 
1856-60): 

J.  McCarthy:  Our  Own  Times,  439-41  (425-7). 

18.  The     Cobden-Chevalier       Commercial 
Treaty  (a.  d.  1860) : 

C.  F .  Bastable :  The  Commerce  of  Nations,  3161 

(3077). 
L  Levi :  Treaties  of  Commerce,  3161-2  (8077-8). 

24 


19.  The  French  ln  Mexico  (a.  d.  1861-7): 
A.  H.  Noll:  History  of  Mexico,  2221,  first  col- 

umn  (2177). 
J.  McCarthy :  History  of  Our  Own  Times,  2221-2 
(2177-8). 

20.  French  Withdrawal  from  Rome  : 
G.  S.    Godkin:   Victor  Emmanuel   II.,    1906-8 

(1866-8). 
J.  Marriott:  Modern  Italy,  1908-9  (1808-9). 

21.  Declaration  of  War    against  Prussia, 
(a.  d.  1870) : 

E.  B.  Washburne:  Recollections,  1413(1380-1). 
W.    Maurenbrecher:    The     German     Empire, 
1413-14. 

22.  Disasters  of  the  War  ;  Sedan  : 
AV.  Muller:  Political  History,  1414-15  (1381-2). 
G.  Hooper:  Campaign  of  Sedan,  1415  (1382). 
W.  O'C.  Morris-  Sedan,  141.5-16  (1382-3). 
H.  M.  Hozier:  Franco  Prussian  War,    1416-17 

(1383-1). 
E.  W.  Latimer:  France  in  the  19th  Century,  1418 

(1384-5). 
German  Official  Account,  1418  (1385). 

23.  Collapse  of  the  Empire  (a.  d.  1870): 
H.  Vizetellv:  Paris  in  Peril,  1418-19  (1385-6). 
E.  Simon:  Emperor  William,  1419-20  (1386-7). 

24.  Capitulation     of    Paris  ;    Treaty     op 
Frankfort  (a.  d.  1871): 

C.  A.  Fyffe :  Modern  Europe,  1420-2  (1387-9). 
II.   Murdock:   Reconstruction  of  Europe,  1422 

(1389). 
C.  Lowe:  Prince  Bismarck,  1422-3  (1389-90). 

25.  The  Commune;  Second  Siege  of  Paris 
(A.  D.  1871): 

H.  Martin-  History  of  France,  1423^  (1390-1). 
G.    L.    Dickinson:    Revolution    and    Reaction, 
1424-5  (1391-2). 

26.  Establishment  of  the  Third  Republic 
(a.  d.  1871-6): 

P.  de  Heniusat:  Thiers.  1425  (1392). 
G.  M.  Towlc:  Jlodern  France.  1425-7  (1392-4). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1129  (1101). 
Text  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Third  Republic, 
558-67  (538^7). 

27.  Strengthening  op  Constitutional  Gov- 
ernment (a.  d.  1875-89): 

V.  Duruy:  Ilistiiry  of  France.  1427-9  (1394-6). 
The   Assassination   of    President  Carnot,    1429 

(1396). 
Census  of  the  Republic  (1896),  VoL  VL,  225. 

28.  CoKijUESTS  IN  Cochin-China: 
V.  Duruy:  History  of  France,  1428  (1395). 
A.  H.  Keane:  Eastern  Geography,  8201  (8115). 
£.  Rcclus:  Asia,  3201-2(311.5-16). 

29.  The  Panama  Canal  Scandal- 
L.  F.  Vernon-Harcourt:  Achievements  in  Engi- 
neering, 2474  (2415). 

Quarterly  Reg.  of  Current  History.  2475  (2416). 
P.  de  Coubcrtin:  The  Evolution  of  France,  2476 
(2410). 

30.  The  Dreyfus  Affair: 
Sir  G.  Lushington:  Full  detailed  Review,  Vol. 

VI.,  225-33. 

31.  The  Regulation  of  Religious  Orders 
(a.  d.  1001); 

M.  Waldeck -Rousseau:  A  Rill  on  Associations, 
Vol.  VI..  236-8. 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

Text  of  the  Principal  Sections  of  the  Bill,  Vol. 

VI.,  238. 
Closing  of  unauthorized  Schools,  Vol.  VII.,  375. 

33.  Separation  of  Chdrch  and  State  (a.  d. 

1905-1907) : 
J   Legrand  :  Church  and  State  in  France,  Vol. 

VII.,  275-6.  .        ,^  ,    ^^^^ 

J.  A.  Bain :  The  New  Reformation,  Vol.  Vll., 

276-7. 
R   Wallier:  Le  Vingtifeme  Sificle  Politique,  Vol. 

VII.,  377-8. 
F  W   Parsons:  Separation  of  Church  and  State, 

Vol.  VII.,  278-9. 
O    Guerlac:  Separation  of  Church  and  htate. 

Vol.  VII.,  281-2. 
J    F    Boyd:   French  Ecclesiastical  Revolution, 

Vol.  Vil.,  283-3. 
S.  Dewey  :  The  Year  [1906]  in  France,  Vol.  VIL, 

283 
F    Klein-   Present  Difficulties  of  the  Church, 

Vol.  VII.,  284. 
Papal  Encyclical  Vehementer  Nos,  Vol.  VII., 

473-4. 
33    The  Morocco  Question  ;  Conference  at 

Aloecikas  (a.  d.  1904-1906) : 
Text  of  the  Anglo-French  Agreements  of  1904, 

Vol.  VII.,  249-50. 
A.  Tardieu  :  France  and  the  Alliances,  Vol.  VII., 

249,  2.53-3.  ,      ., 

British  Parliamentary  Paper  (Cd.  1952,  April, 

1904),  251-2. 
W    C    Dreher;  The  Year  [1906]  in  Germany, 

Vol.  VII.,  253. 
B     Meakin :   The  Algeciras    Conference,    Vol. 
VII.,  254 

34.  Political  Parties  in  France  (a.  d.  1906- 
1909) : 

R  DcU  •  France,  England  and  Mr.  Bodley,  Vol. 

VII.,  380. 
S    Dewey:   The  Year    [1906]   in  France,   Vol. 

VII.,  281. 

35.  Labor  Organization  in  France  . 

The  London  Times:  The  Syndicalist  Movement, 
Vol.  VIL,  376-8.  ,     ^„^^^ 

:Strilie  of  Government   Employes  (1909), 

378-80. 

»  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


*  STUDY  XLIV. 


GERMANY. 

1.  In  Roman  Times  (b.  c.  13-a.  d.  7.52): 

Tacitus:  Germany,  1462-3  (1439-30). 

C.    Merivale:    Hist,    of    the    Romans,     li6S-i 

(1430-1). 
T   Smith:  Arminius,  1464-5  (1431-2). 
T.  Mommsen:  Hist,  of  Rome,  42  (35). 
W    C    Perry:   The   Franlvs,    1430-1    (1397-98), 

1432-3  (1399-1400). 
J.  N.  Larned-  Europe,  1043-4  (1015-6). 
J.  B.  Bury:  The  Later  Roman  Empire,   2805 

(2731).  ,     ^  „,  , 

E.  A.  Freeman:  Chief  Periods,  European  Hist., 

F  P  Guizot:  ifist.  of  Civilization,  3806  (3733), 
G.  B.  Adams;  Civilization,  Middle  Ages,  3807 
(3733). 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

2.  Mediaeval  Germant  ;  Charlemagne's  Em- 
pike,  and  After  (a.  d.  768-). 
R  W   Church:  Beginnings  of  the  Middle  Ages, 

1434  (1401). 
E    Emerton:  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages, 

1434-5  (1401-3). 
J.  Bryce:  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1435  (1402), 

1436-8  (1403-5). 
H   II.  Jlilman:  Hist,  of  Latin  Christianity,  1468 

(1437). 
E.  A.  Freeman :  Historical  Geography  of  Europe, 

1469  (1438). 
H.  Hallam:  The  Middle  Ages,  1470  (1439),  1481 

(1448). 
L   von  Ranke:  Reformation  in  Germany,  14(1-2 

(1440-1). 
J     N.    Larned:    Europe,   1050  (1023),    1053-5 

(103.5-7). 
M     Creighton:    Hist,   of   the    Papacy,   3493-3 

(3433-3). 
I    Jastrow :  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Einheits- 

traiimes,  1477-8  (1445). 
U.  Balzani:  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaufen, 

1478  (1445). 
O.  Browning :  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  1478-9 

(1445-6). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Sketch  of  European  Hist.,  1479 

(1446). 
— -:  Emperor  Frederick  II.,  1479-80  (1446-7). 

3.  Under  the  House  of  Austria  (a.  d.  1372- 
1519): 

J.    Bryce-   The  Holy  Roman  Empire,    1481-2 

(1448-9). 
W.  Coxe:  The  House  of  Austria,  206  (199). 
Sir  R.  Comyn :  Hist,  of  Western  Empire,  206-7 

(199-300),  1483-3  (1449-50). 
V   Duruy :  Hist,  of  the  Middle  Ages,  208  (301). 
H   Hallam:  The  Middle  Aa;es,  14S.-)-6  (1453-3). 
J.  N.  Larned:  Europe,  1083-4  (1055-6). 
L    von   Ranke:   Latin  and  Teutonic  Nations, 

210-12  (203-5). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Hist,   of  Modern  Europe,  1490-1 

'(1457-8). 

4.  Rise  of  Brandenburg  and  Prussia;  the 
Hohenzollerns  (A.  D.  1143-1688): 

T   Carlyle:  Friedrich  II.,  called  the  Great,  316- 

17  (306-7),  1696  (1657). 
H  Tuttle:  Hist,  of  Prussia,  317-18  (307-8). 
L.  von  Ranke:  House  of  Brandenburg,  1486-7 

fl453— 4). 
C.  F.  Johnstone:  Historical  Abstracts,  318  (308). 
G.  B.  Malleson:  Battlefields  of  Germany,  319- 

20  (309-10). 

5.  Luther  and  the  Reformation  (a.  d.  1517- 
1600) : 

(See  Study  XXIV.) 

6    The  Thirty  Years  War  (a.  d.  1618-1648): 

J   N.  Larned:  Europe,  1099-1101  (1071-3). 

G.  B.  Malleson:  Battle-fields  of  Germany,  1504-5 

J.  Mitchell:  Lifeof  Wallenstein,  1,50.5-6(1472-3). 
C  T  Lewis:  Hist,  of  Germany,  1507-8(1474-5). 
F.  Schiller:  The  Thirty  Years  War,  1508  (1475). 
R,    C.    Trench:    Gustavus    Adolphus,    1517-18 

(1484-5). 
A.    Gindelv:    The  Thirty   Years  War,  1518-9 

(1485-6)."  ^_,  „ 

H.  von  Treitschke:  Deutsche  Geschichte,  1521-3. 
7.  Wars  of  the  18th  Century;  Frederick 

THE  Great  (a.  d.  1701-1763). 
Lord  Macaulay :  Essays,  1534  (1490). 


244 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


H.  von  Sybel;  Founding  of  the  German  Empire, 

1525  (1491), 

(a)  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 
Lord  Macaulay:  Essays,  3073  (2992). 
C.  W.  Koch:    Revolutions  of  Europe,  3073-4 

(2992-3). 
W.  Russell:  Hist,  of  Modern  Europe,  3712-13 

(3592-3). 

(i)    War  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 
W.  Coxc:  the  House  of  Austria,  218-19  (211-2). 
Lord  Mahon:  Hist,  of  England.  219  (212). 
Frederick  the  Great-  My  Own  Times,  220  (213). 
Lord  Macaulav:  Essava,  220-1  (213-4). 
T.  Carlyle:  Fnedrich  II.,  221  (214). 
J.  N.  Larned;  Europe,  1113  (1085). 

((•)   Tfic  Seeen  Years  War. 
T.  H.    Uver:   Modern    Europe,  951-2  (924-5), 

2975  (2898). 
J.  N.  Larned;  Europe,  1114-15  (1086-7). 
T.  Carlyle:  Fnedrich  II.,  2970-6  (2898-9). 
Friednch  II. :  Posthumous  Works,  2976  (2899). 

8.  SxHrGGLES   WITH    REV0LIITION.UIY    FRANCE 

AND  Napoleon  (a.  d.  1792-1814): 
C.  E.    Mallet .  The  French  Revolution,  228-9 

(221-2). 
R.Lodge:  Hist,  of  Modern  Europe,  1308(1275). 
A.   Grilliths:   French    Revolutionary  Generals, 

1308-9  (1275-6). 
C.  A.  FylTe:  Moderu  Europe.  1316-17  (1283-4). 
A.  Alison:  Europe,  1324  (1391). 
T.  H.   Dyer:  Modern   Evirope,  1341-2  (1308-9). 
J.   N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1120-21  (1092-3). 

A.  Weir:   Historical  Basis  of   Modern  Europe, 
229-31  (222-4). 

C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  1541-3  (1507-8). 
J.  G.  Lockharf  Life  of  Napoleon,  1.542-4(1510). 
J.  R.    Seeley:  Life  and    Times  of  Stein,  1548 

(1514). 
:  Prussian  History,  1548-9(1514-5). 

9.  The  Teutonic  Awakening  : 

J.  R.  Seeley:  Life  of  Stein,  1549-51  (151.5-17). 
H.  Martin  :  Hist,  of  France,  155.5-6  (1521-2). 
W.  Men/.el  :  Hist,  of  Germany,  1.5.56  (1522). 

10.  The    Germanic     Confederation    (a.    d. 
1814-30); 

C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  3745-7  (3624-6). 
R.  Lodge  :  Modern  Europe,  3747  (3626). 
M.    E.    G.    l^uir :    European    Politics,    156.5-6 
(1.531-2). 

11.  Tendencies  tovfard   Union;  the  Zoll- 
verein: 

G.    Krause:  Growth    of    German    Unity,    1566 

(1.533). 
BrunoGebhart:  German  History,  1566  (3775). 
W.  Maurenbrecher  :  The  German  Empire,  1567 

(.3775). 
The  Edinburgh  Review:  The  ZoUvercin,  3155-6 

(3071-2). 

12.  Revolutionary  Movements  (a.  d.  1848): 

B.  Tavlor:  Hist,  of  Germany,  1.567-8  (1.532-3). 
E.  S.  Cayley:  Revolutions  of  1848,  1.568-9(1534). 
J.  Sime.  Hist,  of  Germany,  235(228). 

J.  H.   Rose:   Century   of  Continental   History, 

23.5-7  (228-30). 
E.  L.  Godkin:  Hist,  of  Hungarv,  1722  (1683-.5). 
CM.  Yonge:  Landmarks  of  History,  1724(1685). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1126-7  (1098-9). 

13.  Reaction  ;  Failure    of    Movement   for 
Unity  (a.  d.  1848-.50): 

W.  MUller  :  Political  History,  1569-71  (1584-6). 

24 


T.  S.  Fay:  The  Three  Germanys.  1571-2  (1537). 

F.  H.  Geffcken:  Unity  of  Germany,  237  (230). 
M.  E.  G.  Duff:  European  Politics,  237-8  (231). 

14.  Schleswig-Holstein  Question  (a.  d.  1848- 
63): 

S.  Walpole:  Life  of  Lord  John  Russell,  2908-9 

(2833^). 
Sir  A.  Alison:  Hist,  of  Europe,  2909  (2834). 

15.  William  I.  and  Bismabce  ;   "Blood  and 
Iron"  (a.  d.  1861): 

W.  Maurenbrecher:    Founding  of  the  German 

State,  1572-3(3777-9). 
A.  Forbes:  William  of  Germany,  1574-.5  (1539). 

'•  It  is  a  fact,  the  great  self-assertion  of.  individuality 
aiuonp  us  makes  constilutionalK"verument  very  hard  in 
rrussia.  .  .  .  We  are  [terliaps  too  •  cultured  '  to  tolerate 
a  constitution  ;  we  are  too  critical ;  the  ability  to  pass 
judcment  on  measures  of  the  Kovemment  or  acts  of 
the  legislature  is  too  universal;  there  is  a  large  num- 
ber of  *  Catilinarian  Characters '  in  the  land  whose 
chief  interest  is  in  revolutions.  I*eople  are  too  sensitive 
about  the  faults  of  government.  .  .  Our  blood  is  too 
hot,  we  are  fond  of  wearing  an  annor  too  larjje  for  our 
small  body;  now  let  us  utilize  it.  .  .  .  I'russia  must 
consolidate  its  mightand  hold  it  together  for  the  favor- 
able moment,  which  has  been  allowed  to  pass  unheeded 
several  times.  I'russia's  boundaries,  as  determined  by 
the  Congress  of  Vitrnna,  arc  not  conducive  to  its 
wholesome  existence  as  a  sovereign  state.  Not  by 
speeches  and  resolutions  of  majorities  the  mighty 
problems  of  the  age  are  solved  —  that  was  the  mis- 
take of  1848  and  1849  —  but  by  Blood  and  Iron." 

BiSMABCK. 

16.  Formation  of  the    Social  Democratic 
Party  (a.  d.  1862-4) : 

L.  J.  Huff  ;  Ferdinand  Lasalle,  3037-8  (2950). 
R.  T.  Ely :  French  and  German  Socialism,  3028 
(29.50). 

17.  The  Seven  Weeks  War  (a.  d.  1866): 

S.  Baring-Gould  :  Story  of  Germany,  2,39(232). 
W.  Zimmermann:  Hist,  of  Germany,  1577(1.541). 
H.  von  Sybel;  Founding  of  the  German  Empire 

1.577  (1541). 
J.  N.  Larned;  Europe,  1128-9  (1100-01). 

18.  Completion  of  Germanic  Confederation 
(A.  d.  1866-70): 

G.  Krause:   Growth  of  German  Unity,  1577-9 
(1.541-3). 

E.  Simon;  The  Emperor  William,  1579(1543). 

19.  "The   Hoiienzollbun  Incident"  ;   War 
with  France  (a.  d.  1870) 

E.  B.  Washburne:  Recollections,  1413(1380-1). 
W.  Maurenbrecher;  Founding  of  the  German 

State,  1413-14. 
W.  MUller;  Political  History,  1414-15(1381-2). 
W.  O'C.   Morris  ;  Campaign  of  Sedan,  1415-16 

(1383-3). 
H.    M.    Hozier:  Franco-Prussian  War,  1416-17 

(1383-4). 
E.  W.  Latimer;    France  in  the  19th  Century, 

1417-18  (1384-.5). 
C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  History,  1420-2(1887-9). 
H.  Murdock:   Reconstruction  of  Europe,  1423 

(1389). 
C.  Lowe:  Prince  Bismarck,  1432-8(1389-90). 

20.  Kino  William  dbcomks  E.mpeuou  (a.  d. 
1871): 

A.  Forbes-  William  of  Germany.  1579-80(1544). 
R.  Rodd:  Frederick,  Crown  Prince,  1.580  (1544). 
31.  The  Constitution  of  the  New  Empire  ; 
Proclamation  by  the  Emperor,  April  16,   1871, 

1.580  (1.544). 
Text  of  the  Constitution,  667-75  (547-54). 


COURSES   FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


22.  Establishment  of  Uniform  Oold  Coinage 

(A.  D.  1871-3) : 

J.  L.  Laughlin:  History  of  Bimetallism,  2264-5 

(2220-1). 

23.  Government  of  Alsace-Lorraine: 

C.  Lowe:  Prince  Bismarck,  1580-1  (1544-5). 

24.  The  Cdlturkampf  : 

J.N.  Murphy: The Cliair of  Peter,  1581-2(1546). 
S.  Barint^-Qould:  Germany,  1582  (1546). 
C.  Bulle:  Flistory  of  Our  Time,  254-^-3(3779-91). 
The   Political   Speeches  of   Prince    Bismarck, 
2543-6  (3781-4). 

"  There  is  therefore  {jreat  importance  for  the  German 
Empire  in  the  cliaracter  that  i.s  given  to  our  diplomatic 
relations  with  the  head  of  the  Roman  Church,  wielding, 
as  he  does,  an  influence  in  this  country  unusually  ex- 
tensive for  a  foreign  potentate.  I  scarcely  hel'ieve, 
considering  the  spirit  dominant  at  present  in  the  lead- 
ing circles  of  the  Catholic  Church,  that  any  Ambassa- 
dor of  the  German  Empire  could  succeed  ...  by  jier- 
suasion  in  exerting  an  influence  to  bring  about  a 
modification  of  the  position  assumed  by  His  Holiness 
the  Pope  toward  things  secular.  The  dogmas  of  the 
Catholic  Church  recently  announced  and  publicly  pro- 
mulgated make  it  impossible  for  any  secular  power  to 
come  to  an  understanding  with  the  Church  without 
its  own  effacement,  which  the  Germ.in  Empire,  at  least, 
cannot  acceijt.  Have  no  fear;  we  shall  not  go  to  Can- 
ossa,  either  in  body'or  in  spirit."    Bismarck. 

25.  Adoption  of  the  Protective  Policy: 

H.  Villard:  German  Tariff  Policy,  3162-3(3079). 
C.  F.  Bastable :  Commerce  of  Nations,  3166  (3082). 

26.  Increasing    Strength    of    Socialistic 
Parties: 

fe.   de  Laveleye:  Socialism  of  To-day,  3031-3 

(395.3-4). 
R.  T.  Ely :  French  and  German  Socialism,  3032 

(29.54). 
J.  Rae :  Contemporary  Socialism,  3033  (2954). 
W.  H.  Dawson :  German  Socialism,  3033-3  (2955). 
.    Bismarck    and    State   Socialism,   3033-4 

(3955-6). 

27.  Accession  OF  William  IL   (a.   d.   1888); 
Rdpture  with  Bismarck  : 

The  Times:  Eminent  Persons,  1.583  (1546). 
Fortnightly  Review:  Change  of  Gov't  in  Ger- 

manv,  1583  (1547). 
Hans  Blum:  The  German  Empire,  1583-4  (1548). 

28.  German  Colonization  in  Africa: 

A.  S.  White:  Development  of  Africa,  21-3  (19). 

29.  Organization  of  the  German  Empire: 

L  Jastrow:  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Einheits- 

traiimes,  1.584-6(378.5-7). 
Diplomatic  Reports:  Tariff  Changes,  Vol.  VL, 

239-40;  Vol.  VIL.  639-40. 

30.  The  Emperor  and  the  Social  Democrats 
(A.  D.  1894-5); 

Speeches  of  the  Emperor,  Vol.  VI.,  240-1. 

*'  You  have,  my  children,  sworn  allegiance  to  me.  That 
means  that  you'have  given  yourselves  to  me  body  and 
soul.  You  liavo  only  one  enemy,  and  that  is  my  enemy. 
AVith  the  present  socialist  agitation,  I  may  order  you  — 
which  God  forbiil  I —  to  shoot  down  your  ItroThers,  and 
even  your  parents,  and  then  yon  must  obey  nie  without 
amunnur."    Tin-:  Emi- euor.'to  thk  Foot  Guards. 

"Even  the  word  '  opposition  '  has  reacheti  my  cars. 
Gentlemen,  an  Opjiosition  of  Prussian  noble!nen,4ii- 
recteil  against  their  King,  is  a  monstrosity.  .  .  .  I,  in  my 
turn,  like  my  imperial  grandfather,  luild  my  Kingship 
as  by  the  grace  of  rjod.  .  .  .  To  you,  gentlemen.  1  ad- 
dress my  summons  to  tin*  fight  for  religion,  morality, 
and  order  against  the  jiarties  of  revolution.  Even  as  tlie 
ivy  winds  round  the  gnarled  oak,  and,  wllilc  adorning 
it  with  its  leaves,  protects  it  when  storms  are  raging 
through  its  topmost  branches,  so  does  the  nobility  or 
Prussia  close  round  my  house.    May  it,  and  witb  it,  the 


24i 


whole  noViility  of  the  German  nation,  become  a  brilliant 

exauijile  to  those  sections  of  the  peojile  who  still  hesi- 
tate.  Let  us  enter  into  this  struggle  together.  Forward 
with  God,  and  dishonor  to  him  who  deserts  his  King." 
Emperor  William  iE 

31.  The  Kaiser  Wilhelm  Ship  Canal: 
U.  S.  Consular  Reports,  Vol.  VI.,  241. 
33.  The  Agrarian  Protectionists: 
Annual  Register,  Vol.  VI. ,  242. 
T.  Earth:  Political  Germany,  Vol.  VI.,  242-3. 
U.  S.  Consular  Reports    Sugar  Bounties,  Vol. 
VI.,  243,  Vol.  VIL,  635. 

33.  German  Action  in  China  (a.  d.  1897-) : 
Naval  Expeditions  to  China,  Vol.  VI.,  244. 

U.    S.    Bureau  of  Statistics.  Seizure  of  Kiao- 

Chau,  Vol.  VI,,  80. 
Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

80-1,  85. 

34.  State  System  of  Workingmen's  InsuRt 
ance  (a.  d.  1897-): 

U.   S.  Consular  Reports,  etc.:   Vol.  VI.  244r-5; 
Vol.  VIL,  396,  509-11. 

35.  Foreign     Interests    of     the    German 
People ; 

U.  S.  Consular  Reports,  1899,  Vol.  VI. ,  247. 

36.  German  Colonies  and  Colonial  Policy: 
Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

248. 
W.  C.  Dreher:  The  Year  [1907]  in  Germany, 
Vol.  VIL,  290-1. 

37.  Introduction  of  the  Civil  Code  (a.  d. 
1900) : 

R.  Sohm:  The   Civil   Code   of  Germany,   Vol. 
VI.,  248-9. 

38.  Census  and  Statistics  of  the   Empire 
(A.  D.  1900-1907) : 

W.   C.    Dreher:    Atlantic  Monthly,    Vol.    VI., 

251-2. 
Worlds  Work.  Vol.  VI.,  252. 
London  Times,  Vol.  VIL,  293. 

39.  Germanizing  the  Polish  Provinces: 

E.  Givskov:  Germany  and  her  Subjected  Races, 

Vol.  VIL,  288-9. 
R.  Blennerhassett.  The  Polish  Question,  Vol. 

VIL,  293-4. 

40.  Present  Political  Parties  ;  the  Social- 
ists: 

E.  Sellers;  August  Bebel.  Vol.  VIL.  389. 
Election  Reports,  1907, 1909,  Vol.  VIL,  291,297. 

41.  Chancellor  BpLOw's  "Bloc": 

The  occasion  of  the  "  Bloc,"  Vol.  Vlt.,  290-3. 
The  Breaking  of  the  "Bloc,"  Vol.  VIL,  295-7. 
43.  The  Morocco  Question: 
The  Kaiser's  Speech  at  Tangier,  and  after.  Vol. 
VIL,  253-5. 

43.  The  Trials  op  Editor  Harden: 

The  Outlook:  Summary  of   Facts,   Vol.   VII., 
292-3. 

44.  Emperor's  Interview  with  an  English- 
man : 

Digest  of  Press  Reports,  Vol.  VIL,  294-5. 

45.  Building  of  Dreadnoughts  ;  The  Naval 
Programme: 

British  Pariiament-  Debate;  Vol.  VIL.  701-3. 

German  Reichstag:  Speeches,  Vol.  VIL,  705. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 

6 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


•STUDY  XLV. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  COM- 
PROMISE OF  1850  TO  CLOSE  OF  THE 
CIVIL  WAR. 


1.  Seventeenth      Presidektiai,      Election 
(a.  d.  1852): 

A.  Johnston:  American  Politics,  3507  (3391). 
G.  E.  Buker:  W.  H.  Seward,  3.507-8  (3891-2). 
E.  Stunwood ;  Presidential  Elections,  3508  (3392). 

2.  Appearance  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  (a.  d. 
1852) : 

J.  F.  Rhodes;  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3508  (3392). 
C.  F.  Briggs:  Uncle  Tomitudes,  3508-9  (3392-3). 
Mrs.  F.  T.  ilcCray:  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  3509 

(3393). 

"  It  is  but  nine  months  since  tliis  Iliad  of  the  blacks, 
as  an  English  reviewtT  calls  '  Vncle  Tom,'  made  its  ap- 
pearance among  books,  and  alreatiy  its  sale  has  ex- 
ceeded a  uiillion  of  copies;  author  and  publisher  have 
made  fortunes  out  of  it.  and  Mrs.  Stowe.  who  was  be- 
fore uukikown.  is  as  familiar  .a  name  in  all  parts  of  the 
civilized  world  as  that  of  Homer  or  Shakespeare.  .  .  . 
The  book  was  published  on  the  2<>th  of  last  ftlarch.  .  .  . 
and  the  publishers  have  paid  to  the  author  $20,300  as 
her  share  of  the  profits  on  the  actual  cash  sales  for  the 
first  nine  months.  Itut  it  is  in  England  where  Uncle 
Tom  has  made  his  deepest  mark.  .  .  .  We  know  of 
twenty  rival  editions  in  England  and  Scotland,  and 
that  millions  of  copies  have  been  i)roduced.  .  .  .  Undo 
Torn  wa.s  not  bmg  in  making  his  way  across  the  British 
Channel,  and  four  rival  editions  areclaiming  the  atten- 
tion of  tlie  Parisians,  one  under  the  title  of  '  le  Ptre 
Tom,' and  another  •  la  Case  de  I'Oncle  Tom.'"  C.  F. 
Buior>s,  ill  I'utnaTn's  Maijazlne,  January,  1853. 

"Of  translations  int<»  <lifTerent  languages  there  are 
nineteen,  viz;  Armenian,  one;  Bohemian,  one;  Flemish, 
one;  French,  eight  distinct  versions,  and  two  dramas; 
German,  five  distinct  versions,  and  four  abridgments; 
Hungarian,  one  complete  version,  one  for  children,  and 
one  versitled  abridgment;  Illyrian,  two  distinct  ver- 
sions ;  Italian,  one ;  Polish,  two  distinct  versions ;  Portu- 
guese, one;  Roman,  or  modem  Greek,  one;  Russian, 
two  distinct  versions;  Spanish,  six  distinct  versions; 
Swedish,  one;  Walbirliian,  two  distin(;t  versions; 
Welsh,  three  distinct  versions."    Mils.  F.  T.  McCray. 

3.  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill;    "Squatter  Sov- 
ereignty "  (a.  d.  1854): 

G.  E.  Baker:  W.  11.  Seward.  3509-10  (3393-4). 
S.  A.  Douglas:  Treatise  Upon  the  Constitution, 
3510-11  (3394-5). 

B.  Tuckerman.  William  Jay,  8511  (3395). 

4.  BiRTn  of  the  Republican  Party  (a.  d. 
1854): 

H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  3511-12  (3395-6). 
Nicolayand  Hay:  Abraham  Lincoln,  3512(3396). 

5.  Struggle  for  Kansas: 

A.  .Johnston:  American  Politics,  1977-8  (1936-7). 
J.  F.  Rhodes:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3515  (3398-9). 

6.  The  Dred  Scott  Case: 

W.  A.  Lamed:  Negro  Citizenship,  3516  (3400). 
Goldwin  Smith:  The  United  States.  8517  (3401). 
Te.tt  of  the  Decision  of  Chief  Justice  Taney, 
3.516-17  (3400-01). 

7.  TiiK  JIoRMON  Rebellion  in  Utah  (a.  d. 
1857-9)- 

T.  Ford:  Hist,  of  Hlinois,  2277  (2233). 

J.   Remy :  Journey  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  2277-8 

(2283-4). 
H.  H.  Bancroft:  The  Pacific  States,  2278  (2284), 

3709-10  (3589-90). 
J.  Schouler:  Hist,  of  the  U.  8.,  8710-11  (8591). 

8.  The  Lincoln  and  Dodglab  Debate  (a.  d. 
1858): 

W.  H.  Hemdon:  Lincoln,  8517-10(8401-3). 


247 


9.  Oregon  admitted tothe  Union  (a.d.  1859): 
T.  Roosevelt:  Life  of  Benton,  2454-5  (2402-3). 
H.  Wilson :  The  Slave  Power,  2455  (2403). 

10.  The     Underground    Railroad    (a.    d. 
1840-60): 

11.  Wilson :  The  Slave  Power,  3007  (2929). 

11.  John  Brown  at  Harper's  Ferry  (a.  d. 
1859): 

H.    Greeley:    The  American  Conflict,   3519-20 

(3404). 
H.  von  Hoist:  John  Brown,  3520  (3404). 
H.  D.  Thoreau;  Last  Days  of  John  Brown,  3520 

(3404). 

"  At  the  last,  when  John  Brown,  wounded  and  a  pris- 
oner,  lay  waiting  his  death  .  .  .  he  writes, '  .My  health 
improves  slowly,  and  I  am  quite  cheerful  concerning 
my  approaching  end,  since  I  am  convinced  that  I  am 
worth  infinitely  more  on  the  gallows  than  I  could  be 
anywhere  else.'  .  .  .  One  year  after  the  execution  of 
Brown,  on  the  20th  of  December,  1.S60,  South  Carolina 
declared  its  secession  from  the  linion,  and  on  May  II, 
1S61,  the  Second  .Massachusetts  Regiment  of  Infantry 
was  raised,  which  was  first  to  sing  on  its  march  South, 
—  '  John  Brown's  body  lies  mouldering  in  the  grave. 
His  Soul  goes  marching  on.'  "    H  vox  IIolst. 

12.  The  Eighth  Census(a.  d.  1860),  3521  (3405). 

13.  Nineteenth     Presidential     Election  ; 
Abraham  Lincoln  (a.  d.  1860) : 

J.  T.  Morse,  Jr. .  Abraham  Lincoln,  3522  (3406). 
E.    Stanwood:     Presidential    Elections,     3522 
(3406). 

14.  Attitude  OP  the  South;  South  Carolina 

SECEDES: 

J.  P.  Claiborne:  Life  of  Quitman,  3.522  (3406). 
H.  S.  Foote :  War  of  the  Rebellion,  3523  (3407). 
Text  of  the  Ordinance  of  Secession,  and  Decla- 
ration of  Causes,  3523-5  (3407-9). 

15.  President    Buchanan's   Disunion    Mes- 
sage ;  the  Crittenden  Compromise  : 

J.  G.  Blaine :  Twenty  Years  in  Congress,  3526 

(3410). 
3.  W.  Draper-  The  American  Civil  War,  8526-7 

(3410-11). 

16.  Treachery  in  the  Cabinet;  Seizure  of 
Fouts,  Arsenals,  etc.  : 

S.  L.  Woodford :  Story  of  Fort  Sumter,  8527-8 

(3411-12). 
E.  McPherson:  Pol.  Hist.,  3.528  (.3412). 
H.  Greeley :  The  American  Contiict,  3529  (3418). 

17.  "The  Confederate  States  of  America  " : 
E.   A.   Pollard:  First  Year  of  the  War,   3529 

(3413). 
A.    H.    Stephens:    Speech    against    Secession, 

3.529  (3413). 
J.  W.  Draper:  American  Civil  War,  3531  (3415). 
J.  L.  M.  Curry:   The  Southern  States,  3531-3 

(341.5-16). 
A.  H.  Stephens:  Const.  View  of  the  War,  8533 

(.S416). 
J.  E.  Cooke:  Virginia,  3759(3638). 
V.  A.  Lewis:  West  Virginia,  3759  (3638). 

18.  Inauguration  of  President  Lincoln. 
I.  N.  Arnold-  Life  of  Lincoln.  3.533  (3417). 
Carl  Schurz:  Abraham  Lincoln,  3536-7(3420-1). 
Full   Text  of   the   Inaugural   Address,   3533-6 

(3417-20). 

(Note:  The  Story  of  the  Civil  War  In  "History  for 
'ers  more  than  HO  of  \x»  large. 
This  matter  would  make  an  oc- 


Ready  Reference  "  covers  more  than  HO  of  Ita  large, 
double-cohimn  pages.  This  matter  would  make  an  oc- 
tavo volume,  similar  to  the  standard  historical  works, 
of  nearly  000  pai'cs.  The  plan  of  these  Studies  » 111  not 
admit  of  a  detailed  aualysls  of  all  this  material,  so  that 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


only  the  most  significant,  or  pivotal  topics  will  be 
treated.  The  development  of  the  history  is  so  clearly 
presented  in  Volume  V.  that  a  guide  is  hardly  needed 
it  one  wishes  to  study  the  subject  aa  a  whole;  while 
each  individual  topic  may  readily  be  found  in  the  usual 
manner.) 

19.  Attack  on  Port  Scmter  (April  12,  1861) : 
Goveraor  Pickens:  Official  Records,  3532(3416). 
Abraham    Lincoln :    Complete  Works,    3537-8 

(3421-2). 
J.  G.  Holland;  Life  of  Lincoln,  3538-9  (3422-3). 
"  The  fall  of  Sumter  was  the  resurrection  of  patriot- 
ism. The  North  needed  just  this.  Such  a  universal  burst 
of  patriotic  indignation  as  ran  over  the  North  under  the 
intfuence  of  tliis  insult  to  the  national  flag  has  never 
been  witnessed.  It  swept  away  all  party  Imes  as  if  it 
had  been  liame  and  they  had  been  flax." 

J.  G.  HOLLA>D. 

20.  President    Lincoln's    Call    to    Arms 
(April  15,  1861): 

Nicolay  and  Hay:  Abraham  Lincoln,  3539-40 

(3433-4). 
Goldwin  Smith:  United  States,  3540  (3424). 
B.  J.  Lossing:  The  Civil  War,  3540-1  (3424-5). 
Text  of  the  Call  to  Arms,  3539  (3433). 

21.  The  Morrill,  and  the  War  Tariffs: 
F.  W.  Taussig:  Tariff  Hist.,  3164^5  (3080-1). 

J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  in  Congress,  3165 

(3081). 
33.  Monarchical  Cravings  in  S.  Carolina: 
W.  H.  Russell:  Letter  to  London  Times,  3543 

(3426). 

23.  Attitude  of  Great  Britain: 

Case  of  the  U.  S.  before  Tribunal  of  Arbitration 

at  Geneva,  3.544-5  (3428-9). 
John  Jay:  The  Great  Conspiracy,  3.545  (3429). 
Text  of  the  Queen's  Neutrality  Message,  3544 

(3428). 
J.  Watts:  The  Cotton  Famine,  993-4  (966-7). 

24.  First  Battle  op  Bull  Run:  July  21, 
1861: 

W.   J.   Tenney:  Hist,   of  the    Rebellion,   3549 

(3433). 
R.    M.    Hughes:     General    Johnston,    3549-50 

((3433-4). 
J.  H.  Stine:  Armv  of  the  Potomac,  35.50  (3434). 
Gen.  McDowell;  Report,  3.550-1  (3434^5). 
R.  Johnson :  War  of  the  Rebellion,  3551  (3435). 
Gen.  Beauregard:  Report.  3.551  (3435). 
Comte  de  Paris:  Hist,  of  the  Civil  War,  3552 

(3436). 
Gen.  Slocum :  Military  Lessons  of  the  War,  3552 

(3436). 
35.  The  Trent  Affair; 
G.  E.  Baker:  W.  H.  Seward,  3560  (3444). 
W.  H.  Seward:  Despatch  to  Lord  Lyons,  3560-1 

(3444-5). 
26.  The  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac  : 
S    Eardley-Wilmot :   Development  of    Navies, 

3570  (3454). 
C.  B.  Boynton :  Hist,  of  the  Navy,  3570  (3454). 
F.  B.  Butts;  The  Monitor  and  the   Merrimac, 

3570-1  (34.54-5). 
J.  T.  Wood ;  First  Fight  of  Iron  Clads,  3571-2 

(34.55-6). 

"  No  battle  was  ever  more  widely  discussed  or  pro- 
duced a  greater  sensation.  It  revolutionized  the  navies 
of  the  world.  .  .  .  In  this  battle  old  things  passed  away, 
and  the  experience  of  a  thousand  years  was  forgotten. 
The  effect  of  the  news  w.as  best  described  by  the  London 
'  Times,'  which  said :  '  Whereas  we  had  available  for  im- 
mediate purposes  149  first  class  war  ships,  we  have  now 
two,  these  two  being  the  (I'arrior  and  her  sister  Iron- 
side.   There  is  not  now  a  ship  in  the  English  navy  apart 


from  these  two  that  it  would  not  be  madness  to  trust  to 
an  engagement  with  that  little  ttonitor.'  The  Admi- 
ralty at  once  proceeded  to  reconstruct  the  navy." 

J.  T.  WOOD. 

27.   Farragut's  Capture  of  New  Orleans 

(April,  1862); 
E.  Shippen;  Naval  Battles,  3.574-5  (3458-9). 
L.  Farragut:  Life  of  Farragut,  357.5-6  (3459-60). 
D.  D.  Porter:  Naval  Hist,  of  the  Civil  War,  3576 

(3460). 
SI.    Thompson;    Story    of    Louisiana,    3576-7 

(3460-1). 
C.  C.  Chesney;  Military  Biography,  3577  (3461). 

38.  The  Homestead  Act  (a.  d.  1862) ; 

T.    Donaldson:    The    Public  Domain,   3579-80 
(3463-4). 

39.  Preliminary  Proclamation  op  Emanci- 
pation (September,  1862) : 

J.  A.  Garfield:  Works,  3596-7  (3480-1). 
G.  S.  Boutwell:  Abraham  Lincoln,  3.597  (3481). 
G.  Welles:  Lincoln  and  Seward,  3.597-8  (3481-2). 
Text  of  Preliminary  Proclamation,  3598  (3482). 

30.  The  Final  Proclamation  op  Emancipa- 
tion (J.\n.  1,  1863): 

H.  Wilson;  The  Slave  Power,  3604  (3488). 
Nicolay  and  Hay :  Abraham  Lincoln,  3604(3488). 
Test  o"f  the  Final  Proclamation,  3603-4  (3487-8). 

31.  President    Lincoln    and    the    Copper- 
heads; 

J.  T.  Morse;  Abraham  Lincoln,  3612-13(3497). 
Abraham   Lincoln,    Complete    Works,    3613-15 
(3497-9). 

32.  Turning  Point  op  the  War  ;  Vicksburg, 
Gettysburg  : 

r.  S.  Grant:  The  Siege  of  Vicksburg.  3612(3496). 
W.  J.  Tenney :  Military  and  Naval  Hist.,  3615 

(3499). 
J.  E.  Cooke:  Life  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee,  3616  (3500). 
Gen.  Doubleday:  Gettysburg,  3617-19(3503). 

33.  President    Lincoln's    Gettysburg  Ad- 
dress ;  The  Amnesty  Proclamation  : 

Nicolav   and   Hay:    Abraham   Lincoln,  3630-1 

(3514-15). 
Abraham    Lincoln:   Complete    Works,  3632-3 

(3516-17). 
Text  of  the  Amnesty  Proclamation,  3632  (3516). 

34.  General  Grant  in  General  Command  : 
Nicolay   and   Hay;  Abraham   Lincoln,  3636-7 

(.3530-1). 

35.  Twentieth  Presidentl^l  Election  (a.  d. 
1864); 

H.J.  Ravraond:  Life  of  Lincoln,  3648-9(3533). 
E.  Stanwood :  Presidential  Elections,  3649  (3533). 

36.  Destruction  of  the  Alabama: 

Senate  Executive  Document  No.  31,  42d  Cong., 

31  (34). 
E.  A.  Pollard;  The  Lost  Cause,  31-3  (24-5). 
The  Rebellion  Record,  32  (25). 

37.  Sherm.\n"s  March  to  the  Sea  : 

U.  S.  Grant:  Personal  Memoirs,  3659  (3.543). 
Nicolay  and  Hay:   Abraham  Lincoln,  3659-60 

(3543-4). 
A.  G.  Bennett;  Report,  3663  (3.547). 
A.  Badeau:  U.  S.  Grant,  3663-4  (3547-8). 

38.  Lincoln's   Second  Inaugural;  His  Last 
Public  Address: 

CarlSchurz:  Abraham  Lincoln,  3665-6(3549-50). 


248 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


Text  of  the  Inaugural  Address,  3666  (3550). 
Text  of  His  Last  Address,  ou  Reconstruction, 
3668-9  (3552-3). 

39.  Richmond  Abamdomed  ;    Subrender    at 
Appomattox  : 

A.  L.  Long:   Memoirs  of  R.   E.  Lee,  3669-70 
(3553-4). 

F.  Lee  ;  General  Lee,  3670  (3554). 

B.  J.  Lossiug:  The  Civil  War,  3670-1  (3554-5). 

40.  Assassination     op    President    Lincoln 
(April  14,  1865): 

Nicolay   and  Hay:   Abraham    Lincoln,  3671-3 

(3555-7). 
H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  3673  (3557). 

G.  W.  Julian :  Political  Recollections,  3673  (3557). 

41.  End  of  the   Rebellion  ;    Statistics   op 
THE  War: 

Nicolay  and   Hay:   Abraham   Lincoln,   3673^ 

(3557-8);  3676(3.560). 
U.  S.  Grant:  Personal  Memoirs,  3674  (3558). 
H.  Greeley:  The  American  Conflict,  3674  (3558). 
J.  D.  Co.x:  Surrender  of  Johnston,  3675  (3559). 
Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,  3075  (3559). 
J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  3675-6 

(3559-60). 
J.  T.  Scharf :  The  Confederate  Navy,  3676(3560). 
V.  Mott:  Report  of  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission, 

2679  (2607). 
A.  Spencer:  Narrative  of  Anderson ville,  2679-80 

(2607-8). 
Southern  Historical  Society  Papers,  2680  (2608). 
A.  H.  Stephens:  War  between  the  States,  2680 

(2608). 

'See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY   XL VI 


UNITED  STATES   FROM   THE    CIVIL 
WAR   TO   THE   WAR   WITH    SPAIN. 


1.  President    Lincoln's  Views    op  Recon- 

SrKUCTION  : 

A.  Lincoln:  Complete  Works,  3631-3(3515-17); 

3667-9  (3552-3). 
G.  W.  Julian :  Political  Recollections.  3673(3557). 

"  I  spent  most  of  the  .if ternoon  [on  the  day  of  .lohn- 
son's  niaugurati^*!!]  in  a  political  caucus,  held  for  the 
purpose  of  con.siderinp  the  necessity  for  a  new  Cabinet, 
and  .1  line  of  policy  less  conciliatory  than  tliat  of  Mr. 
Lincoln ;  and  while  everybody  was  shocked  at  his  mur- 
der, the  feeling  was  nearly  universal  that  the  ac<!ession 
of  Jollnson  to  the  Presidency  would  prove  a  Kodsend  to 
the  country.  Aside  from  Mr,  Lincoln's  known  policy 
of  tenderness  to  the  Rebels,  which  now  so  jarred  upon 
the  feelini^s  of  the  hour,  his  well-known  views  on  the 
a\iliject  ot  reconstruction  were  as  distasteful  as  possi- 
ble to  radical  Republicans."    G.  VV.  .Julian. 

2.  Accession  op  Vice-President  Johnson: 
H.  AVilson :  The  Slave  Power  in  America,  3673 

(35.57). 

3.  Conditions  at  the  South  ;  First  Recon- 
STurcTiON  Measures: 

Reports  of  Gen.  Grant  and  Carl  Schurz  on  Re- 
bellious States,  3678-9  (3562-3). 

J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  3676-8 
(3560-2). 

4.  End  op  Slavery  ;  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  : 
G.   W.   Julian:    Political  Recollections,    3663 

(.%-.46). 
•O.  J.  Ilollister:  Schuvler  Colfax,  3663  (3.546). 
H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  3665  (3549). 


G.  W.  Williams:  The  Negro  Race.  3679  (3563). 
O.  Skinner:  American  Politics,  3679-80  (3565-4). 
5.  Reconstruction    Question   in   Congress; 
the  Civil  Rights  Bill: 

5.  S.  Coi :  Federal  Legislation,  3680  (3564). 
W.    H.    Barnes:    The    39th    Congress,    3680-1 

(3564-5);  3681  (3565). 

6.  Reconstruction  before  the  People  ;  the 
Fourteenth  Amend.\ient  : 

W.  H.  Barnes  :  The  39th  Congress,  3682  (3566). 
J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  3682 

(3566). 
H.  A.  Herbert:  Why  the  Solid  South?  3682-3 

(3566-7). 
A.  Badeau :  Grant  in  Peace,  3683  (3567). 

7.  Restoration  of  Tennessee  (a.  d.  1866) : 
J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  3184 

(3099). 
W.  H.  Barnes:  The  39th  Congress,  3184  (3099). 

8.  The  Tenure  op  Office  Bill: 
J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  3683 

(3567). 
W.  H.  Barnes:  The  39th  Congress,  3683  (3567). 

9.  The  Fenian  Movement  (a.  d.  1866): 
J.  McCarthy:  History  of  Our  Own  Times,  1833- 

4  (1793-4). 
G.  Bryce:  The  Canadian  People,  393-4  (383^). 

10.  The  Ku-klux  Klan  (a.  d.  1866-71): 
S.  S.  Cox:  Federal  Lei^islatiou,  3683-4  (3567-8) 
H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  3684  (3568). 

11.  Purchase  of  Alaska  (a.  d.  1867): 
W.  H.  Dall:  Tribes  of  the  Northwest,  88  (81). 
H.  Rink:  The  Eskimo,  93  (86). 
H.  H.  Bancroft:  The  Pacific  States,  37  (30). 

12.  Military  Reconstruction  Acts  : 
O.  J.  Hollister:  Schuyler  Colfax,  3685  (3569). 
W.  H.  Barnes:  The  39th  Congress,  3685  (3569). 
P.  H.  Sheridan :  Personal  Memoirs,  2095-6  (2052). 

13.  Impeachment  OF  President  Johnson  (A.  d. 
1868): 

T.  P.  TaswellLangmead:  English  Const.  Hist., 

1735-6  (1696-7). 
J.  Forster:  Historical  Esssiys,  845  (818). 
II.  McCulloch :  Men  and  Measures,  3685-6  (3570). 
J.  G.  Blaine:  Twenty  Years  ot  Congress,  3686 

(3570). 

14.  Twenty-First    Presidential  Election; 
Choice  of  General  Grant  (a.  d.  1808): 

E.Stanwood:  Presidential  Elections,  8686(3570). 

15.  Co.mpleted  Reconstruction  (a.  d,  1868-70): 
W.    Allen:   Gov.    Chamberlain  in  S.    Carolina, 

3050-1  (2970-1). 
H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power,  3687  (3571). 

16.  National  Bank  System;  Gold  Specula- 
tion ;  Black  Friday  (a.  d.  1869) : 

H.  W.  Richardson :  The  National  Banks,  2208-4 

(2219-20). 
W.  G.  Sumner:  Hist,  of  Am.   Currency,  2264 

(2220). 
A.  S.  Bollcs:  Financial  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  2264 

(2220). 
W.  R.  Hooper:  Black  Friday,  2399-2401  (2849). 

17.  The  Fiftbentu  Amendment  ;  Suppression 
OF  Colored  Vote : 

H.  Wilson:  The  Slave  Power.  8687  (8571). 
J.   Bryce:  The  American  Commonwealth.  3688 
(3572). 

'249 


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COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


18.  The  Ninth  Census  (a.  d.  1870),  3689  (3573). 

19.  Treaty  of  Washington,  and  Geneva  Ar- 
bitration (a.  d.  1869-73). 

B.  J.  Lossing:  The  Civil  War,  30-1  (23-4). 
Case  of  the  U.  S.,  81  (24). 

R.  Johnson:  The  War  of  Secession,  33-3  (25-6). 
Argument  of  the  U.  S..  33-4  (26-7). 
Summary  of  the  Treaty  of  Washington,  34-5 
(27-8). 

C.  Cushing :  The  Treaty  of  Washington,  34  (37) ; 
35-6  (38-9). 

20.  CiVTL  Service  Reform  : 

J.  Fiske:   Civil  Government  in  the  U.  S.,  490 

(476). 
H.  Lambert:  Progress  of  Civil  Service  Reform, 

490-1  (476-7). 
G.  W.  Curtis:  Address,  491  (477). 
31.  Twenty-second  Presidential  Election 

(a.  d.  1872): 
A.  Johnston :  American  Politics,  3689-90  (8574). 

E.  Stanwood :  Presidential  Elections,  3690(3574). 

22.  The     "Demonetization     of     Silver;" 
Panic  OF  1873: 

J.  L.  Laughlin:  Bimetallism  in  the  U.  S.,  3690 

(3574). 
L.  R.  Ehrich:  The  Question  of  Silver,  2261  (2317). 
Banker's  Magazine:  The  Panic  of  1873,  3690-03 

(3574-6). 

23.  The  Sioux  War;  Death  of  Gen.  Custer 
(1876): 

A.  Gallatin:  Synopsis  of  Indian  Tribes,  110-11 
(103-4). 

F.  Whittaker:  Life  of  Custer,  8693  (3.576). 

24.  The  Centennial  Exhibition  (a.  d.  1876): 
C.  B.  Norton:  World's  Fairs,  8693-3  (3576-7). 

25.  Twenty-third   Presidential  Election  ; 
the  Electoral  Commission  (a.  d.  1876): 

E.  Stanwood:    Presidential    Elections,   3693-4 
(3577-8). 

J.  Fiske:  Civil  Government,  3697. 

The  Electoral  Count  Act  (a.  d.  1887),  3699. 

26.  The  Bland  Silver  Bill  (a.  d.  1878) : 

F.  W.  Taussig:  The  Silver    Situation,   3694-5 
(3578-9). 

L.   R.    Ehrich:   The   Question  of  Silver,   2263 

(2218). 

27.  Twenty-fodrtii  Presidential  Election  ; 
Assassination  of  Garfield: 

E.    McPherson:   Handbook    of    Politics,    3695 

(3579). 
J.  C.  Ridpath:  Life  of  Garfield,  8696  (3580). 

28.  The  Tenth  Census  (a.  d.  1880),  3695  (3579). 

29.  Twenty-fifth   Presidential  Election; 
THE  "Mugwumps"  (a.  d.  1884): 

E.   McPherson:    Handbook   of    Politics,    3697 

(3581). 
J.  Bryce:  The  American  Commonwealth,  3697 

(3581). 

30.  The  Bering  Sea  Controversy: 
American  Historv  Leaflets,  3698  (3581-2). 
The  Bering  Sea  Arbitration,  3698-9  (3.583). 
Messages  of  the  President,  Vol.  VI.,  51. 
Treaty  of  Arbitration,  Vol.  VI.,  51-3. 

The  Joint  High  Commission,  Vol.  VI.,  68-4. 

31    The  Inter-State  Commerce  Act  (a.   d. 
1887),  3699. 


32.  Attempted  Tariff  Revision  ;  the  ' '  Mills 
Bill"  (a.  d.  1887-8): 

O.  H.  Perrv  :  Proposed  Tariff  Legislation,  3167- 

8  (3083-4). 
President  Cleveland's  Tariff  Message,    8168-9 

(3084-5). 

33.  Twenty-sixth    Presidential    Election 
(a.  d.  1888): 

Appleton's  Annual  Encyclopedia,  3699  (3582). 

84.  Opening    of    Oklahoma:    Admission    op 
Seven  New  States  (a.  d.  1889-90): 

D.  H.  Montgomery :  Leading  Facts  of  Am.  Hist., 
3699-3700  (3.582-3). 

F.  N.  Thorpe :  Recent  Constitution-making,  3700 
(8583). 

85.  The  McKinley  Tariff  Act  (a.  d.  1890): 
F.  W.  Taussig:  Tariff  History.  3169-70  (3086). 
Report  of  Committee  on  Ways  and  Cleans,  3170 

(3086). 
Political  Science  Quarteriy,  3170-01  (8086-7). 

86.  The  Eleventh  Census  (a.  d.  1890),  3700 
(8583). 

37.  Financial  Panic  ;  Repeal  op  the  Sher- 
man Act  (a.  d.  1893) : 

F.    W.    Taussig:    The  Silver    Situation,   3701 

(3584). 
Political  Science  Quarteriv.  3701  (3584). 
H.  A.  Pierce:  Review  of  Finance.  3702  (3585). 
Message  of  the  President,  2263  (2218). 

38.  The     Chinese     Exclusion     Act;       the 
"  Geary  Act"  (a.  d.  1893): 

E.  McPherson:    Handbook    of   Politics,    3703 
(3585). 

39.  Twenty-seventh  Presidential  Election 
(A.  d.  1893): 

Appleton's  Annual  Encyclopedia,  3703  (3585). 
Political  Science  Quarteriy,  3702-8  (8585-6). 

40.  The  Wilson  Tariff  Bill  (a.  d.  1894) : 
Political  Science  Quarteriy,  3171-2  (3087-8). 
H.  A.  Pierce:  Review  of  Finance,  3173  (8088). 

41.  The  Income  Tax  (a.  d.  1895): 

Political  Science  Quarterly,  3172,  first  column 

(3088). 
Decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Vol.  VI.,  554-7. 

42.  The  Venezuela  Boundary  Dispute  (a.  d. 
1895): 

Despatch  of  Sec.  Olney  to  Ambassador  Bayard, 

Vol.  VI  ,  684-7. 
Reply  of  Lord  Salisbury,  Vol.  VI.,  687-8. 
The  "Message  of  President  Cleveland,  Vol.  VI., 

689-90. 
Commission  to  determine  the  Boundary,  VoL 

VI.,  690. 
Text  of  Arbitration  Treaty,  Vol.    VI..  691-2. 
Text  of  the  Decision  of  the  Tribunal,  Vol.  VI., 

692-3. 
J.  Bryce:  British  Feeling,  Vol.  VI.,  559-60. 
A.   Carnegie:  The  Venezuelan  Question,   VoL 

VI.,  560. 

43.  Serious  Financial  Difficulties  of  1895-6: 
Messages  and  Documents,  Vol.  VI.,  560-2. 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  VI.,  562. 

44.  Twenty-eighth   Presidential  Election 
(A.  d.  1896): 

Conditions  preceding.  Vol.  VI.,  563-4. 

Full  Texts  of  Party  Platforms,  Vol.  VI.,  564-73. 

The  Campaign,  and  Results,  Vol.  VI.,  573-4. 


250 


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COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


45.  Prestoent  Cleveland's  Veto  op  the  Im- 
migration Bill  (a.  d.  1897): 

Text  of  the  President's  Message,  Vol.  VI.,  574-6. 

46.  Indianapolis  Moketaby  Commission  (a.  d. 
1890-«) • 

Proteediugs,  Jan.  13,  1897,  Vol.  VI.,  576. 
Hostile  Attitude  of  the  U.  S.  Senate,  Vol.  VI. , 
576. 

47.  Inauguration  of   President  JIcKinley 
(A.  d.  1897) : 

The  Inauiiural  Address.  Vol.  VI.,  580-1. 
His  Cabinet.  Vol.  VI.,  581. 

48.  The  Dinqlet  Tariff  Act  (a.  d.  1897): 
Extra  Session  of  Congress,  Vol.  VI. ,  581. 
Analysis  of  the  Bill,  Vol.  VI.,  581-2. 

F.  W.  Taussig:  Tariff  Hist.,  Vol.  VI  ,  582, 

49.  First  Ahhitration  Treaty  with  Great 
Britain  (a.  d.  1897). 

Text  of  the  Treaty,  Vol.  VI.,  577-9. 
Action  of    the   Senate;    Popular    Indignation, 
Vol.  VI.,  579-80. 

•  See  important  Xote  at  head  of  Study  I. 


STUDY  XLVII. 
(Entirely  in  Volumes  VI.  and  VII.) 


THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  THE 
OUTBREAK  OF  WAR  'WITH  SPAIN 
(1898}  TO  1910. 


1.  Causes  of  the  War: 

U.  S.  Senate  Doc.,  54th  Congress:  Cuban  Insur- 
rection. A.  D.  1895,  Vol.  VI.,  171-3. 

Captain-General  Weyler:  Concentration  Orders, 
Vol.  VI.,  173. 

President  Cleveland :  Message,  a.  d.  1896,  Vol. 
VI.,  173-4. 

Text  of  Constitution  granted  by  Spain  to  Cuba 
and  Porto  Rico,  Vol.  VI.,  17.5-80. 

Gen.  F.  Lee:  Cuba  and  her  Struggle,  Vol.  VI., 
180,  181. 

Senator  Proctor:  Speech  in  Congress,  Vol.  VI., 
181-2. 

President  McKinloy :  Message  on  the  Destruction 
of  the  Maine,  Vol.  VI.,  583-4. 

:  Message  on  the  Cuban  Situation,  Vol.  VI., 

585-90. 

Resolutions  of  Congress  and  Declaration  ofWar, 
Vol.  VI.,  590-1. 

2.  Operations  and  Events  of  the  Spanish 
American  War  (a.  d.  1898) : 

[The  naval  and  military  operations,  engagements  and 
otner  CTOnts,  of  tlio  war,  are  narrated  vi-ry  fully  and 
conseentively  in  about  forty  pajies  (591-0;!8>  of  Volunio 
VI.,  mostly  in  (luotations  from  tlie  reitorts  of  the  ofli- 
cers  who  conducted  them.  This  account  covers  the  cir- 
cumstances wliich  brought  the  Filipino  insurgents 
under  Aguinaldo  into  connection  with  the  American 
forces  sent  to  lay  sietie  to  Manila,  and  tiie  suhse(|U<'nt 
breach  with  them,  when  Aguinaldo  was  declared  I'resi- 
dent  of  a  Philippine  Republic.    It  covers,  also,  the  ne- 

fotiation  at  I'arisof  the  treaty  of  peace,  the  text  of  the 
reaty,  and,  in  part,  the  debate  and  action  of  the  U.  S. 
Senate  on  the  ratification  of  the  treaty.] 

3.  Establishment  of  American  Authoritt  in 
THE  Philippines: 

Report  of  General  Otis,  August,  a.  d.  1899,  Vol. 

VI.,  371-2. 
F.  II.  Sawyer:  Inhabitants  ot  the  Philippines, 

Vol.  VII.,  372-8. 


J.  Foreman :  Will  the  United  States  withdraw  T 

Vol.  VI.,  373. 
Official  and  other  Reports  and  Statements,  Vol. 

VII..  373-5. 
Instructions  bv  the  President  of  the  United  States 

to  the  Military  Governor,  Vol.  VI.,  375-6. 
Proclamation  and  Report  of  Military-Gov.  Otis, 

Vol.  VI.,  370-7. 
Counter  Proclamation  of  Aguinaldo,  Vol.  VI., 

377-8. 
President  McKinley ;  Instructions  to  First  Com- 
mission to  the  Philippines,  Vol.  VI.,  378-9. 
Philippine  Information  Society :  Publication  No. 

7,  Vol.  VI.,  379-80. 
Reports  of  Philippine  Commission,  U.  S.  Sec. 

of  War,  Military -Gov.  Otis,  and  others,  a.  d. 

1899-1900,  Vol.  'VI.,  380-9. 
Instructions  to  the  Second  Commission,  Vol.  VI., 

389-92 
Appeal  of  Citizens  of  Manila,  Vol.  VI.,  392-3. 
Reports  of  the  U.  S.    Sec.  of  War  and  of  the 

Second  Commission  on  the  Civil  Government 

of  the  Islands,  Vol.  VI.,  393-6. 
The  Problem  of  the  Friars,  Vol.  VI.,  396-9. 
Congressional  grant  of   powers  for  Philippine 

Government,  Vol.  VI.,  399-401. 
Senator  Hoar:  Speech  against  the  Subjection  ot 

the  Pliilippines,  Vol.  VI.,  641-5. 
Oriianization  of  Provincial  Governments,  Vol. 

■\' I.,  401-2. 
Capture  of  Aguinaldo,  Vol.  VI.,  402-3. 

4.  Establishment  op  the  Gold  Standard  or 
Value  (March  14,  a.  d.  1900): 

Report  of  the  Sec.  of  the  Treasury,  Vol.  VI., 
639-40. 

5.  Presidential  Election  of  1900: 

Party  Platforms  and  Nominations:  Re-election 
of  "President  McKinley,  Vol.  VI.,  646-66. 

Inaugural  Address  of  President  McKinley,  Vol. 
VI.,  680-2. 

6.  Constitutional  Status  of  the  New  Pos- 
sessions: 

Supreme  Court  Decisions,  Vol.  VI.,  668-74,  683. 

7.  Increase  of  the  Standing  Army  (a.  d. 
1901): 

Act  of  Congress,  Vol.  VI.,  678-80,  682. 

8.  Twelfth  Census  (a.  d.  1900): 
Statement  of  Population,  Vol.  VI.,  645-6. 
Apportionment  of  Representatives,   Vol.   VI., 

674-8. 

9.  Assassination  of  President  McKinley  ; 
Accession  of  Vice-President  Roosevelt 
(A.  D.  1901): 

Message  of  President  Roosevelt  to  Congress, 

Vol.  VII..  665-6. 
President  Roosevelt's  Cabinet,  Vol.  VII.,  666. 
W.  Wellman:  Narrative  of  the  Tragedy,  Vol. 

VII.,  59-61. 

10.  Attitude  in  the  Case  of  Venezuela 
vs.  Germany,  et  al  (a.  d.  1901-1904): 

U.  S.  Report  on  Foreign  Relations,  Vol.  VII..  684. 
Message  of  Piesidcnt  Kooscvelt,  Vol.  VII.,  684-5. 
H   VV    Bowen:  Queer  Diplomacy  with  Castro, 

Vol.  VII.,  685. 
11    Conferences   op    American    Republics 

(A.  d.  1901-2  AND  1906): 
Reports  of  American  Delegates.  Vol.VII.,  20-25. 
Secretary  Root:  Address  at  Rio  Janeiro,  VoL 

VII..  24-25. 
Bureau  of  American  Republics,  Vol.  VII.,  25. 


251 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


12.  The  Undertaking  op  tece  Panama  Canal  : 
First  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty.  Vol.  VI.,  69-70. 
Second  Ditto,  Vol.  VII.,  466-7. 

Messages  of  the  President  and  Official  Reports, 
Vol.  VII.,  467-71. 

13.  Measures  for  the  Regulation  op  Great 
Cokporations  : 

[The  first  Federal  legislation  regulative  of  the  rail- 
way service  of  commerce  between  the  States,  creating 
the"  luterstiite  Commerce  Commission,  in  18S7,  is  brietly 
noted  in  Vol.V..  p.  3699(35821.  In  six  and  one  half  pages 
of  Vol.  VI.,  under  the  heading  "Trusts"  (pp.  529-36), 
the  rise  of  the  great  industrial  and  commercial  com- 
binations, which  began  at  about  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century-  to  cause  serious  anxiety  in  the  coun- 
try, is  related  quite  fully,  from  the  report  of  the  U.  S. 
Industrial  Commission  created  by  Congress  in  1898,  and 
from  other  sources.  In  Vol.  VII.,  under  the  two  head- 
ings of  "  Combinations,  Industrial  and  Commercial  " 
(pp.  llG-13.5),  .-ind  "  Railways"  (pp.  54T-5S8),  an  ex- 
tended history  of  the  vigorous  proceedings  of  Govern- 
ment, between  1900  and  1910,  to  restrain  wTong  uses  of 
the  power  which  great  corporate  combinations  of  capi- 
tal can  acquire,  is  compiled.  The  particulars,  of  legis- 
lation, executive  prosecution  and  judicial  decision,  are 
too  numerous  to  be  detailed  here.] 

14.  National  Movement  for  the  Conser- 
vation of  Natural  Resources  (a.  d.  1901- 
1910). 

President  Roosevelt's  Messages,  etc. ,  Vol.  VII., 

145-8. 
Conferenceof  Governors:  Declaration,  Vol.VII., 

14&-9. 
National  Conservation  Commission:  Report, Vol. 

VII.,  149-51. 
President  Taft's  Recommendations,  Vol.VII., 

152. 

15.  Civil  Service  Reform  under  President 
Roosevelt: 

A  notable  record.  Vol.  VII.,  104-8. 

16.  Establishment  of  the  Republic  of  Cuba 
(A.  D.  1902): 

Senate  Doc.  312,  58tli  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  etc..  Vol. 
VII.,  174-7. 

17.  Restoration  of  the  White  House  (a.  d. 
1903) : 

Charles  Moore :  Restoration  of  the  White  House, 
Vol.  VII.,  667-8. 

18  Settlement  of  Alaska  Boundary  Ques- 
tion (A.  D.  1903)- 

President  Roosevelt:  Message,  Vol.  VII.,  9. 

F  B.  Tracy:  Tercentenary  Hist,  of  Canada, 
Vol.  VII.,  9. 

19.  Financial  Crisis  (a.  d.  1903-1904) : 
N.  y.  Evening  Post,  Vol.  VII.,  263. 

20.  Frauds  in  Land  Office  (a.  d.  1903-1906): 
Indictments  and  Prosecutions,  Vol.  VII.,  669. 

21.  Presidential  Election  (a.  d.  1904): 
Parties,  Candidates  and  Platforms;  Result,  Vol. 

VII.,  669-71. 

22  Arbitration  op  Newfoundl.ynd  Fisher- 
ies Questions  (a.  d.  1905-1909) : 

Correspondence  and  Agreement,  Vol.  VII., 
446-8. 

23.  Financial  Assistance  to  San  Domingo  : 

President  Roosevelt:  Message,  Vol.  VII.,  5^3-4. 

Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs:  Report,  Vol.  VII., 
584-5. 

54.  Mediation  between  Japan  and  Russia 
(a.  d.  190.5): 

President  Roosevelt's  Proffer,  and  the  Replies, 
Vol.  VII..  356-7. 


F.  De  Martens:  The  Portsmouth  Peace  Confer 
ence.  Vol.  VII.,  357. 

E.  J.  Dillon:  Story  of  the  Peace  Negotiations, 
Vol.  VII.,  357-8. 

Text  of  the  Treaty  of  Portsmouth,  Vol.  VIL, 
358-60. 

25.  Venezuelan  Complications: 

An  extended  Account,  Vol.  VII.,  684-8. 

26.  Central    American     Mediation,    with 
Mexico  (a.  d.  1906): 

Text  of  the  resulting  Treaty,  Vol.  VII.,  77-9. 

27.  National  Pure  Food  Law  (a.  d.  1906) : 
U.  S.  Dep't.  of  Ag.,  Bureau  of  Chemistry:  Bul- 
letin 104,  Vol.  VIL,  520-2. 

28.  At  the  Algeciras  Conference  (a.  d.  1906)  : 
U.  S.  Sec.  of  State:  Instructions  to  Delegates, 

Vol.  VIL,  254. 

29.  Re-establishment  of  the  Cuban  Repub- 
lic (A.  d.  1906-1909) : 

U.  S.  Papers  Relating  to  Foreign  Relations,  Vol. 
VIL,  178-80. 

30.  The  San  Francisco   Japanese  Question 
(a.  d.  1906): 

F.  H.  Clarlc:  Anti- Japanese  Agitation  in  Cali- 
fornia, Vol.  VIL,  538-41. 

31.  Monetary  Panic  op  a.  d.  1907: 
N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  Vol.  VIL,  264. 

32.  New  Law  of  Citizenship  (a.  d.  1907): 

G.  Hunt:  The  New  Citizenship  Law,  VoL  VII., 
443-4. 

33.  Part  taken  in  Second   Peace  Confer- 
ence AT  The  Hague  (a.  d.  1907): 

U.  S.  Senate  Doc,  and  other  Sources,  Vol.  VIL, 
716-22. 

34.  Cruise  of  the  Battleship  Fleet  (a.  d. 
1907-1909). 

Various  Sources,  Vol.  VIL,  707-8. 

35.  Presidential  Election,  a.  d.  1908; 
Parties,    Platforms,   Candidates,    Results,  Vol. 

VIL,  674-8. 

36.  The  Emergency  Currency  Act  (a.  d.1908j: 
Summary  of  the  Act,  Vol.  VIL,  266. 

37.  Partial  Remission  to  China  of  Boxee 
Indemnity  (A.  d    1908): 

Correspondence  on  the  Subject,  Vol.  VIL,  92-3. 

38.  Understanding  with  Japan: 
Exrhanse  of  Notes  on  Policy  to  the  East,  VoL 

VIL,  "362. 

39.  Commission  to  Liberia  : 

U.  S.  Sec.  of  State-  Memorandum  to  the  Presi- 
dent, Vol.  VIL,  414-17. 

40.  The  Country-Life  Commission: 
President  Roosevelt:  Letter,  Vol.  VTI.,  679. 
Report  of  the  Commission,  Vol.  VIL,  679-80. 

41.  New  Copyright  Act: 

N.  Y.  Evening  Post:  Summary  of  the  Act,  "VoL 
VIL,  166-7. 

42.  The  Payne-Aldrich  Tariff  Act  (a.  D. 
1909): 

Party  Promises  of  1908.  Vol.  VIL,  641. 
C.  F.  Adams:   On  the  Hearings  at  Washington, 
Vol.  VIL,  641-2. 


252 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


President  Taft :    Statement  on  signing   the  Bill, 

Vol.  VII..  642. 
Woodrow  Wilson :  The  Tariff  Make-Believe,  Vol. 

VII.,644r-.'). 
8.  W.  McCall:  Reasons  for  Satisfaction,  Vol.  VII., 

645-6. 
American  Review  of  Reviews:  On  the  Changes 

Made,  Vol.  VII.,  646. 
Outside  Effects.  Vol.  VII.,  646-7. 

43.  Proposed  Income  Tax  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution  : 

Gov.  Hughes,  of  New  York;  Objections  stated, 
Vol.  VII.,  681-2. 

44.  Hankac-Szechcan  Railway  Loan  Ques- 
tion : 

President  Taft:  Message,  Vol.  VII.,  94-5. 


STUDY  XLVIII. 
(Entirely  in  Yolume  VII.) 


ENGLAND  (GREAT  BRITAIN  AND 
IRELAND)  FROM  THE  DEATH  OF 
QUEEN  VICTORIA  TO  THE  DEATH 
OF  EDWARD  VII  (1901-1910). 


1.  The  United  Kingdom  and  its  Empire  in 
1901: 

Census  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Vol.  VII.,  229. 
Census  of  the  British  Empire,  51. 

2.  Last  Year  of  the  British-Boer  War 
(a.  d.  1901-2): 

The  Times  History  of  the  War;  Text  of  Treaty 
of  Peace,  620-3. 

3.  Imperial  Conferences  with  Colonial 
Premiers: 

Conferences  of  1903  and  1907,  51-3,  53-7. 

4.  Education  Act  op  1902: 
Text  of  its  Main  Provisions.  196-7. 

J.  G.  Rogers:  The  Xonconfonnist  Uprising,  197. 
J.  Bryce:  The  New  Education  Bill,  197-8. 
J.  Clifford:  Passive  Resistance,  198-9. 

5.  Defensi\-f,  Aoreements  with  Japan  (a.  d. 
1902,  190.')): 

Texts  and  explanatory  Despatches,  342-3,  360-1. 

6.  Land  Purchase  Act  for  Ireland  (a.  d. 
1903) : 

L.  Paul    Dubois:  Contemporary    Ireland,  330. 

331-2. 
Text  of  main  Provisions  of  the  Act.  330-1. 

7.  Proposed  Return  to  a  Protective  Tar- 
iff, with  "Preferential  Trade"  (a.  d. 
1903): 

J.  Chamberlain:  Speeches  and  Letter.  230-1. 
A.  J.  Balfour:  Letter  to  Mr.  Chamberlain,  232. 

8.  Agreements  ("Entente  Cordiai-e")  with 
France  (a.  d.  1904): 

Text  of  the  Agreements.  349-51. 

Lord  Lansdowne:  Explanatory  Despatch,  253. 

A.  Tardieu:  France  and  the  Alliances,  249. 

9.  The  "  Doooer  Bank  Incident"  of  Rnsso- 
.Iapanese  War  (a.  d.  1904) : 

Naval  Annual:  Abridged  account,  353-3. 


10.  Return  of  the  Liberal  Party  to  Power 
(a.  d.  1905): 

C'ampbellBannermann  Ministry,  233-5. 

11.  Restor.vtion    of    SelfGoveun.ment    to 
the  Boer  Colonies  (a.  d.  1904-1905): 

Letters  Patent  from  the  Crown,  etc.,  626-7. 

13.  Education  Bill  of  1906: 

C.  W.  Barnes:  Summary  of  its  Provisions,  199- 

200. 
Sir  H.  Campbell-Bannermann :   Resolutions  on 

the  Action  of  the  Lords,  235. 

13.  Friendly  Convention  with  Russia  (a.  d. 

1907): 

Text  of  the  Convention,  255-7. 

14.  Institution     op      "  The     Terhitorial 
Force  "  (a.  d.    1907-1908): 

Main  Provisions  of  the  Act,  698-4. 
Lord  Roberts:  Proposal  of  Compulsory  Service, 
694. 

15.  Action   on  Disturbances  in  Macedonia 
(a.  d.  1907-1908): 

Parliamentary  Papers:  Official  Correspondence. 

16.  Action   in   Persia  dumng  the  Revolu- 
tion (A.  D.  1907-1908): 

Parliamentary  Papers;  OflScial  Correspondence, 

483-7. 
The  London  Times:  Correspondence,  488-91. 

17.  Disaffection  in  India  ;    Governmental 
Reforms  (a.  d.  1907-1909): 

The    London  Times:   Correspondence,   313-14, 

314-15. 
Sir  H.  Cotton:  The  New  Spirit  in  India,  316. 
Dr.  R.  B.   Ghose:  Address  to  India  Congress, 

316. 
A.  Iman:  Address  to  All-India  Moslem  League, 

316-17. 
Goldwiu  Smith:  British  Empire  in  India,  317. 
Report  on  Moral  and  M:»terial  Coiiditiou,  318-19. 
J.  Morley  (Viscount);  Speech  in  Parliament  on 

the  Indian  Councils  Bill.  331-2. 
Te.\t  of  main  Provisions  of  the  Act,  322-4. 

18.  Campaign  of  English  "Suffragettes" 
(A.  D.  1907-1909): 

Mrs.  Pankhurst :  Address  in  New  York,  224. 
English  Press  Reports,  224-7. 

19.  Old  Aoe  Pensions  Act  (a.  d.  1908-1909): 
Summary  of  Provisions ;  Speech  of  D.  Lloyd- 
George,  508-9. 

20.  nousiNo  AND  Town-planning  Act  (1909): 
Summary  of  its  Provisions,  613. 

21.  Building    of  "  DREADNOuonTs"  in  Eng- 
land AND  Germany  (a.  d.  1909): 

Lord  Charles  Bercsford :  Speech  iti  London,  700. 
Cassell's  Magazine:  The  Dreadnought,  700-1. 
Speeches  in  British  Parliament,  700-03. 

22.  Chancellor    Llovd-Georgr's    Budget  ; 
Its  Rejection  by  the  Lords  (a.  d.  1909): 

D.  Lloyd-George:  Explanatory  Speech  in  Par 

lianu'nt,  240-2. 
H.  H.  Asiiuith:  Speech  in  Parliament,  242-8 
Sir  E.  Giev:  Speech  at  Leeds.  243. 
Lords  Lansdowne,  Roseljery,  Balfour,   James. 

et  a1  :  Speeches,  243-5. 
Proceedings.  Votes,  Parliamentary  Dissolution 

Election,  344-5,  346. 


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COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


*  STUDY  XLIX. 


CANADA. 


1.  Discovery  and  Early  Exploration: 
G.  Bancroft:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  58  (51). 
Sir  A.  Helps:  Spanish  Conquest,  63  (56). 
J.  G.  Kohl:  Discovery  of  Maiue,  2404-5 (235^-3). 
Father  Charlevoix:  New  France,  72-3  (65-6). 
E.  Warburton:  Conquest  of  Canada,  74  (67). 
E.  Hayes:  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  76  (69). 
3.  The  Aborigines  ;  The  Name  Canada: 

D.  G.  Brinton:  The  Lenape,  84  (77). 

J.  W.  Powell:  Ethnological  Report,  85  (78). 

E.  Warburton:  Conquest  of  Canada,  365  (355). 

F.  Parkman  :  Pioneers  of  France,  366  (356) 

3.  The    Arrival    op    Champlaln  ;    Acadia  ; 
Port  Royal  (a.  d.  1603): 

E.  Warburton :  Conquest  of  Canada,  366  (356). 

F.  Parkman :  Pioneers  of  France.  2437  (2385). 

G.  Bryce:  The  Canadian  People,  367  (357). 
J.  Hannay:  Hist,  of  Acadia,  368-9  (358-9). 

4.  Founding  op  Quebec  and  Montreal  ,  Dis- 
covery op  Lake  Champlain; 

W.  Kingsford:  Hist,  of  Canada,  367-8  (357-8). 
J.  MacMuUen:  Hist,  of  Canada,  369  (359). 

R.  Brodhead:  Hist,  of  New  York,  369  (359). 

Jesuit  Missions  : 

F.  Slafter :   Memoir  of  Champlain,  371  (361). 

Mackenzie :  America,  371-2  (361-3). 

Parkman :  Jesuits  in  N.  America,  372  (362). 

Warburton :  Conquest  of  Canada,  373  (363). 


J. 
5. 
E. 
R. 
F. 
E. 


A.  Bell:  Hist,  of  Canada,  373  (363). 

6.  The  Great  Pioneer  Explorers: 

G.  Bryce:  The  Canadian  People.  372-3  (362-3). 
J.  Fiske:  Spanish  and  French  Explorers,  375-6 
(365-6) 

B.  A.    Hinsdale:    The  Old    Northwest,   378-9 
(368-9). 

7.  FmsT    Inter-Colonial    or  "King   Wil- 
liam's" War  (a.  d.  1689-97): 

G.  Bancroft.  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  376-7  (366-7). 
J.  G.  Palfrey :  Hist,  of  New  England,  377  (367). 
J.  8.  Barry :  Hist,  of  Massachusetts,  378  (368). 

8.  Second     Intercolonial     or     "Qceen 
Anne's"  War  (a.  d.  1711-13): 

R.    Johnson:  Hist,    of  the  French  War,   3362 

(2314). 
G.  Bancroft:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S..  379-80  (369-70). 
S.  S.  Hebberd:  Hist,  of  Wisconsin,  380  (370). 
9  Third  Inter-Colonial  OR  "King  George's" 

War(a.d.  1744-8): 
J.  Graham:  Hist  of  the  U.  S..  2362-3  (2314-15). 
■R.  Brown:  Island  of  Cape  Breton,  397-S  (387-8). 
J  G  Palfrey:  Hist,  of  New  England,  398  (388). 
R.  Hildreth:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  2363-4  (231.5-16). 
R.  Johnson:  Hist,  of  French  War,  2364  (2316). 
T    C.   Haliburton:    The  English  in   America, 

2364-5  (2316-17). 

"As  far  as  England  was  concerned  the  taking  of 
Louisburg  was  the  great  event  of  the  war  of  the  Aus- 
trian succession.    England  had  no  other  success  in  that 
war  to  compare  with  it.    As  things  turned  out,  it  is  not 
too  much  to  say  that  this  exploit  of  New  England  gave 
peace  to  Europe."    J.  G.  Palfrev. 
10.  The  Fate  of  the  Acadians: 
J.  Hannay:  Hist,  of  Acadia.  2438-9  (2386-7). 
R.  Johnson:  Hist,  of  the  French  War,  2439-40 

(2387-8) 


T.  C.  Haliburton:  Nova  Scotia,  2440  (2388). 
F.    Parkman:    Montcalm    and    Wolfe,    3440-1 

(2388-9). 
C.  C.  Smith:  Wars  on  the  Seaboard,  3441  (3389). 

11.  A  Border  Warfare: 

F.  Parkman:  Montcalm  and  Wolfe.  381  (371). 

G.  E.  Hart:  The  Fall  of  New  France,  381  (371). 
E.  H,  Roberts:  New  York,  381  (371). 

J.  H.  Patton :  The  American  People,  381-3  (373). 

12.  The  "Seven  Years,"  or  "French  and 
Indian,"  War  (a.  d.  1755-1763): 

F  Parkman :  Slontcalm  and  Wolfe,  382-3  (372-3). 
G.  E.  Hart:  The  Fall  of  New  France,  383^  (374). 
C.  C.  Smith:  Wars  on  the  Seaboard,  398  (388). 
J.  Marshall:  Life  of  Washington,  384-5  (374-5). 

13.  The  Fall  of  Quebec  ;    Montcalm  and 
Wolfe  (a.  d.  1759) : 

E.  Warburton:  Conquest  of  Canada.  385  (375). 
W.  Irving:  Life  of  Washington,  385-6  (375-6). 

14.  Closing  Events  of  the  War: 

R.  Johnson:  Hist,  of  the   French  War,    386-7 

(376-7). 
G.  Bancroft:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S  ,  387-8  (377-8). 
T.  H.Dyer:  Hist,  of  Modern  Europe,  2975  (2898). 

15.  The  American  Revolution  and  Canada: 
J.  G.  Bourinot:  Const.  Hist,  of  Canada,  388-9 

(378-9). 
G.  Bryce :  The  Canadian  People,  389-90  (379-80). 
J.   Fiske:    War   of    Independence,   3855,    first 

column  (3239). 
R.  Hildreth:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  336.5-6  (3249-50). 
Sir  E.  Creasy:  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles,  3366-8 

(3250-2). 
H.  W.  Preston:  Historical  Documents,  3403-4 

(3287-8). 

16.  Constitutional  Act  op  1791 ;  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada: 

J.  E.  C.  Munro:   Constitution  of  Canada,  390 
(380). 

17.  In  the  War  of  1812: 
See  Study  XL. 

18.  Convention  Relating  to  Fisheries  (a.  d. 
1818): 

H.  W.  Preston:  Historical  Documents,  Article 

III.,  3404  (3288). 
E.    Schuyler:    American.  Diplomacy,    1151-3 

(1121-2). 

19.  The  "Family  Compact";  Rebellion  of 
1837: 

G.  Brvce:  The  Canadian  People,  390  (380). 
Earl  o"f  Durham :  British  N.  America,  390  (380). 
J.  McCarthv:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  391  (381). 
W.  P.  Greswell :  The  Dominion  of  Canada,  391 

(381). 
Viscount  Bury:  Exodus  of  Western  Nations,  393 

(382). 
W.  P.  Greswell:  The  Dominion  of  Canada,  393 

(382). 

20.  The  "Caroline  Affair";  The  Ashbur- 
ton  Treaty  (a.  d.  1842) : 

Viscount  Bury :  Exodus  of  Western  Nations,  393 

(382). 
H.  C.  Lodse:  Daniel  Webster,  392-3  (382-3). 
J.  Schouler:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  3494-5  (3378-9). 

21.  Opposition  of  Races  :  Relations  with  the 
United  States  (a.  d.  1840-65) : 

Goldwin   Smith:  The  Canadian  Question,   398 
(383). 


254: 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


Treaties  and  Conventions  between  the  U.  8.  and 
Other  Powers,  31(53-4  (3079-«0). 

F.  E.  llayues:  Reciprocity  Treaty,  3104  (3080). 
H.  J.  Raymond:  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  3658 

(3542). 

22.  Fenian  Invasions  (a.  d.  1866-1871): 

J.  >[cCnrthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  1833^ 
(1793-4). 

G.  Bryce :  The  Canadian  People,  393-4  (383-4). 

23.  Fedkhation  ;  The  Dominion   of  Canada 

(a.  d.  1867). 
J.    G.    Rourinot:   Federal    Gov't,    in    Canada, 

1139-10  (1111-12). 

:  Const.  Hist,  of  Canada,  394  (384). 

J.  Bryce:  The  American  Commonwealth,  394-5 

(384-5). 
FullTe.'itof  the  Constitution,  546-557(526-537). 

**Tlie  Federal  rnnstitutioii  of  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada iscontuined  in  tin*  nritisli  Nortli  America  Act.  18G7, 
a  statute  of  the  liritish  Parliament  (30  \'ict..  c.  :*).... 
The  Federal,  or  Dominion  Government,  is  conducted  on 
the  so-called  'Cabinet  -system'  of  Enti:land.  i.  e..  the 
Ministry  sit  in  Parliament,  and  hold  oltice  at  the  jjleas- 
ure  of  the  House  ()f  Commons.  .  .  .  The  distribution 
of  matters  within  the  competence  of  the  Dominion 
Parliament  and  of  the  rrovin<'ial  legislatures  resjiect- 
ivelv,  be;irs  a  general  resemblance  to  thai  existing  in 
the  United  .^^tales;  but  there  is  this  reniaikable  distinc- 
tion, that  whereas  in  the  Cnitcd  States,  Ci. tigress  has 
only  the  powers  actually  granted  to  it,  the  .State  legis- 
latures retaining  all  such  powers  as  have  not  been 
taken  from  them,  the  Dominion  I*arliament  has  a  gen- 
eral power  of  legislation,  restricted  only  by  the  grant 
of  certain  specitic  anrl  exclusive  powers  to  the  Trovin- 
cial  legislatures.  .  .  .  Tile  Constitution  of  the  Dominion 
was  never  submitted  to  popular  vote,  and  can  be  al- 
tered only  by  the  liritish  Parliament,  excejit  as  regards 
certain  points  left  to  its  own  legislature.  There  exists 
no  power  ol  amending  the  ])rovin<-ial  Cnnstitutinns  by 
popular  vole  similar  to  that  which  tin-  |n-nples  of  the 
several  States  exercise  in  the  United  States."  James 
Bkvce. 

24.  Later  AD»ns8ioN8;  Increase  of  Terri- 
tory: 

J.  E.  C.  Munro:  Constitution  of  Canada,  2429 

(2377). 
J.  JtcCarthy :  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  395  (385). 
J.  McCoun :  The  Great  North  West,  395-6(885-6). 
J.  E.  C.  Munro:  Constitution  of  Canada,  333-4, 

2658  (323^,  2386). 
C.   Ctishing:  The  Treaty  of  Washington,   2874 

(2799). 
Viscount  Milton:  The  San  Juan  Boundary,  2874 

(2799). 
Creation  of  Xcw  Provinces  in  1905,  Vol.  VII.,  07. 

25.  Tin;  Fisiiehies  Question  (A.  d.  1818-1910): 
Treaties  and  Conventions  between  the  U.  S.  and 

Other  Powers,  35  (28). 
C.  B.  Elliott:  The  Nortlieastern  Fisheries,  1152 

(1122). 
Final  Agreement  for  Arbitration  (a.  d.  1909), 

Volume  VII.,  446-8. 

20.  The  Manitoba  ScnooL  Question  (a.  d. 
lS00-90and  1905): 

J.  (!.  S.  Cox:  Mr.  Laurierand  Manitoba,  Volume 
VI.,  59-01. 

Te.xt  of  the  Encyclical  Letter  of  the  Pope,  Vol- 
ume VI.,  02-3. 

The  Outlook  (a.  d.  1905),  Volume  VII..  68. 

27.  Immioration  ;  Movement  from  the  United 

States. 
E.  Farrer:  Canada  and  the  New  Imoerialism, 

Vol  It  MIC  VII.,  03. 
J.  W.  Oafne:   Western  Canada.  Vol.  VII.,  03. 
London  Times:  Coirispondence,  Vol.  VII.,  64. 


28.  Recent  Important  Treaties  and  Agree- 
ments : 

('7)  Alunka  Boundary. 
President  Roosevelt:  Message  (1903),  Vol. VIL,  9. 
F.  B.  Tracy :  Tercentenary  History  of  Canada. 

Vol.  VII.,  9. 
Convention  for  fixing  the  Line,  Vol.  VIL,  9-10. 

(i)  Watcrwai/s  Treaty. 
Text  of  Treaty  (1909)  "U.  S.  and  Great  Britain, 

Volume  VIL,  71-2. 

(c)  General  Boundary. 
Summary  of  Boundary  Treaty  (1908),  Volume 

VIL,  09-70. 

29.  Lmpekial  Relations: 

Parliamentary  Papers:  Proceeding  of  Imperial 
Conferences  of  Colonial  Premiers,  1897,  1902 
and  1907,  Volume  VI.,  208-9;  Volume  VIL, 
51-7. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


♦STUDY  L, 


(a.    d. 


JAPAN. 

1.  Early  History: 

B.  H.  Chamberlain:  Things  Japanese,  1913-15 

(1873-5). 
E.  Reclus:  The  Earth  and  Its  Inhabitants,  1990 

(3737). 

2.  Jesuit   Missions;   A  Century  of  Chris- 
tianity (a.  d.  1550-1680): 

Quarterly  Review,  1871:  Christianity  in  Japan, 

1915-16  (1875-6). 
n.  Murray:  Story  of  Japan,  1916(1876). 
Sir  E.  J.  Reed:  Japan,  1910-17  (1876-7). 

3.  Opening  of  Ports  to  Foreigners  (a.  d. 
1852): 

Inazo  Nitobe:  The  U.  S.  and   Japan,  1917-18 

(1877-8). 
Monument  to  Com.  Perry,  Vol.  VI.,  282-3;  Vol. 

VIL,  341. 

4.  Constitutional     Development 
1869—): 

T.  lyenaca:    Development  of   Japan.    1918-19 

(1878-9). 
H.    N.   G.    Buslibv:    Parliamentary  Gov't   iu 

Japan,  Vol.  VI..  277-8. 
Tokiwo  Vokoi-  New  Japan,  Vol.  VI.,  278-9. 
Text  of  the  Constitution  of  1889,  578-80  (554-7). 

5.  War  with  China  (a.  d.  1894-5): 

G.  N.    Ciirzon:   Problems  of    the    Far    East, 

1990-91  (3737-8). 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  1991  (8788). 
Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

70-8. 

6.  Acquisition  OF  Formosa: 

J.H.  Wilson:  China,  liavc  (8747). 

S.  W.  Williams.  Middle  Kingdom,  llHfl  (.3747). 

Treaty  with  China  (1895),  Article  II.  (b).  Vol. 

VI.',  70. 
The  Animal  Register  (1896),  Vol.  VI.,  279. 

7.  Japan  and  Russia  in  Korea  (a    d.  i895-8): 
U.  S.  Considar  Reports,  Vol.  VL,  288-9. 
Correspondence    of    London    Times.  Vol.  VI, 

289. 


nn 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


8.  Pabtt  Okganizations  ;  thb  Marquis  Ito  : 
H.    N.    G.    Bushby:    Parliamentary   Gov't  in 

Japan,  Vol.  VI.,  2T9-S0. 
Correspondence  of  the  London  Times,  Vol.  VI. , 

282;  Vol.  VII.,  362-3. 
W.  E.  Griffis:  Prince  Ito's  Party,  Vol.  VII.,  343. 

9.  Distrust  op  the  Russians  in  SIanchuria 
(a.  d.  1901-1904): 

G.  T.  Ladd:  In  Korea  with  Marquis  Ito,  Vol. 

VII.,  341-2. 
Text  of  Russo-Chinese  Treaty  of  1902,  Vol.  VII., 

91-2. 


Agreements    with    Great 


10.    Defensive 
Britain  : 

Text  of  Agreements  of  1902  and  1905,  Vol.  VII. 
342-3,  360-1, 


11.  War  with  Russia  (a.  d.  1904-1905): 
U.  S.  War  Dep't:   Epitome,   Vol.  VII.,  343-5, 

346,  348. 

E.  J.  Nojine:  The  Truth  about  Port  Arthur,  Vol. 
VII.,  345,  347-8,  350. 

Admiral  Sir  C.  Bridge:  In  the  Naval  Annual, 
Vol.  VII.,  346. 

Lord  Brooke :  An  Eye-witness  in  Manchuria, 
347. 

L.  Hearn :  Letter  from  Japan,  347. 

T.  Sakurai :  Human  Bullets,  348-.50. 

American  Review  of  Reviews,  Vol.  VII.,  351-2. 

G.  Kennan :  The  Naval  Battle  of  Tsushima,  Vol. 
VII.,  352-4. 

L.  L.  Seaman,  M.  D. :  The  Japanese  Medical  Ser- 
vice, Vol.  VII.,  354-5. 

Official  Japanese  Statement  of  Casualties,  Vol. 
VII.,  355-6. 

12.  The  Peace  Treaty  of  Portsmouth  (a.  d. 
1905) : 

American    Mediation:     President    Roosevelt's 

Proffer,  Vol.  VII.,  356. 
Official  Correspondence  and  Preliminaries,  Vol. 

VII.,  356-7. 

F.  de  Martens:  The  Portsmouth  Peace  Confer- 
ence, Vol.  VII.,  357. 

E.  J.  Dillon:  Story  of  the  Peace  Negotiations, 
Vol.  VII.,  357-8. 

Text  of  the  Treaty,  Vol.  VII.,  358-60. 

13.  The  War  Debt  ;  Material  Conditions: 
The  London  Times:  Correspondence,  Vol.  VII., 

363,  362. 

14.  Korea  under  J.\^p.\nesk  Control  (a.  d. 
1904-1909): 

Text  of  three  Agreements  of  1904  and  1905,  Vol. 

VII.,  36.5-7. 
K.  Asakawa:  Korea  and  Manchuria  under  the 

New  Treaty.  Vol.  VII.,  367. 
London  and  New  York  Press  Correspondence, 

Vol.  VII..  367-70. 
Assassination  of  Prince  Ito,  Vol.  VII.,  363-4. 

15.  Disputes  with  China  (a.  d.  1905-1909): 
The  London  Times-  Correspondence,  Vol.  VII., 

95,  97-8. 

16.  Exchange  of  Notes  with  the  United 
States  on  Policy  in  the  East  (a.  d.  1908): 

Text  of  the  Declaration,  Vol.  VII..  362. 

17.  The  San  Francisco  School  Question: 

F.  11.  Clark:  Anti-Japanese  Agitation  in  Cali- 
fornia, Vol.  VII.,  538-40. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 

256 


♦STUDY  LI. 
CHINA. 

1.  The  Names  and  Character  op  the  Coun- 
try: 

H.  Yule:  Cathav,  428  (416). 

E.  Reclus:  The  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,  428-30. 

2.  Origin  and  Early  History  op  the  People: 
T.    de    Lacouperie:    Chinese   Civilization,   246 

(239). 
R.  K.  Douglas:  China,  430-2  (416-18). 

3.  Religions  op  the  People: 

R.  K.  Douglas:  China,  432-3  (418-19). 
T.  Rhvs  Davids:  Buddhism,  433  (419). 
Abbe  Hue:  Christianity  in  China,  1995  (1951). 

4.  The  Mongol  Conquest  ;  Empire  of  Eublai- 
Khan  (a.  d.  1150-1368). 

H.  H.  Howorth.  The  Mongols.  2265  (2321). 

C.  R.  Markham:  Hist,  of  Persia,  2265  (2221). 
H.  Yule:  Cathay,  433  (419):  2266-8. 
H.  H.  Howorth:  The  Mongols,  433  (419). 

D.  C.  Boulger.  China,  2266  (2222). 

5.  The  Mqjg  and  JIanchu  Dynasties: 
L.  Ritchie:  Oriental  Nations,  434  (420). 
H.  A.  Giles:  Historic  China,  434-5(420-1). 
T.  T.  Meadows:  North  China,  2126-7  (3791-2). 

6.  The  Opium  War  ;  Opening  of  the  Treaty 
Ports  (a.  d.  1839-42): 

S.  Walpole:  History  of  England,  435-7  (421-3). 
S.    W.    Williams;    The  Middle  Kingdom,   437 

(423). 
C.  P.  Lucas:  The  British  Colonies,  1701. 

7.  The   Taiping  Rebellion   (a.    d.  1850-64) 
'■Chinese"  Gordon: 

S.   W.    Williams:  The   Middle    Kingdom,   438 

(424). 
L.  N.  Wheeler:  The  Foreigner  in  China,   438 

(424). 
A.  Forbes:  Chinese  Gordon,  438-9  (424-.5). 
R.  H.  Veitch:  Charles  George  Gordon,  439  (435). 

8.  The  War  with  England  and  France  (a. 
D,  1856-60): 

J.  McCarthy :  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  439^1 

(42.5-7). 

9.  French  Acquisitions  in  Indo-China  (a.  d. 

1875-79): 

A.    H.    Keane:     Eastern    Geographv.    3200-01 

(3114-15). 
V.  Duruy:  Hist,  of  France,  1428(139.5). 

10.  The  Burlingame  Treaty  and  the  Ex- 
clusion Act  : 

W.  Speer:  The  Oldest  Empire.  441-2  (427-8). 

E.  McPherson:   Handbook    of    Politics,    3702 
(3585). 

11.  The  Chinese  IN  Korea  ; 
£.  Reclus-  The  Earth  and  Its  Inhabitants,  1990 

(3736-7). 
R.  S.  Gundry:  China  and  Her  Neighbors,  1990 

(3737). 
G.  N.  Curzon.  Problems  of  the  Far  East,  1990-1 

(3737-8). 
13.  The  War  with  Japan  (a.  d.  1894-95): 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  1991  (3738). 
Korean  Independence.  Vol.  VI.,  76. 
Text  of  the  Treaty  of  Shimonoseki,  Vol.  VI, 

76-8. 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


18.  Treaty  With  Russia  Giving  Rights  in 

Manchuria  . 
H.  Norman :  Russia  and  England,  Vol.  VI.,  78-9. 
Statistical    Description   of  JIancimria   in   1897, 

Vol.  VI..  301-2. 

14.  Foreign  Residents  OF  China  (A.  d.  1897)- 
U.  S.  Consular  Reports,  Vol.  VI.,  80. 

15.  European  Wrecking  of  the  Empire  be- 
gun  (A.  D.  1897-98): 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Vol.  VI.,  80. 

Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

80-3. 
The  "Battle  of  Concessions,"  Vol.  VI.,  83-6. 

16.  Russian  Acquisition   of   Port   Arthur 
(a.  d.  1898); 

Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 
86-8. 

17.  Increased  Demands  of  France  and  Gt. 
Britain  (A.  d.  1898): 

Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 
88-9. 

18.  "Open-Door"   Commercial  Agreements 
secured  bt  the  United  States: 

U.  S.  Congressional  Documents,  Vol.  VI. ,  104. 

19.  Efforts  toward  Reform  (a.  d.  1898): 
Kang  Ycu  Wei:  Revolution  of  1898,  Vol.  VI., 

89-91. 
Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

91-4. 
Blackwood's  Magazine :  The  Empress  Dowager, 

Vol.  VI.,  94-57 

20.  Outbreak   of  Hostility  to  Foreigners 
(a.  D.  1898-1900): 

U.  S.  Consular  Reports,  Vol.  VI.,  95-101. 
Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

9r)-101 
G.  F.  Wright:  Letter  to  the  Nation,  Vol.  VI., 

299 

21.  The  Tsung-li  Yamen: 

The  Spectator  (London,  1899),  Vol.  VI.,  101. 

22.  Early  Accounts  of  "The  Boxers"  (a.  d. 
1900): 

Great  Britain:  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

104-7. 
Robert  Hart":  The  Peking  Legations,  Vol.  VI., 

107-8. 

23.  Naval  Demonstration   op  the  Powers 
(a.  d.  1900): 

Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

108-9. 
Telegrams  from  British  Minister  at  Peking,  Vol. 

VI.,  109-12. 
Official  Reports,  Vol.  VI.,  112-18. 

24.  Chine.se  Imperial  Eoicrs  (a.  d   1000): 
Correspondence  of  London  Times.  Vol.  VI.,  114. 
Report  by  Minister  Wu  Ting-fang,  Vol.  VI.,  115. 

25.  Siege  of  the  Foreign  Legations  at  Pe 
KINO  (.luNE-AuG.,  1900): 

Detailed  Account  by  one  of  the  Besieged,  Vol. 

VI.,  n.';-128. 
London  Ti  mes  Correspondence,  Vol.  VI. ,  11 5-1 28. 
U.  S.  Secretary  of  War,  Report,  Vol.  VI.,  138-9. 

26.  Capture   of  Peking  by  Allied  Forces 
(Ado.,  1900): 

Report  of  U.  S.  Gen.  Chaffee,  Vol.  VI.,  180-2. 


27.  Horrors  of  the  Allied  Invasion: 

T.  F.  Millard:  The  Armies  in  China,  Vol.  VI., 

132. 
E.  J.  Dillon:  Chinese  Wolf  and  European  Lamb, 

Vol.  VI.,  132-4. 
Correspondence  of    London    Times,  Vol.   VI., 

134-6. 

28.  Final  Negotiations  of  Powers  with 
China  : 

Texts  of  Notes,  Agreements,  etc..  Vol.  VI., 
137-43. 

29.  Murdered  Missionaries  and  Christians: 
Several  Detailed  Statements,  Vol.  VI.,  143-4. 

30.  The  Russlan  Grip  on  Manchuria  (a.  d. 
1901-1902): 

Text  of  Secret  Treaty  Secured,  Vol.  VL,  300-01. 
Remonstrance  of  the  U.  S.  Secretary  of  State, 

Vol.  VI.,  144. 
United   States:   Papers  on  Foreign  Relations, 

Vol.  VII.,  91-2. 
G.  T.  Ladd :  In  Korea  with  Prince  Ito,   VoL 

VII.,  341-2. 

31.  Chinese  Indemnity  for  the  Boxer  Ris- 
ing: 

Settlement  of  the  Indemnity,  Vol.  VII.,  92. 
Remission  of  part  by  the  United  States;  Corre- 
spondence, Vol.  VII.,  92-3. 

32.  com.mercial  treaty  with  tee  united 
States  (a.  d.  1903): 

J.  H.  Latane  :  America  as  a  World  Power,  Vol. 
VII.,  94. 

33.  Railways  and  Recent  Railway  Ques- 
tions: 

D.  C.  Boulger:  The  Shanghai-Nanking  Railway, 
Vol.  VII.,  94. 

The  Ilankau  Sze  chuen  Railway  Loan  Question, 
Vol.  VII.,  94-5. 

Railway  Agreements  and  Disputes  with  Japan, 
Vol.  VII.,  95,  97-8. 

Russo-Chinese  Agreement  and  the  Kharbin  Ques- 
tion, Vol.  VII.,  100-02. 

Opening  of  the  Peking-Kalgan  Railway,  Vol. 
VII.,  545. 

Proposed  neutralization  of  Manchurian  railways. 
Vol.  VII.,  102-03. 

34.  Promised  Constitution  op  Representa- 
tive Government  (A.  d.  1908-1909): 

New  York  Tribune  :  Summarized  translation  of 
Decree,  Vol.  VII.,  95-6. 

Reaffirmation  of  the  Decree,  Vol.  VII.,  99-100. 

London  Times ;  IClection  and  Opening  of  Pro- 
vincial Assemblies,  a.  d.  1909,  Vol.  VII.,  102. 

35.  Death  of  the  Emi-eror  and  E.vrRES8 
Dowaoer  (a.  d.  1908) : 

Newspaper  Reports,  Vol.  VII.,  99. 

36.  DisMiss.\L  of  Viceroy  Yuan  Shih-kai 
(a.  d.  1909): 

Correspondence  ot  New  York  Evening  Post,  Vol. 
VII.,  100. 

37.  Opium  Reform: 

United  States  Legation  Report,  Vol.  VII.,  462-3. 
Tang  Shao  Yi  :  Address  in  London,  Vol.  VII., 

463-4. 
British  Consular  Report,  Vol.  VII.,  464. 

38.  American  Treatieh,  vs.  Exclusion  Laws: 
An  Exhibit  from  the  Documents,  Vol.  VII.,  588. 

•See  important  note  at  Itead  o/  Study  1. 


251 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


♦STUDY  LII. 
RUSSIA. 

1.  Origin  of  the  People    and    Their    Na- 
tional Name  : 

V.  Thomsen:    Russia   and    Scandinavia,     3009 

(2931). -2829  (3755). 
A.  Lefevre:  Race  and  Language,  3009  (3931). 
G.  Finlay:  Byzantine  Empire,  521  (507). 

2.  Early  Relations  with  Byzantine  Empire: 
G.  Finlav:  Bvzautine  Empire,  2829-30  (3755-6); 

521-2  (507-^). 
G.  F.  Maclear:  Conversion  of  the  West,  480-1 
(466-7). 

3.  The  Mongol  Conquest  (a.  d.  1237-39): 
H.  Yule:  Cathay.  2267-8  (2322-4). 

C.  I.  Black;  Proselytes  of  Ishmael,  2368  (2224). 
H.  H.    Howorth:   Hist,    of  the  Mongols,   3368 
(2224). 

4.  Two    Centuries  of  Tartar  Domination 
(a.  d.  1237-1480): 

J.  C.  Pi-ichard:  Races  of  Mankind.  3173  (3089). 

P.  A.  Kropotkiue:  Tartars,  3173  (3089). 

C.   F.   Johnstone:  Historical  Abstracts,  2830-2 

(3756-8). 
A.  Leroy-Beaulieu:  Empire  of  the  Tsars,  2832 

(3758). 

5.  Invasion  of  the    Poles;    Origin  op  the 
Romanoffs  : 

H.  S.  Edwards:  The  Romanoffs,  3832-3  (2758). 
H.  Krasinski:  Cossacks  of  the  Ukraine,  641-3 

(618-19). 
W.  R.  Morfil:  The  Story  of  Russia,  2619  (2551). 

6.  Assumption  of  the  Title  "Tsar"  (a.  d. 
1547) : 

A.  Rambaud:  Hist,  of  Russia,  2833  (2759). 
W.  K.  Kelly.  Russia,  2833  (3759). 

7.  Conquest  of  Siberia  (a.  d.  1580) : 

W.  Coxe :  Russian  Discoveries,  3979  (3902). 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Statistics,  2980. 

8.  Wars  with  Turks  and  Sweden: 

Sir  E.  S.  Creasy:  The  Ottoman  Turks,  3833-4 

(2759-60), 
J.  L.  Stevens:  Gustavus  Adolphus,  3897  (2823). 

9.  Great  Religious  Schism,  —  "The  Rascol" 
(A.  D.  1655-00) : 

W.  R.  Morfil :  Story  of  Russia,  2834  (2760). 
Stepniak :  The  Russian  Peasantry,  2834  (3760). 

10.  Peterthe  Great;  the  Conquest  of  Azov: 
Voltaire:  Charles  XII.,  2834-5  (2760-1). 

T   H.  Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  3259-60  (3143-4) 
J.  N.  Earned    Europe,  1108  (1080). 

11.  War  with  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  (a.  d. 
1097-1718): 

Voltaire:  Charles  XII.,  2899-2900  (2824-5). 
A.  Crichton:  Scandinavia,  2900-01  (2825-6). 
W.  C.  Taylor:  Modern  History,  2903  (382(1-8). 
13.  Founding  of  St.  Petersburg  (a.  d.  1703): 
E.  Schuyler.  Peter  the  Great,  2835-6  (2761-2). 
13.  From  Peter  the  Great  to  Catherine  II. 

(A.  D.  1725-62); 
W.  R.  Morfil:  Story  of  Russia,  2836-7  (3762-3). 
W.  K.  Kelly :  Hist,  of  Russia,  2837  (276M). 
T.  H.  Dyer :  Modern  Europe,  2837-8  (3763-4). 
A.liambaud:  Hist,  of  Russia,  2838(2764). 


14.  Reign  of  Catherine  II.  (a.  d.  1762-96): 
Lardner:  History  of  Russia,  2839  (3765). 

C.  F.  Johnstone:  Historical  Abstracts,  2839-40 

(2765-6). 
Edinburgh  Review  :  Empress  Catherine  II.,  2840 

(276(i). 
R.  Waliszewski:  Romance  of  an  Empress,  2840- 

1  (2766-7). 
H.  Frederic:  The  New  Exodus,  1971  (1930). 
J.  N.  Earned-  Europe,  1115-16  (1087-8). 

15.  Assassination  of  Paul  (a.  d.  1801): 
A.  Czartoryski:  Memoirs,  2841-3  (2867-8). 

16.  Alexander  I. ;  Alliances  against  Napo- 
leon (a.  d.  1801-1807) : 

R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  1375  (1343). 

II.  Martin:  History  of  France.  1545-6  (1511-13). 

A.  Rambaud:  History  of  Russia,  1546-7(1513). 

R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  1547  (1513). 

C.    Joyueville:  Life    of    Alexander  I.,  1547-8 

(1513-14). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  Finland,  3905-6  (3830-1). 

17.  Napoleon's  Invasion  (a.  d.  1813); 

R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  1385-6  (1351-2). 
P.  Lan'frey:  History  of  Napoleon,  1384  (1351). 
A.  Rambaud :  History  of  Russia,  3842-3  (2768-9). 
L.  Tolstoi:  Napoleon  and  the  Russ.  Campaign, 

3843-4  (2769-70). 
A.  Thiers:  History  of  the  Empire.  3844-5  (3771). 
V.  Duruy:  History  of  France.  2845-6  (3771-2). 
Gen.  R.  Wilson:  The  Invasion  of  Russia,  384(5-7 

(2773-3). 
E.   Labaume:  The  Campaign  in  Russia,   2847 

(2773). 

18.  Alliance  of  Russia  and  Prussia  ;  Leipsic 
(a.  d.  1812-13): 

H.  Martin:  Hist,  of  France,  15,55-6  (1521-3). 
J.    Mitchell:    The    Fall    of    Napoleon,    1557-8 

(1433^). 
J.  G.  Lockhart:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1558-9  (1525). 
R.  H.  Home:  Hist,  of  Napoleon,  1559-60  (1536). 
C.  T.  Lewis:  Hist,  of  Germany,  1.561-2  (1.527-8). 
W.  Hazlitt:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1562-;^  (1528-9). 
G.  R.  Gleig:  The  Leipsic  Campaign,  1563  (1529). 

19.  The  Allies  in  Paris  ;  Fall  of  Napoleon 
(A.  d.  1814): 

A.  Rambaud:  Hist,  of  Russia.  1387-9  (1354-6). 
J.  Mitchell;  Fall  of  Napoleon,  1389-91  (1356-8). 
H.  Martin;  Hist,  of  France.  1391-2(1358-9). 

20.  The  Congress  of  Vienna: 

C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  3745-7  (3624-6). 
R.  Lodge;  Modern  Europe,  3747  (3626). 

21.  Alexander  I.  and  the  Holy  Alliance: 
M.  E.  G.  Duff:  European  Politics.  1696-7  (1658). 

E,  Hertslet:  Europe  by  Treaty,  1697  (1658). 

W.  R.  Thayer:  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

1697-8  (16.58-9). 
R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  3741  (3621). 

F.  H.  Hill:  George  Canninii.  3741  (3621). 
R.  Bell:  Life  of  Canning.  3741-2  (3621-2). 

33.  Revolt  of  Russian  Poland  (a.  d.  1830-2): 
S.  Walpole:  Hist,  of  England,  362.5-6  (25.57-8). 
23.  The  Cri.mean  War  (a.  d.  18.53-6); 
S.  Walpolc;  Foreign  Relations,  2848-9  (3774-5). 
J.  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  3849-50 

(277.5-6). 
W.   N.    Slolesworth:  Hist,  of  England,  2851-3 


(2 


-8). 


L.  C.  Sanders;  Life  of  Palmerston,  993  (965). 
S.  Walpole:  Hist,  of  England,  2853-5  (3779-81). 


258 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


24.  Emancipation  of  the  Serfs  (a.  d.  1861): 

D.  M.  Wallace;  Russia,  2995(2917). 
The  Times:  Alexander  II.,  2995  (2917). 

W.  H.  Dixon:  Free  Russia,  2995-6  (2917-18). 
Stepniak:  The  Russian  Peasantry,  2996  (2918). 

25.  RrssiAN  Advance  in  Central  Asia  (a.  d. 
1869-«1): 

T.  W.  Knox;  Decisive  Battles,  2856-7  (2782-3). 

C.  H.  Pearson;  National  Life,  2857  (2783). 

fi.  Reclus:  The  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,  3246 

(3130). 
J.  F.  Bright.  Hist,  of  England,  15-17  (15-17). 
The  Anslo-Russian  Agreement  as  to  Frontiers, 

Vol.  VI.,  1. 

26.  War  with  Turkey  (a.  d.  1877-8) : 
Cassell's  Hist,  of  En<;land,  259-61  (252-4). 

S.  Walpole;Foreieu  Relations,  3268-9  (3152-3). 
T.  W.  Knox;  Decisive  Battles,  3269-70  (3153-4). 

E.  Oilier-  The  lUisso-Turkish  War,  3270  (3154). 
J.  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  3270-1 

(3154-5). 
E.  Oilier :  The  Russo-Turkish  War.  3271-2  (31 56). 
W.  MUller:  Political  History,  3272-3  (3156-7). 

27.  The  Rise  and  Spread  of  Nihilism  (a.  d. 
1861-): 

J.  Rae :  Contemporary  Socialism,  3026-7  (2948-9). 

E.  P.  Bazan:  Russia,  2413-14  (2361-2). 

Georg   Brandes:     Impressions  of  Russia,  2414 

(2362). 
Stepniak:  Underground  Russia,  2414  (2362). 
C.    Joyneville:   Life    of  Alexander   II.,  2857-9 

(2783-5). 

28.  Alexander  III.  (a.  d.  1881-94);  Jewish  Per- 

SECOTION  : 

F.  H.  Geffcken:  Russia  under  Alexander  III., 
2859-60  (2785-6). 

W.  E.    H.  Lecky:  Israel  among  the  Nations, 

1972  (1931). 
C.    N.   Barham:   The  Jews  in   Russia,   1972-3 

(1931-2). 

29.  Accession  of  Nicholas  II.  (a.  d.  1894) : 

Proclamation  of  the  Accession,  2860  (2786). 
Calamity  at  the  Coronation,  Vol.  VI.,  423. 
Liberal  Policy  of  Nicholas,  Vol.  VI.,  423. 

30.  The  First  Census  op  the  Empire  (a.  d. 
1897): 

E.J.  Dillon;  The  First    Russian  Census,   Vol. 
VI.,  423-4. 

31.  Russia  in  China  (a.  d.  1895-): 

H.  Norman:  Russia  and  England,  Vol.  VI.,  78-9. 
Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 
86-8,  101. 

32.  Russia  in  Finland  (a.  d.  1898-1901): 

R.  Eucken:  The  Finnish  Question,  Vol.  VI.,  234. 
Correspondence  of  the  London  Times,  Vol.  VI., 
224. 

88.  The  Student  Outbreaks  (a.  d.  1899-1902): 

Detailed  Accounts  from  Various  Sources,  Vol. 
VI.,  424,  425-7;  Vol.  VII.,  563. 

34.    Agoressivb  Movements  in    Manchuria 

(A.  D.  1900-02): 
Q.  F.  Wright,  in  the  Nation,  Vol.  VI  ,  299-301. 
Text  of  the  Convention  with  China  of  1901,  Vol. 

VI.,  .300-01. 
Text  of  Treaty  of  April,  1902,  Vol.  VII..  91-2. 


G.  T.  Ladd:  In   Korea  with  Marquis  Ito,  Vol. 

VII.,  341-2. 
New  Agreement  of  May,  1909,  Vol.  VII.,  100. 

35.  Transportation  to  Siberia  ; 

G.  F.  Kennan:  The  Settlement  of  Siberia,  2980. 
Order  of  Tsar  to  abolish  the  System,  Vol.  VI., 
425. 

36.  The  Trans-Siberian  Railway  (a.  d.  1891): 

Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 

428-9. 
A.  H.  Ford:  Railways  in  Asia,  Vol.  VI.,  429. 
U.  S.  Consular  Reports,  Vol.  VI.,  429. 

37.  Revolutionary  Movements    (a.  d.  1902- 
1905): 

K.  Zilliacus:  Russian  Revolutionary  Movement, 

Vol.  VII.,  563-4. 
F.  Volkhovsky :  The  Russian  Awakening,  Vol. 

VII.,  564-5. 
H.  W.  Nevinsou:  The  Dawn  in  Russia,  567. 
Imperial  Manifestos:  The  so-called  Constitution 

of  October  30.  1905,  Vol.  VII.,  568-9. 
U.  S.  Consul:  Diary  of  Rising  at  Moscow,  Vol. 

VII.,  570-1. 
Annual  Register:  Naval  Mutiny,  Army  Revolt, 

etc.,  Vol.  VII.,  571. 
Imperial  Decree  of  Religious  Liberty,  Vol.  VII., 

571-2. 

38.  War  with  Japan  (a.  d.  1904-1905): 
(See  in  Study  L.). 

39.  The  First,  Second,  and  Third  Dumas  (a.  d. 
1906-1909): 

U.  S.   Ambassador  Meyer:  Despatches  relating 

to  First  Duma,  Vol.  VII.,  572-3. 
Imperial  Manifesto  dissolving  the  Duma,  Vol. 

VII..  574. 
Viborg  Address  of  Duma  Members  to  the  People, 

Vol.  VII..  574. 
Imperial  Edict  of  Reforms,  Vol.  VII.,  574-5 
The  Short  lived  Second  Duma,  Vol.  VII.,  575. 
E.  J.  Dillon:  On  the  Election  and  Character  of 

the  Third  Duma,  Vol.  VII.,  576-7. 

40.  The   Policy    of  Massacre  ("Pogroms"): 
The  Police  "  Agent  Provocateur": 

Prince  Urussoff:  Speech  in  the  First  Duma,  Vol. 

VII.,  573. 
Prince  Krnpotkin :  Letter  to  The  Times,  Vol. 

VII.,  573-4. 
British  Parliiimcntarv  Paper:  Massacre  of  Jews 

at  Ki.shineff,  Vol.  VII.,  565-6. 
Russian  Police  System;  The  Azeff  Case,  Vol. 

VII.,  579. 

41.  The  Russianizing  of  Finland  ; 
Particulars  from  various  sources.  Vol.  VII.,  270-3. 

42.  Agreements  with  Gre.\t  Britain  : 

Text  of  Convention  (a.  d.  1907),  with  Explan- 
atory Despatches,  Vol.  VII  ,  255-7. 

43.  Submission  to  a  German  Menace  (a.  d. 
1909): 

The  London  Times:  Editorial   Statement,  Vol. 
VII.,  260-1. 

44.  Present  Conditions  in  the  Empire  (a.  d. 
1909): 

Differing  Accounts,  Vol.  VII..  580-1. 

•  Aee  important  note  at  head  o/  Study  I. 


259 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 
*  STUDY  LIII. 


THE  TURKISH  EMPIRE. 


1.  Race  and  Origin  of  the  Turks: 

H.  H.  Howorth ;  History  of  the  Mongols,  2265 

(2221). 
F   Lenormant :  Ancient  History,  3245  (3129). 
J.  C.  Pricliard:  Races  of  Mankind,  3173  (3089). 
E.  A.  Freeman:  The  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe, 

252  (245). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3246-7  (3130-1). 
W.  Smith:  Note  to  above,  3246  (3130). 

2.  Risk  op  the  Ottoman  Turks  from  Wreck 
'  OF  Mongol  Conquests  (a.  d.  1218-1240) : 

C  R.  Markham,  History  of  Persia,  2265. 

E   Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3249-50  (3133^). 

Sir  E.  S.   Creasy:    The  Ottoman   Turks,  3250 

E.   A.    Freeman:    The    Ottoman    Power,   3250 
(3134). 

3.  Their  Entry  into  Europe  (a.  d.  1360) : 

J  E.  Tennent:  Modern  Greece,  3250-1  (3134-5). 
Sir  E.  S.  Creasy:   The   Ottoman   Turks,    3251 

(3135). 
E.  Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  3251-2  (3135-6). 

4.  The  Career  of  Timour,  the  Tartar: 

E.  S.  Creasy:  The  Ottoman  Turks,  3197  (3112). 
E    A.   Freeman:    Conquests  of  the  Saracens, 

3197  (3112). 
A     Vambery:     History    of    Bokhara,    3197-8 

(3112-13). 

5.  The  Fall  op  Constantinople  (a.  d.  1453) : 
Sir  E.   S.  Creasy :  The  Ottoman  Turks,  3252-3 

(3136-7). 
E.   A.    Freeman     The    Ottoman    Power,    3253 

C.  C.  Felton :  Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern,  524 

G.  Finlay:  The  Byzantine  Empire,  524-5  (511). 

6.  The  "  Sublime  Porte  ": 

SirE   S.  Creasy:  The  Ottoman  Turks,  3119-20 

(3036-7). 
A.  H.  Sayce:  Fresh  Light  from  the  Monuments, 

'2595  (2528). 
7    Wars  op  Solyman   "The   Magnificent" 

(A.  D.  1520-66): 
W.    Robertson:  Reign  of    Charles  V.,    1702-3 

Sir  E.  S.  Creasy:  The  Ottoman  Turks,  1713-14 

(1674-5). 
E   Szabad:  Hungary,  1714  (1675). 
N  W  WraxUall:  Hist,  of  France,  1882-3  (1843). 
S.  Lane-Poole:   The   Barbary   Corsairs,  269-70 

(260-1). 
W.  H.  Prescott:  Philip  II.,  1703-4  (1664-5). 
8.  War  with  the  Holy  League  ;  The  Battle 

or  Lepanto  (A.  D.  1571): 
W   H   Prescott:  Philip  II.,  3255-7  (3139-41). 
R.'  Watsou :  Hist,  of  Philip  II.,  3257  (3141). 
C.  F.  Johnstone:   Historical   Abstracts,  3257-8 

(3141-2). 

"  It  [Lopantol  was  indeed  a  sanEUinary  battle,  sur- 
passing in  this  particular  any  sea-flglit  of  modern 
times.  The  loss  fell  much  the  most  heavily  on  the 
Turks.  There  is  the  usual  discrepancy  about  numbers ; 
but  it  may  be  safe  to  estimate  their  loss  at  nearlv  25,000 
slain  and  5000  prisoners.  What  brought  most  pleasure 
to  the  hearts  of  the  conquerors  w.a8  the  liberation  ol 
12  000  Christian  captives,  who  had  been  chained  to  the 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 

oar  on  board  the  Moslem  galleys,  and  who  now  came 
forth,  with  tears  of  joy  streaming  down  their  haggard 
cheeks,  to  bless  their  deliverers.  ...  The  news  of  the 
victory  of  Lepanto  caused  a  profound  sensation 
throughout  Christendom.  ...  It  is  a  great  error  to 
speak  of  the  victory  of  Lepanto  as  a  barren  victory. 
■fiue.  it  did  not  strip  the  Turks  of  an  inch  of  territory. 
But  the  loss  of  reputation  —  that  tower  of  strength  to 
the  conqueror -was  not   to   be   ^^^^"^^^^^^^ott. 

9   The  War  with  Persia,  and  the  Conquest 

of  Crete  (a.  d.  1623-70) : 
R   W.  Fraser:  Turkey,  3258  (3142). 
Sir  E.  S.    Creasy;   The  Ottoman  Turks,   3258 

(314'^) 
G.  Finlay  :  History  of  Greece,  3258-9  (3142-3). 

10.  Great  Invasions  op  Poland  and  Hunoabt 
(A.  d.  1670-90): 

Chambers'  History  of  Poland,  2619-20  (2551-2). 
Sir  E.  S.  Creasy  :  The  Ottoman  Turks,  1719-20 

(1680-1). 
H.  E,  Maiden:  Vienna,  1720(1681). 
G.  B.  Malleson ;  Eugene  of  Savoy,  1720-1  (1682). 

11.  A  Century  of  Aggression  on  the  Euro- 
pean Frontier  (a.  d.  1680-1780): 

T   H.  Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  3259-60  (3143-4). 
R  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  3260  (3144). 
W   K   Kelly:  History  of  Russia,  2837  (2763). 
R   Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  3260-1  (3144-5). 
R.  Bell :  History  of  Russia,   3261-2  (3145-6). 

12.  Turkey  in  the  Napoleonic  Wars: 
Sir  J.  Porter:  Turkey,  3262-3  (3146-7) . 

H.  Van  Laun :  The  Revolutionary  Epoch,   1355 

fl322) 
H.   Martineau:    History    of    England,    3263-4 

(3147-8). 
R.  Lodge  :   Modem  Europe,  1547  (1513). 
C.   Joyneville:  Life    of   Alexander  I.,   1547-8 

(1513-14). 

13.  Gradual  Restriction  of  Turkish  Terri- 
tory : 

T  W  Knox:  Decisive  Battles,  1644-6(1606-8). 

R.  W.  Fraser:  Turkey,  3264-7  (3148-51). 

A.  A.  Paton:  Researches  on  the  Danube,  257-8 

(250-1). 
J.  G.  C.  Minchin.  Servia  and  Montenegro,  258 

(251). 
H.  Morse  Stephens:  Modern  Historians,  258-9 

(251-2) 
W.  Miiller:  Political  History,  3267-8  (3151-2). 

14.  The  Crimean  War  (a.  d.  1853-6) : 
See  Study  XLIT. 

15.  The  War  with  Russia  (a.  d.  1877-8): 

S   Walpole:  Foreign  Relations,  3268-9  (3152-3.) 

Cassell's  Hist,  of  England,  259-61  (252-4). 

E.    Oilier    The  Russo-Turkish    War,    3269-70 

(3153-4) 
J  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  3270-1 

(3155). 

16.  The  Treaty  of  Berlin  (a.  d.  1878) : 

E  Oilier:  Russo-Turkish  War,  3271-2  (3155-6). 
W.  MUller:  Political  History,  3272-3  (3156-7). 
J.  H.  Rose:  Century  of  Continental  Hist.,  261 
(254). 

17.  The  Revolt  and  Massacres  in  Armenla. 
(A.  D.  1895,  1903-4): 

The  Annual  Register  (1895),  Vol.  VI.,  537-8 
United  States,  54th  Congress,  Senate  Doc,  Vol. 

VI.,  538-9.  ^     ^    , 

Duke  of  Argvle:  Our  Responsibihty  for  Turkey, 

Vol.  VI.,  539-40. 


260 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


Contemporary  Review:  The  Constantinople  Mas- 
sacre, Vol." VI.,  542-3. 

Great  Britain,  Papers  by  Command,  Vol.  VI., 
5«-7;Vol.  VII.,  653. 

18.  Cretan  Revolts;  Protection  by  the  Pow- 
ers (186(5-1909): 

D.  Bikelas:  Christian  Greece,  1648-9  (1610-11). 
Ypsiloritis:  Situation  in  Crete,  Vol.  VI.,  540. 

E.  J.  Dillon.  Crete  and  the  Cretans,  Vol.  VL, 
540-1. 

Great  Britain;  Parliamentary  Papers,  Vol.  VI., 

543-7. 
Government  under  "The  Concert  of  Europe," 

Vol.  VI.,  549,  551-3. 
:  Vol.  VII.,  167-9. 

19.  War  with  Greece  (a.  d.  1897): 

B.  Burleigh;  The  Greek  War,  Vol.  VI.,  547-8. 

F.  Palmer ;  How  the  Greeks  were  Defeated,  V'ol. 
VI.,  548. 

20.  Reign  of  Terror  in  Macedonia  (1900- 
1909) ; 

The  Loudon  Times  (August,  1900),  Vol.  VI., 
47-8. 

G.  F.  Abbott;  The  Macedonian  Question,  Vol. 
VII..  649-50. 

E.  J    Dillon;  The  Reign  of  Terror,  Vol.  VII., 

650-1. 
H.  N.  Brailsford:  The  Macedonian  Revolt,  Vol. 

VII.,  651. 
H.  Vivian;  The  Macedonian  Conspiracy,  Vol. 

VII.,  6.51-2. 
Great  Britain :  Parliamentary  Papers,  Vol.  VII., 

652,  653-5,  657. 

21.  The  "Young  Tukks"  and  the  Revolu- 
tion OF  1908: 

K.  Blind;  Macedonia,  Vol.  VII.,  65.5-6. 
Narrative  of  the  Revolution,  from  Official  and 
Press  Despatches,  Vol.  VII.,  6.56-62,  664. 

22.  Massacre  in  Southeastern  Asia  Minor 
(a.  d.  1909): 

Narrative  from  Various  Sources,  Vol.  VII.,  664. 

23.  Bulgarian  Independence  and  Austrian 
Annexations  (a.  d.  1908-9): 

Narrative  of  Events  from  Official  and  News- 
paper Sources,  Vol.  VII.,  258-61. 

•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I, 


*  STUDY  LIV. 


SPANISH  AMERICA. 


1.  Origin  op  Spanish  Claims  in  America: 
(a)  TSy  Discotery, 

H.  H.  Bancroft:  the  Pacific  States.  55  (48). 
Sir  A.  Helps ;  The  Spanish  Conquest,  .5.5-6  (48-9). 

C.  R.  Markham:  The  Sea  Fatliers,  .56  (49). 

,1.  Fiske:  Discovery  of  America,  .59-60  f.52-3). 
J.  Winaor:  Nar.  aiid  Crit.  History,  61-2  (.54-5). 

(h)  III/  Papal  Grant. 
M.  Creightoii ;  Hist,  of  the  Papacy,  57  (50). 
L.  L.  Dominguez:  Conquest  of  tlie  River  Plate, 

58  (51). 

2.  The  American  Aborigines: 

W.  Irving:  Life  of  Columbus,  89  (82). 

D.  G.  Brinton:  I{accs  and  Peoples,  89  (82),  100 
(93),  105  (98). 

W.  H.  Brett:  Tribes  of  Guiana,  89-90  (82-8). 


H.  H.  Bancroft:  Native  Itaces,  100  (98),  106-7 

(99-100). 
T.  J.  Hutchinson ;  The  Parana,  104  (97). 
J.  S.  Kingsley:  Natural  History,  113  (106). 
L.  H.  Morgan:  American  Aborigines,  54  (47). 

*'  The  Spanish  adventurers  who  thronged  to  the  New 
World  after  its  discovery  lound  the  same  race  of  Red 
Indians  in  the  West  India  Islands,  in  Central  and  South 
America,  in  Florida,  and  in  Mexico.  In  theirmode  of 
life,  and  means  of  subsistence,  in  their  weapons,  arts, 
usatjes,  and  customs,  in  their  institutions,  and  in  their 
mental  and  physical  characteristics,  they  were  the  same 
people  in  ditfefent  stages  of  advancement.  .  .  .  There 
was  neither  a  jiolitical  society,  nor  a  state,  nor  any  civ- 
ilization in  America  wlien  it  w;iS  discovered  ;  and,  ex- 
cluding the  Eskimos,  but  one  race  of  Indians,  the  Red 
Race."    L.  H.  Morgan. 

3.  Conquest  of  Cuba  (a.  d.  1511): 

W.  H.  Prescott;  Conquest  of  Mexico,  661  (638). 
S.  Hazard,  Cuba,  661-3  (688-9). 

4.  Early  Exploring  Expeditions: 

W.  Irving :  Life  of  Columbus,  65-7  (58-60). 
W.  B.  Rye :  Discovery  of  Terra  Florida.  67  (60). 
Sir  A.  Helps:  Spanish  Conquest,  67-8  (60-1). 
W.  H.  Prescott:  Conquest  of  Mexico,  68-9  (62). 
G.  Bancroft:  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  70  (63). 
F.  de  Xeres:  Province  of  Cuzco,  71-3  (64-5). 

5.  Ancient  Central  America: 

H.  H.  Bancroft:  Native  Races.  3200-02  (2156-8). 

D.  G.  Brinton;  llero-Myths,  2202  (2158). 

6.  The  Empire  op  Montezuma: 

H.  H.  Bancroft:  Native  Races,  2202  (21,58). 
John  Fiske ;  Discovery  of  America.  2203  (3159). 
H,  Cortes:  Despatches,  220.5-6(2161-2). 
Bernal  Diaz:  Memoirs,  2206  (2162). 
L.  H.  Morgan :  Houses  of  Am.  Aborigines,  2206-7 
(2163-3). 

7.  The  Spanish  Conquest  (a.  d.  1519-1531): 

8.  Hale:  Story  of  Mexico,  3203-4  (21.59-60). 

J.  Winsor:  Nar.  and  Crit.  History,  2204-5  (2161). 
M.  Chevalier:  Mexico.  2205  ((2161). 
W.  Robertson;  Hist,  of  America,  2207-8  (2164). 
Sir  A.  Helps:  The  Spanish  Conquest,  2209(216.5). 

B.  Mayer:  Mexico,  3209  (2165). 

W.  H.  Prescott:  Conquest  of  Mexico,  2209-10 

(216.5-6),  2212  (2168). 
M.  Chevalier;  Mexico,  2211-12  (2167-8). 

8.  The  Empire  of  the  Incas; 

C.  R.  Markham:  Hist,  of  America.  2585  (2518). 
W.    II.    Prescott:    Conquest    of    Peru,   2585-6 

(2518-19). 

E.  G.  Squier.  Peru.  2586  (2519). 

F.  Ilassaurek:  Four  years  among  Spanish  Amer- 
icans, 693-4  (670-1). 

9.  Pizarro's  CoNQtTEST  OP  Peru  (a.  d.  1.531-3): 
R.  G.  Watson:  South  America,  2.587  (2.520). 

C.  R.  Markham ;  Conquest  of  Peru  and   Chili, 

2,587-8  (2.520-1). 
Sir  A.    Helps:  The  Spanish   Conquest,  2588-9 

(2521-2). 

10.  The  Conquest  op  Chile: 

J.  S.  Kingsley:  Natural  History,  422  (411). 

R.  G.  Watson:  South  America,  423  (411). 

E.  R.  Smith-  The  Araucaninns,  423-3  (411-12). 

11.  Early  History  op  Paraguay  and  Buenos 

Ayres: 
T.  .1.  riutchinson;  The  Parana.  104  (97). 
R   G.  Watson;  South  America,  2.547-8  (2481-2), 

132-8  (12.5-6). 
A.  Oallenga:  South  America,  2548-9  (2482-8). 


261 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


12.  The  Spanish  Vice -Royalties: 

C.  R.  Markham :  South  America,  195  (188). 

:  Cuzco  and  Lima,  2589  (2523). 

S.  Hale:  The  Story  of  Mexico,  2212-13  (2168-9). 
R.  G.  Watson:  South  America,  497-8  (483-4). 
E.  J.  Payne;  European  Colonies,  413,  first  col- 
umn (403). 

13.  Revolt  and  Independence  (a.  d.  1810- 
1826) : 

(a)  The  Colombian  States;  Simon  Bolivar. 

E.  J.  Payne:  European  Colonies,  498-9  (484-5), 
499-500  (48.5-6). 

C.  R.  Markham:  South  America,  499  (485). 

F.  Hassaurek :  The  Spanish- Americans,  500  (486). 
(J)  Mexico. 

J.    Winsor:    Nar.   and  Crit.    History,   2213-14 

(2169-70). 
J.   W.   Monette:  The  Mississippi  Valley,  8186 

(3101). 
M.  Willson:  American  History,  2214-16(2170-2). 
R.  A.  Wilson:  Mexico,  2216  (2172). 

{c)  Congress  of  Panama  (a.  d.  1826). 
C.  Cushlng:  Bolivar,  500-01  (486-7). 
T.  H.  Benton:  Thirty  Years'  View,  501  (487). 

(d)  Chile. 

B.  Hall:  Extracts  from  Journal,  423-4  (412-13). 
The  Atlantic  Monthly :  Republic  of  Chile,  4^4-5 

(413-14). 
H.  Brownell:  Peru,  2590-1  (2523-4). 
A.  B.  Hart:  Essays  on  American  Gov't,  426-7 

(3694-5). 
"Treaty  of  Truce  "  with  Bolivia,  Vol.  VI.,  75-6. 
Spanish- American  Congress,  Vol.  VI.,  520. 

(e)  Peru. 

C.  R.  Markham :  Peru,  2590  (2523),  2592-3  (2526). 
H.  Brownell :  South  America,  2590-1  (2523-4). 
C.  Cushing:  Bolivar,  2591-2(2524-5). 

E.  J.  Payne :    European  Colonies.  2.592  (2.525). 

Overthrow  of  an  Unconstitutional  Government, 
Vol.  VI.,  366. 
(/)  Tlie  Argentine  Bepublie,  and  Paraguay. 

E.  J.  Payne:  European  Colonies,  133-4  (126-7). 

R.  Napp:  The  Argentine  Republic,  134-5  (128). 

I.  N.  Ford:  Tropical  America,  135-6  (128-9). 

A.  Gallenga;  South  America,  2548-9  (2482-3). 

U.  S.  Consular  Reports,  Vol.  VI.,  26. 

Text  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, 525-33  (511-18). 
{g)  Central  America. 

E.  J.  Payne:  European  Colonies,  413  (403). 

H.  H.  Bancroft.  The  Pacific  States,  414. 

Continued  Revolutionary  Conflicts,  414-15. 

H.  Jalhay:  Bulletin  of  Am.  Republics,  Vol.  VI., 
72-3. 

Recent  History :  Messages  of  Presidents,  Consu- 
lar Reports,  etc..  Vol.  VI.,  73-4;  VII.,  74-80. 

14.  Mexico  ;  Later  History  ; 

(a)  War  with  the  United  States  (A.  D.  1846-8). 

E.  J   Payne:  European  Colonies,  2216-17  (2173). 

H.  Wilson;  The  Slave  Power,  2217  (2173). 

J.  W.  Draper:  American  Civil  War,  2217-18 
(2173-4). 

A.  H.  Noll:  Hist,  of  Mexico,  2218  (2174). 

Bryantand  Gay;  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,  2218  (2174). 

J.  R.  Soley;  Wars  of  the  U.  S.,  2218-19  (2175). 

H.  O.  Ladd.  War  with  Mexico,  2219-20  (2176). 
(J)  Maximilian's  Empire,  and  T!ie  Restored  Re- 
public. 

A.  H.  Noll:  Hist,  of  Mexico,  2220-1  (2176-7). 

J.  McCarthy:  Hist,  of  Our  Own  Times,  2221-2 
(2177-8). 

Text  of  Constitution  of  Mexico,  581-90  (558-67). 


(e)  The  Republic  under  Diaz. 
S.  Hale:  The  Story  of  Mexico,  2222-3  (2178-9). 
M.  Romero:  Mexicoand  theU.  S.,  Vol. VI.,  305. 

306-7. 
W.  S.  Logan:  Yaqui,  Vol.  VI.,  305-6. 
C.   F.   Lummis;  The  Awakening  of  a  Nation, 

Vol.  VI.,  307. 
Bureau  of  American  Republics:   Mexico,  Vol. 

VI.,  307-8. 
Census  of  1900,  Vol.  VI.,  308-9. 
Arbitration  of  the  Pious  Fund  Question,  Vol. 

VIL.  419. 
F.  R.  Guernsey:  The  Year  in  Mexico  (1905  and 

1906),  Vol.  Vn.,420. 

15.  Venezuela; 

W.  Barry;  Venezuela,  3720-1  (3600-1). 

I.  N.  Ford;  Tropical  America,  3721  (3601). 

Messages,  State  Papers,  Arbitration, etc.,  regard- 
ing the  Boundary  Dispute,  Vol.  VI.,  684-93. 

The  Career  and  Fall  of  Cipriano  Castro,  Vol. 
VII.,  684-8. 

16.  Cuba,  freed  from  Spain: 

J.  H.  Latane:  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  U.  S. 

and  Spanish  America,  Vol.  VI.,  171. 
Senate  Doc.  No.  166,  54th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  Vol. 

VI.,  171-3. 
Message  of  President  Cleveland,  Dec    7,  1896, 

Vol.  VI.,  173^. 
Text  of  Constitution  granted  by  Spanish  Crown 

(a.  D.  1897);  Vol.  VI.,  175-80. 
U.    S.   Senator  Proctor,  Speech,  March,    1898, 

Vol.  VI.,  181-2. 
Narrative  of  Spanish-American  War,  from  Doc- 
uments, Vol.  VI..  583-613,  620-38. 
Reports  of  Military-Governor,  Gen.  Brooke,  and 

Generals  Fitzhugh  Lee   and   Leonard  Wood 

(A.  D.  1899),  Vol.  VI.,  182-5. 
Repts  of  U.  S.  Sec.  of  War  (a.  d.  1900),  Vol. 

VI..  186-8. 
Text  of  "  the  Piatt  Amendment,"  Vol.  VL,  190. 
Report  on  Establishment  of  Free  Government 

in  Cuba  (Senate  Doc.  No.  312,  58th  Cong.  2d 

Sess.),  Vol.  VII.,  174-177. 
Papers  relating  to  Foreign  Relations  of  the  U.  8., 

1906,  Vol.  VII.,  178-180. 

17.  Hayti  ;  Totjissant  l'ouverture  ;  San  Do- 
mingo : 

C.  H.  Eden:  The  West  Indies.  1670-1  (1631-2). 
E.  J.  Payne;  European  Colonies,  1671-3  (1634). 
Later  Changes  and  Developments,  Vol.  VI.,  193, 
258,  639  ;  and  Vol.  VIL,  302-4. 

18.  International  Organtz.^tion  of  Ameri- 
can Republics  ;  The  Bureau. 

Bulletin  of  the  Bureau,  June,  1898,  Vol.  VL,  10. 
President  of  the  U.  S.:  Message,  Dec.  5,  1899, 

Vol.  VI.,  10-11. 
The  Pan-American  Exposition,  Vol.  VI.,  58. 
Proceedings  of  International  Conferences  of  Am. 

Republics,  1901  and  1906,  Vol.  VIL.  20-25. 
•  See  important  note  at  head  of  Study  I. 


STUDY  LV. 


MODERN  ITALY. 


.  The  Peninsula  as  a  French-Spanish  Bat- 
tlefield (a.  d.  1494-1525) ; 

.  N.  Lamed :  Europe,  1080-1  (1052-3),  1083-4 
(1055-6),  1085  (1057). 


262 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


COURSES  FOR  STUDY 


H.  Grimm;  Life  of  Miehatl  Angelo,  1871  (1831). 
P.   Villari:  Machiavelli  aud  his  Times,   1871-2 
(1831-2). 

F.  P.  Guizot:  Hist,  of  France,  1873  (1833). 

T.   H.  Dyer:    Hist,  of  Modern  Europe,  1875-6 

(183.5-6). 
V.  Duruv:  Hist,  of  France,  1876-7  (1836-7). 

G.  W.  Kitchin :  Hist,  of  France,  1877-8  (1838). 
T.  Wright:  Hist,  of  France,  1218-19  (1186-7). 
J.  S.  Brewer:  Reign  of  Henry  VHL,  1219(1187). 
J.  Miclielet:  Summary  of  Modern  History,  1323 

(1190). 
C.    Coignet:    Francis  I.    and  his  Times,    1222 

(1190). 
T.  A.  Trollope:  Hist,  of  Florence,  1879  (1889). 

2.  Under    Spanish    and   Papal  Domination 
(A.  D.  153.5-1600) : 

H.  Grimm:  Michael  Angelo,  1879-80  (1839-40). 
W.  Robertson:  Reign  of  Charles  V.,  1882  (1842). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1086  (1058),  1109  (1081). 
J.    A.  Symonds;    Renaissance  in  Italy,  1883-4 

(1843^). 
E.  de  Bonnechose:  Hist,  of  France,  1226  (1194). 
G.  Procter:  Hist,  of  Italy,  1884  (1844). 
W.  Chambers:  France,  1227  (1195). 
W.  H.  Jcrvis:  Student's  Hist,  of  France,  1227-8 

(1195-6). 

3.  Rise  of  the  House  of  Savoy  and   King- 
dom OF  Sardinia  (a.  d.  1559-1792): 

A.  Gallenga:  Hist,  of  Piedmont,  3883-3  (2808). 
R.  Lodge:  Hist,  of  Modern  Europe,  3884  (2809). 
C.   W.   Koch:   Revolutions  of  Europe,   3078-9 

(2997-8). 
I.  Butt:  Hist,  of  Italy,  1889  (1849). 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky:  Hist,  of  England,  1890  (1850). 
W.  Coxe:  House  of  Austria,  1890-1   (1850-1), 

1892(1852). 
Sir  E.   Cust:  Wars  of  the  18th  Century,  1891 

(1851). 
I.  Butt:  Hist  of  Italy,  1892-8  (18.52-3). 

4.  Under  Napoleon  (a.  d.  1796-1814): 

C.  A.  Fyffe:  Modern  Europe,  1347-9(1314-16). 
R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe.  1349-50(1316-17). 
T.    Mitchell:     Principal     Campaigns,    1350-51 

(1317-18). 
T.  H.  Dyer:  Modem  Europe,  13-51-2  (1318-19.) 
H.  Van   Laun;   French  Revolutionary   Epoch, 

1355-7  (1322-4). 
Sir  W.  Srott:  Life  of  Napoleon,  1361  (1328). 
R.   H.   Home:    History   of  Napoleon,    1365-6 

(1332-3). 
W.  OC.  Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  1366-7 

(13.33^). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe.  1123  (1094). 
Sir  A.  Alison:  Hist,  of  Europe,  1383-4  (1350-1). 
H.  Martin :  Hist,  of  France,  3.526  (3464). 
Talleyrand.  Memoirs,  2527-8  (2465-6). 

5.  Rise  of  the  Carbonari  (a.  d.  1808) : 
C.  Botta:  Italy,  1893-4  (18.53-4). 

W.  R.  Thayer:  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 
1894-5  (18.54-5). 

6.  Downfall  of  Napoleon  and  Return  op 
the  Despots  (a.  d.  1814-15): 

A.  Rambaud :  Hist,  of  Russia,  1887-9  (18.54-6). 
J.   Jlitchell:  The   Fall  of    Napoleon,    1389-91 

(13.56-8). 
Sir  A.  Alison:  Hist,  of  Europe,  1895  (1855). 
W  R.  Thaver:  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

189.5-6  (1855-6). 
I.  Butt:  Hist,  of  Italy,  1896-7  (1856-7). 


J.  W.  V.  Mario:  Garibaldi,  234-5  (227-8). 

7.  The  Holy  Alliance   (a.  d.  1815): 

M.  E.  G.  Duff:  European  Politics,  1696-7  (1658). 
E.  Uertslet:  Europe  by  Treaty,  1697  (1058). 
W.  R.  Thayer:  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 
1697-8  (1658-9). 

8.  Revolutions  in  Naples,  Sicily  and  Pied- 
mont (a.  d.  1820-21): 

E.  Dicey ;  Victor  Emmanuel,  1897-8  (1857-8). 
W.  R.  Thayer:   Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

1898-9  (1858-9). 

9.  The  Congress  of  Verona: 

R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  3741  (3621). 

F.  H.  Hill:  George  Canning.  3741  (3621). 
R.  Bell:  Life  of  Canning,  3741-2  (3621-2). 

"  From  LaybacU,  the  aUied  sovereigns  issued  a  cir- 
cular to  tbeir  representatives  at  the  various  foreign 
courts,  in  which  portentous  document  they  declared 
that  •  useful  and  necessary  changes  in  legislation  and 
In  the  administration  of  states  could  only  emanate 
from  the  free-will,  and  from  the  intelligent  and  well- 
weighed  convictions  of  those  whom  (iod  has  made  re- 
sponsible for  power.'  "     F.  H.  Hill. 

10.  Revolts  of  1830  and  1848-9  ;  Mazzini  : 
R.  Lodge:  Modern  Europe,  1899  (1859). 

W.  R.  Thayer :  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence, 

1900-01  (1860-1),  1903  (1803). 
Text  of  Constitution  granted  to  Sardinia  (1848), 

574-8  (3732-6). 
W.  Milller:  Political  History,  1901-3  (1861-3). 
J.  N.  Lamed:  Europe,  1125(1097),  1126-7(1099). 

11.  War  with  Austria;  Garibaldi  ;  the  New 
Kingdom  op  Italy  (a.  d.  18.56-61): 

J.  N.  Lamed :  Europe,  1128  (1100). 

J.  W.   Probyn:  Italy  from  1850  to  1890,  1903-5 

(1863-5). 
H.   Murdock:   The  Reconstruction  of  Europe, 

1905-6  (1865-6). 
13.  The  Acquisition  of  Rome  and  Venice: 

G.  S.   Godkin:   Victor  Emmanuel  II.,   1906-8 
(1866-8). 

J.  A.  Marriott :  Makers  of  Modern  Italy,  1908-9 
(1868-9). 

13.  Rome  the  CAprrAL  of  Italy  (a.  d.  1870) : 
J.  W.  Probyn;  Italy  from  1815  to  1890,  2539-11 

(2477-9). 
Chevalier  O'Clery :  The  Making  of  Italy,  2541-2 

(2479-80). 
Text  of  the  Law  of  the  Papal  Guarantees,  2540-1 

(3478-9). 

14.  The  United  Nation  : 

W.  R.  Thayer:  The  Italian  Crisis,  1909  (1869). 
J.  S.  Joans;  Italy,  1843  (1803). 

15.  Italy  from  1895  to  1910: 

W.  .L  Stillman:  The  Union  of  Italy.  Vol.  VL, 

273. 
G.  D.  Vccchia:  The  Revolt  in  Italy,  Vol.  VI., 

374-5. 

:  The  Situation  in  Italy,  Vol.  VI.,  275-6. 

The  Census  of  1900,  Vol.  VI.,  276. 

B     King-  The  New  Reign  (Victor  Emmanuel 

III.),  Vol.  VII.,  338. 

16.  The  Appalling  Earthquake  of  1908: 

F.  M.  Crawford  (and  others):  Descriptive  Ac- 
counts, Vol.  VII.,  187-9. 

•  See  importaiU  not*  at  head  of  Study  I. 


263 


FURTHER  DIRECTION, 


On  the  following  important  subjects  of  general  history,  readers  may  be  directed  suflBciently  to  all 
that  this  work  contains  by  a  simple  mention  of  captions  and  page-numbers  in  one  or  two  or  three 
of  its  volumes . 


Civil  Service  Reform :  Vol.  I.,pages  489-9  (1475- 

7):  Vol.  VI  ,  14.5-150;  Vol.  VII.,  103-8. 
Conservation  of  Natural  Resources:  Vol.  VII., 

143-153. 
Constitutions  of  Government:  Vol.  I.,  525-633 

(511-610  and    Vol.   V.,   3737-36);  Vol.    VI., 

154-169. 
Education:  Vol.  I.,  696-775  (673-748);  Vol.  VI., 

193-5  ;  Vol.  VII.,  191-217. 
Elective  Franchise:  Vol.  V.  (under  the  caption 

"Woman's  Rights"),  3777-81  (3656-60) ;  Vol. 

VI.  (same  caption),  700 ;  Vol.  VII.  (under  the 

caption  "Elective  Franchise").  219-28. 
Europe:  Vol.  II.,   1017-1131   (989-1103);   Vol. 

VII  ,  247-262 
Insurance:  Vol.  HI.,  1791-3  (1753-3);  Vol.  VU. 

326-39 
Jesuits:  Vol.  III.,  1928-35  (1887-95). 
Law:  Vol.  III.,  1999-3038  (1955-94);  Vol.  VII.. 

411-14,  and  (under  the  caption  "Crime  and 

Criminology  "),  169-74. 
Libraries:   Vol.    III.,  3044-69   (2000-35);   Vol. 

VI.,  390-3. 
Medical   Science:  Vol.  III.    3164-94  (3120-50); 

Vol.  VII.  (under  the  caption  "Public  Health"), 

516-37. 
Money  and  Banking:  Vol.   III.  2343-65  (3198- 

2221 ) :  Vol.  VI.  (under  the  caption  "  Monetary 

Questions"),   314-17;   Vol.   VII.    (under  the 

caption  "  Finance  and  Trade"),  263-70. 
Municipal  Government:  Vol.  VII.,  431—13. 
Panama  Canal:  Vol.  IV.,  2474-5  (2415-6)  ;  Vol. 

VI.  (under  the  caption  "Canal,  Interoceanic"), 

65-71;  Vol.  VII.,  466-71. 
Papacy :  Vol.  I V. ,  2476-2546  (2417-80  and  Vol.  V. . 

3794-7);  Vol.  VI..  344-51;  Vol.  VII.,  472-77. 
Peace  Conferences.  International:  Vol.  VI.,  3.52- 

365;  Vol.  VII.  (under  the  caption  "War,  The 

Revolt  against "),  714-25. 


Printing  and  the  Press. — Newspapers:  Vol. 
IV..  2659-78  (2587-2606). 

Race  Problems:  Vol.  VII.,  528-43. 

Railways:  Vol.  IV.  (under  the  caption  "Steam 
Locomotion").  3111-13  (3029-31);  Vol.  VI., 
420-2;  Vol.  VII..  543-58. 

Science  and  Invention,  Recent:  Vol.  II.  (under 
the  caption  "Electrical  Discovery").  797-804 
(769-77);  Vol.  III.  (under  the  caption  "Medi- 
cal Science"),  2164-94  (2130-50);  Vol.  IV. 
(under  the  caption  "Steam  Engine,"  3109-16 
(3027-34);  Vol.  VL,  435^9;  Vol.  VII.,  590- 
608. 

Slavery:  Vol.  IV..  2989-3008  (2911-30);  Vol. 
VI.. "4.55;  Vol.  VIL.  612. 

Social  Movements. — Social  Service. — Indus- 
trial Reform:  Vol.  IV.,  3010-36  (3933-58). 
also  (under  the  caption  "Poor  Laws  "),  3634--6 
(3563-4) ;  Vol.  VI.  (under  the  captions  "  Social 
Democracy  "  and  "  Socialist  Parties  ".  455;  and 
"Industrial  Disturbances").  267-8;  Vol.  VU. 
(under  several  captions,  as  follows:)  "Chil- 
dren under  the  Law."  82-9.  "  Labor  Organiza- 
tion," 370-95,  "  Labor  Protection,"  39.5^01, 
"Labor  Remuneration."  402-10.  "Poverty 
and  Unemployment."  507-15.  "Social  Better- 
ment." 613-17,  "Socialism."  617-20. 

Suffrage.     See  Elective  Franchise. 

Tariff  Legislation:  Vol.  V.,  8147-73  (Vol.  IV. 
3063-89).  Vol.  VI. ,  526-7;  Vol.  VII.,  638- 
47. 

Temperance  Movements:  Vol.  V.,  3176  (Vol. 
IV.,  3091) ;  Vol.  VII.  (under  the  caption  "Al- 
cohol Problem").  10-19. 

Trade:  Vol.  V.,  3207-37  (in  the  original  edition. 
Vol  V.  under  the  caption  "Commerce," 
3696-3726). 

Trusts:  Vol.  VI..  529-36;  Vol.  VII.  (under  the 
caption  "Combinations"),  113-35. 


264 


PSINTED  BV  H.  O.  HOUGHTON  8|  CO. 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. 

U.S.A. 


I 


ror  Keierence 

to  be  taken  from  this  room 


